Oil crops are common planting varieties in farmland, these crops have high oil yield, stable oil quality and high nutrient content, has always been the main source of edible oilseeds, oil sunflowers, with short growth cycle, high oil yield, easy to plant and manage and other advantages, the planting area has increased significantly in recent years. Oil sunflower is also called oil sunflower, is a kind of northern region early spring planting, summer harvest of a short-term planting variety, oil sunflower harvest, you can also plant a season of corn, oil sunflower growth time, harvest time early, for the subsequent planting will not affect the advantages, but also loved by everyone.
▶ The edible oil squeezed out of the oil sunflower, the color is clear, the color is transparent, the taste is fragrant, and it has the advantages of high temperature smokeless, pure taste without special greasy feeling, etc. In many foreign countries, oil sunflower oil has been taken as one of the main daily edible oils. This is also because oil sunflower oil contains up to 66% linoleic acid. Linoleic acid is an indispensable fatty acid for human beings, and the linoleic acid content of oil sunflower is the highest content of all oil crops. Therefore, it is also reasonable to be loved by consumers.
Oil sunflower varieties: The oil sunflowers we grow belong to the oil type, most of them are medium and early maturing varieties, and the more familiar ones are:
Kangdi No. 5: also known as BS-5, oil content of 50%, with strong adaptability, short growth cycle, excellent resistance to diseases and insects and other advantages, sown in early spring, the growth cycle can be harvested in about 95 days. The summer sowing growth cycle is about 80 days. The soil requirements are not strict, and it can tolerate a certain amount of barrenness and slight salinity. The average plant height is around 1.5 meters, and the average yield is about 250 kg per mu.
Short head: Also known as early maturing short head 903DQ, the spring sowing growth cycle is 85--90 days, and the summer sowing growth cycle is 70-85 days harvest. This plant is quite short, but the fruit plate is very large, so it looks small, but it grows a large head, the height of the plant is about 80--120 cm, the fruit plate can grow to 25 cm, and the grain oil content is about 50%. Drought-tolerant, saline-tolerant, and due to the short, stout plants, this variety has good lodging resistance. The yield per mu is around 200-250 kg.
American super dwarf head 567: This belongs to the high-yield species, if the soil fertility is sufficient, the yield per mu can reach about 400 kg, is a high-yield hybrid variety, the growth cycle is about 90-105 days. The plant is stout, low, the plant height is around 85 cm, because the plant is low and stout, it is an excellent variety with good resistance to lodging and hail, and the adaptability and resistance are very strong, the incidence of diseases and insect pests is also very small, and it is a high-yield oil sunflower variety that is planted more.
American Dwarf Giant 658: This is also a hybrid high-yielding oil sunflower variety, properly managed, with yields slightly inferior to those of super dwarfs, but yields of about 350 kg per mu. The stem is thick and low, with the characteristics of a single-headed large plate, and this variety has excellent self-pollination ability, and the diameter of the fruit disc is about 25 cm, which can be properly densely planted and play a role in improving yield.
Variety differences: the varieties planted by oil sunflower have conventional varieties and hybrid varieties, hybrid varieties have super adaptability, in terms of disease resistance, insect pests, and adaptability to the environment and soil, they are stronger than conventional varieties, and because the hybrid varieties grow neatly, the structural performance is good, suitable for management and harvesting, and the yield and oil yield are much higher than the conventional varieties. Therefore, hybrid varieties are also varieties planted more in recent years, but hybrid varieties cannot be retained, while conventional varieties can be planted annually, while hybrid varieties need to be purchased every year.
▶ Oil sunflower planting time: oil sunflower sowing can be taken: spring early sowing, summer late sowing time operation, so that you can avoid the high temperature and high humidity season, high temperature and high humidity environment, it is easy to have a negative impact on the growth of oil sunflower, pollination, and high humidity weather will also cause fruit disc rot, early spring when the temperature rises, the soil temperature reaches 8--10 degrees when you can sow, if the temperature is slightly lower, you can take the use of film covering operations, play a role in thermal insulation and moisturizing, promote the germination and growth of oil sunflowers. Summer sowing should not be done prematurely. In general, sowing is sown in early July or at the end of July depending on the actual weather conditions.
▶ Work to be done before sowing:
Land preparation, fertilization: oil sunflower is a very adaptable oil crop, the soil requirements are not strict, like some barren land, slightly saline and alkali zone, can be planted with oil sunflower, before planting, the land should be deeply cultivated, and the foot fertilizer should be applied. The use of base fertilizer of oil sunflower has obvious effect on the yield of oil sunflower, and the base fertilizer is mainly based on farm manure. Like the common soil fertilizer in the countryside, it is a common fertilizer used as a base fertilizer, and 2500 kg of organic fertilizer can be used in poor land, and about 1500 kg is used in deep fertile plots. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can also be used for crop-based fertilizers, using 10 kg of diammonium phosphate per mu, and potassium fertilizers like potassium phosphate or potassium chloride using about 15-25 kg per mu.
It should also be noted that oil sunflower is not suitable for rotation, continuous planting of oil sunflower, will cause more oil sunflower diseases and insect pests, and the soil is not conducive to the growth of oil sunflower and the development of the root system, under normal circumstances, planting oil sunflower, to implement continuous rotation for more than 3 years. It can play a good role in improving the soil and reducing the occurrence of oil sunflower diseases and insect pests.
Seed treatment: the oil sunflower seeds that need to be sown, placed in the sun for 1-2 days, can play a role in disinfection and break the seed dormancy, and then soak the seeds in water for 12 hours, play a role in germination, after soaking the oil sunflower seeds, can effectively improve the germination rate and reduce the germination time, the seeds also need to be mixed, to prevent the occurrence of diseases, you can use high-efficiency systemic fungicides for seed mixing, for some common diseases have a good inhibitory effect.
Oil sunflower sowing: the processed oil sunflower seeds are sown, the way of sowing is machine sowing and artificial planting, small area of the plot is usually artificial planting, oil sunflower planting row spacing is about 60 cm, plant spacing is 25--30 cm, fertile and has a good irrigation facilities under the premise, can appropriately increase the planting density. The depth of sowing is about 3--5 cm, and the depth should not be too deep. It can be based on the situation. Place 2 seeds per hole. It is also necessary to carry out timely replanting of some seedlings according to the situation of seedlings.
Reasonable dense planting: The simplest way to improve the yield of oil sunflower is to increase the density of planting to complete, but increasing the planting density should also be appropriate, not too dense, too dense will cause airtight, air circulation, easy to cause petioles too large, fruit disc stunting and other phenomena occur. Different planting densities can be selected according to the varieties of oil sunflowers, and the planting density can be appropriately increased according to the tall varieties of plant length, and the varieties are relatively thick.
▶ Daily management of sunflower planting:
Inter-seedling: After the emergence of oil sunflowers, it is necessary to carry out inter-seedling treatment, when the seedlings grow to 1-2 pairs of true leaves, you can carry out inter-seedling treatment, remove the weak growth of small seedlings, retain robust oil sunflower seedlings, inter-seedlings and fixed seedlings no later than the seedlings grow 4 pairs of true leaves before. Inter-seedling and fixed seedlings can fill the vacancies that have not emerged, so that the oil sunflowers are evenly distributed, so as to achieve better harvests.
Watering: oil sunflower has a good drought tolerance, which is also one of the main reasons why everyone likes to plant oil sunflower, oil sunflower can be planted in some arid, barren corner area, the demand for watering is very small, especially during the growth of oil sunflower seedlings, the demand for water is less, if the moisture is better, the seedlings grow to blossom, do not need to water, the watering of oil sunflowers can be divided into three parts, mainly in the budding stage, flowering stage, filling period, in these three oil sunflower growth stages, If the weather is rainy and watered, the soil is relatively dry, and it is necessary to irrigate and water. In general dry weather, the oil sunflower is watered once when it is budding, and the first flowering period is the second time, and then according to the humidity of the soil, it is selected to be fertilized during the grouting period. These three waterings can significantly increase the yield of oil sunflowers, especially in dry years, and these three periods of watering play a crucial role in the production.
Oil sunflower beating and leaf management: oil sunflower growth rate is very fast, the leaves are fat, the leaves at the bottom will slowly age, become dry and yellow with the growth of the plant, these aging leaves should be removed regularly, one to reduce the volatilization of nutrients, the second can play a good ventilation role, so that the oil sunflower can be planted in a well-ventilated, light-transmitting environment growth. During growth, the branches of the axillary buds are also removed, also known as beating. Too much germination of axillary buds will make the plant nutrients diverted, affecting the development of fruit plates and grains, and it is necessary to carry out timely pestering treatment. The beating should be small early, the time should be as early as possible, and the axillary buds should be removed at the earliest age, and the effect is getting better and better. It is also known as a branch that is immediately knocked off. From the budding stage to the flowering period, the oil sunflower should be beaten 2-3 times to ensure the smooth development of the fruit plate.
Increase the fruit plate fruiting rate: the yield of oil sunflowers is directly related to the fruit plate fruiting rate, the increase in the phenomenon of fruit plate emptying, it will directly affect the yield, and the fruiting is full, the grain is fruiting, it will also increase the yield, the number of empty fruit plates is related to daily management, the use of water and fertilizer and the quality of pollination. In addition to supplementing water for irrigation during the growth of oil sunflowers, it is also necessary to carry out regular topdressing to reduce the chance of empty rice phenomenon
Under the premise of good and sufficient use of base fertilizer, when the oil sunflower grows to the beginning of the formation of the flower disc, the topdressing treatment should be carried out, which can effectively reduce the empty rate of the fruit plate, and use urea 20 kg, calcium superphosphate 20 kg, and potassium nitrate 5 kg per mu for topdressing, which can play a role in increasing flower differentiation, increasing the fruit fullness rate, and improving the yield.
Some varieties of oil sunflower have a good self-pollination ability, and some varieties have weak self-pollination ability, which requires natural bee insects as a medium to pollinate, in areas with more bees in a good environment, oil sunflowers can mostly be very good pollination, but there are also areas due to the scarcity of insects, there will also be poor pollination, resulting in more cases of empty fruit plates, which requires artificial pollination, to increase the fruit setting rate, reduce the empty rate, artificial pollination can be carried out after seventy percent of the flowers of the oil sunflower bloom, It takes place from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. In the afternoon, manual pollination can be performed after 3 o'clock, two flowers can be pollinated by touching each other, or a large brush can be used to powder on the flower tray and then pollinate alternately.
▶ Oil sunflower to master the planting time, as well as do a good job of pre-planting measures, in the daily management, do a good job of fertilizer water, pollination operations, oil sunflower is very easy to get a bumper harvest, oil sunflower for the environment requirements are very low, in general, belongs to a relatively easy to take care of oil crops, but during the growth period will also occur some diseases and insect pests, if not controlled, for the growth and yield of oil sunflower will also have a great impact, the main common diseases and insect pests of oil sunflower are:
Underground pests: Common underground pests of oil sunflowers are common and frequent insect pests in farmland, such as common underground pests such as grubs, grubs, ground tigers, golden needle worms and other underground pests that are extremely harmful to the root system. For some adults. It can be trapped by black light, or it can be killed by pesticides, and sprayed with 90% dimethotrips or 50% octyl sulfur phosphate oil 1000---1500 times liquid. You can also use some fresh grass, or after chopping the greens, mix with 50% octyl thiophos 100 grams plus 2 liters of water, spray on the chopped greens or grasses, play a role in booby traps. Before sowing in the spring, deep soil turning and irrigating can also play a role in eliminating underground pests.
Control of golden turtle beetle: This pest will harm the fruit plate of the oil sunflower, directly causing the fruit plate to begin to rot, you can use 1000 times the high efficiency cypermethrin, 1500 times the oxidation of the fruit, foliar spraying in the afternoon after the flowering of the oil sunflower. Sprayed once a week, it can effectively control the harm of golden turtle shells.
Control of sunflower borer: This pest is the most common, mainly harmful to fruit plates and seeds, and has a very serious impact on the yield and quality of oil sunflowers. You can choose some oil sunflower varieties with strong insect resistance for planting to reduce the infestation of such pests, and you can also take the winter to irrigate the soil in winter, which can eliminate the overwintering pests very well. It is also possible to spray the drug with 2.5% cypermethrin emulsion 2000 times liquid or 4.5% high-performance cypermethrin emulsion 800 times liquid before the larvae have entered the grain, and spray it every 5 days. At the peak of the adult worm stage, spray at night with 10% ammonition 1000 times liquid or 40% chlorpyrifos emulsion 800 times liquid.
Prevention and control of oil sunflower brown spot disease, black spot disease: these two diseases are the oil sunflower growth period and the adult plant period, common disease, brown spot disease in the seedling period, the leaves will appear round brown spots, after the onset of the disease, there will be spots The shape of the spots will become larger, the back of the spots will be grayish white, the severe leaves will appear dead, the leaves will appear brown small dots when the black spot disease occurs, slowly gradually become larger, the center of the spots is gray-brown, and the edges are brown. Severe will cause the leaf petioles to fall off, for these two conditions, at the beginning of the disease spray 70% manganese zinc wettable powder 400--600 times liquid, or use 75% Bacillus Clear wettable powder 800 times liquid spray every other week.
Prevention and control of oil sunflower rust: this disease has the opportunity to appear in the whole growth period of oil sunflower, the pathogen will invade the leaves, stems, fruit discs and other parts, when serious, the leaves are covered with brown blisters, and the leaves will also show obvious rust color. And as well as causing the early appearance of death of oil sunflowers. At the beginning of the onset of rust, use 25% distancing 2000 times liquid or 70% daisen manganese zinc wettable powder 600 times liquid, or 20% rust spirit emulsion 400--- 600 times liquid to spray the whole plant of oil sunflower. Use every other week, three times in a row.
Prevention and control of oil sunflower downy mildew: downy mildew is also a disease that occurs in the whole growth period, the seedling stage is infected, the leaves will appear green patches, when growing into a plant, infected, from the petiole to the leaf veins, the color gradually fades, and finally becomes yellow, there are obvious yellow spots after greening. For downy mildew, it can be prevented by mixing, using a 25% Virulent fungus wettable powder to mix seeds at 0.4% of the weight of the seed, or using a 58% methotene zinc wettable powder according to 0.3% of the seed amount. After the onset of illness, 585 can be used
Methyl cream ling manganese zinc wettable powder 1000 times liquid or 40% synergistic rui poison mold wettable powder 600--800 times liquid usually.
In general, oil sunflower is a relatively easy to plant, and for the environmental soil requirements of a lot of oil crops, do a good job of daily management, as well as the control of diseases and pests, oil sunflower is easy to obtain abundant yields.