On the lintel of the Zhuge Liang Hall of the Wuhou Ancestral Hall in Chengdu, there is a couplet hanging, which is very well-known. Lian Wen said: "If you can attack the heart, you will be self-destructive on the opposite side, and you will know from ancient times that the soldiers are not belligerent; If the situation is not judged, it is wrong to be lenient and strict, and later to rule Shu must think deeply. ”
Chengdu Wuhou Ancestral Hall
The author, Zhao Fan, stayed behind when he visited Zhuge Liang's ancestral hall in the spring of the twenty-eighth year of the Qing Dynasty (1902). Shanglian uses the allusion of Zhuge Liang's "Seven Captures of Meng" to clarify that the strategy of "attacking the heart" can be used to fight with soldiers, and the rebellion will naturally be eliminated; Since ancient times, military experts who really know how to fight wars with soldiers do not rely solely on force to win. The Lower League put forward the viewpoint of "judging the situation" and said that if the situation is not judged and the situation is not judged, the administrative policy is either lenient or strict, which will cause mistakes, and later those who rule the Shu must deeply understand this way. The two aspects of the joint text, "attacking the heart" and "judging the situation," summarized Zhuge Liang's successful experience in governing the country and fighting wars with troops, and became a famous association that attracted people's attention and was widely circulated.
When Zhuge Liang was cultivating in Longzhong, he was able to judge the hour and size up the situation, and was praised by the famous sima Hui as "a junjie who knows the times". His "Longzhong Pair" specifically analyzed the situation in the world and firmly grasped the trend of the development of the situation at that time, which was a good article for judging the hour and sizing up the situation. After he left the mountain, he assisted Liu Bei and Liu Chan's father and son, created a foundation, governed the Shu kingdom, and carried out the great cause of restoring the Han Dynasty, showing impermissible reasoning everywhere and being able to judge the hour and size up the situation.
On the eve of the Chibi War, he sent an envoy to Jiangdong, lobbied Sun Quan, and established an anti-Cao alliance, which was the result of his correct analysis of the situation on both sides of the war through the phenomenon and the trial of the hour.
After the Shu Dynasty, his "Reply to the Fa Zhengshu" put forward the principle of "combining grace and power with charity" to govern Shu, and vigorously corrected the situation in Shudi of "not exercising morality and government, and not suppressing punishment", which fully embodied his rule of law thinking in accordance with the time and local conditions. After quelling the rebellion in Nanzhong, on the question of whether to leave Han officials and Han soldiers to govern the minority nationalities, he did not leave any soldiers and no one according to the actual situation, and received the good results of "rough discipline and rough security in The Han Dynasty."
On the issue of dealing with Eastern Wu, he again and again "responded to changes in response to power," formulated corresponding strategies according to the changes in the situation, sent envoys to Jiangdong, consolidated and developed the Wu-Shu alliance, enabled Shu to "have no worries about the Northern Expedition," and maintained the smooth implementation of the strategic objectives of the Northern Expedition. The most typical example of his administration at trial is the handling of the matter of the law being rectified and violated.
Zhuge Liang ruled the country, was known for his strict law enforcement, and the story of tears and horse rumors was known to everyone. However, his law enforcement also has a magnanimous and unpretentious side, but it is rarely known. After Fa Zheng appointed Shu Commandery (Chengdu) as the Taishou, Daxing personally retaliated, "The virtue of a meal, the resentment of the eyes, all revenge, killing and destroying several people who have injured themselves." "This strong sense of revenge and serious violations of law and discipline have caused many people to be dissatisfied." Someone said to Zhuge Liang: "Fa Zheng is too longitudinal in Shu County, and the general Should Qi Lord, or wei fu." Fa Zheng was too domineering, simply lawless, and those who invited him to a meal in the past were rewarded, and those who had a slight conflict with him were all attacked, and even killed several people who had said bad things about him without authorization; Liu Bei should be told and disciplined. Zhuge Liang said: "The lord is in the public security, the north is afraid of the strength of Cao Gong, the east is afraid of Sun Quan's persecution, and the near is afraid of Lady Sun's life under the elbow; When Si is in a fierce way, the Fa Filial Piety is directly assisted by it, so that it can soar upside down, it cannot be copied, how to prohibit the Fa Zheng from doing its evil intentions!"
As for Fazheng's violation of the law, others only asked Zhuge Liang to relay it to Liu Bei and restrain him; Zhuge Liang not only did not agree, but instead made a general remark, defending Fazheng, believing that he had merit and was inconvenient to stop. Sun Sheng, a historian of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, accused Zhuge Liang of saying: "Zhuge Shi's words are punishable by dereliction of government!" Zhuge Liang, who has always been a grim law enforcer, said these words of dereliction of government punishment, what is the reason?
Fa Zhengyuan was an official under Liu Zhang, the pastor of Yizhou, who was extremely strategic but not reused, and was slandered as immoral. Therefore, he secretly defected to Liu Bei with Zhang Song and others, and secretly informed Liu Bei of the victory of the Shu Mountains and rivers, the guankou road, and the number of people and horses in the arsenal of the weapons palace, and also drew a map and sent it to liu Bei, making a great contribution to Liu Bei's capture of Xichuan. Liu
After The capture of Chengdu, Fa Zheng, as a representative of the "Si De Ming Jun" faction in Shu, was heavily valued by Liu Bei and appointed as the Taishou of Shu Commandery. General Yang Wu managed the administrative affairs of the capital externally and served internally as Liu Bei's main adviser.
The law was not sanctioned, and Ma Mo was defeated but beheaded, because the political situation of the two people in the period was different, and their identities were different. Ma Mo was beheaded during Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition, and military discipline was not strict; He was also a friend of Zhuge Liang, and if he abandoned the law and discipline, it would be difficult to convince the public, and it would be difficult for the Northern Expedition to continue. However, when Liu Bei was in the early days of Shudi, he was also a very influential figure in Liu Zhang's old department who took the lead in defecting to Liu Bei, and if it was strictly investigated, it was bound to cause chaos, cause the deviation of Liu Zhang's old department, and was not conducive to the stability of Liu Bei's clique's rule. Therefore, it is necessary to cut down the horse and to be lenient and upright. This leniency and strictness are precisely the concrete embodiment of Zhuge Liang judging the hour and sizing up the situation and handling political affairs according to different situations.
Zhuge Liang believes that whether a person can judge the hour and size up the situation and adapt himself to the objective situation of development and change is an important condition for him to gain honor and disgrace and the success or failure of his career. He wrote the article "On Concession and Seizure": "Fan Li is high in removing the noble, and Yu Qing is meritorious in hanxiang; Tai Bo took the three concessions as benevolence, and Yan Duo took the resignation of the country as a disaster; Yao Shun is sacred to Zen, and filial piety is foolish to Grant Dong; King Wu took Yin as righteousness, and Wang Mang took Han as a usurpation; Duke Huan took Guan Zhong as his hegemon, and king Qin lost his kingdom with Zhao Gao. It's all the same thing. The bright ones are happy, and the dark ones are insulted. ”
Jean, pointing to resignation, Zen to let go, automatically ceding the throne; Seizure refers to the seizure of power and the seizure of the throne. Both of these situations have been common throughout history. Zhuge Liang collected examples of concessions and positives and vices, and commented on and summarized the successes and failures, honors and disgraces of historical figures.
Fan Li was a minister of the State of Yue in the Spring and Autumn Period, and he helped the King of Yue to be angry and strong, and after destroying the State of Wu and avenging the snow and hatred, he abandoned his official position to do business, which was a clever act. During the Warring States period, Yu Qing lobbied Zhao Xiaocheng to become king and was appointed Shangqing, and he established merits for the king of Zhao to unite with Wei to suppress Qin. In order to fulfill his father's last wishes, the Zhou Dynasty's uncle ceded the throne to his younger brother Ji Li three times, becoming a model of Rende. During the Warring States period, the monarch of the State of Yan, he ceded the throne to the son of Xiang Guo, but it caused chaos, and as a result, the country was destroyed.
Tang Yao and Yu Shun both became saints because of Zen's abdication of the throne, and Liu Xin, the Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, wanted to emulate Yao and Shun and cede the throne to Dong Xian, and was regarded as a fool. King Wu of Zhou became a symbol of justice by attacking the Shang Dynasty, but Wang Mang became a thief by usurping the throne of the Han Dynasty. Duke Huan of Qi became the overlord by reusing Guan Zhong, and the King of Qin was brought to the knees by reusing Zhao Gao.
In the same way, some have gained a good reputation, and some have been killed; the same is the same, some have dominated because of this, and some have perished because of this. Why do these examples behave the same way but turn out to be diametrically opposite? Because the objective situation and the situation are different, although the behavior is similar, the result will never be the same. Therefore, Zhuge Liang concluded that a person must be sensible and wise, and if he is ignorant, he will be humiliated and bring misfortune.
The view of judging the situation is used in interpersonal relations, that is, flexible and flexible, according to different situations and different people, different things, different treatment, proper handling. Zhuge Liang is also a successful person in this regard. As a young scholar, he added people to the Liu Bei clique, which has a history of more than twenty years, and used him as a non-commissioned officer to a minister, "power tilted to one country", which shows that he is very good at interpersonal relations. The history books also leave a lot of deeds about him judging and handling things and treating his colleagues well.
As we all know, Guan Yu has a "beautiful hair" nickname, but few people know that this elegant name is not from the Han Xiandi, as stated in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", but from Zhuge Liang. This Ya number was induced by Ma Chao's surrender to Liu Bei.
Ma Chao is a shogun, strong in martial arts, famous in the Central Plains. At the end of the Han Dynasty, he rebelled against Cao Cao and defeated Cao Jun at Tongguan, and Cao Cao sighed and said, "Horses do not die, and I have no burial ground." Later, he was defeated by Cao Cao and exiled to Shu and defected to Liu Bei. Liu Bei was well aware of Ma Chao's fame and martial arts, and made an exception and made him a general of Pingxi.
At that time, Guan Yu was guarding Jingzhou and was displeased after hearing about it. He wrote to Zhuge Liang and asked who Ma Chao's skills could be compared to. Zhuge Liang knew that Guan Yu was "sexually protective of the front, ashamed of others", proud and arrogant. Guan Yu's letter, ostensibly asking Ma Chao's skills, is actually dissatisfied with Ma Chao's heavy use as soon as he came, and wants to win and provoke. In order to maintain unity within the Shu Han Dynasty and let Guan Yu be at ease to guard the key areas of Jingzhou, Zhuge Liang wrote a letter that did not belittle Ma Chao and praised Guan Yu, saying: "Meng Qi (Ma Chao) is also a scholar and a martial artist, a heroic and heroic person, a master of the first generation, a disciple of Tuo (Bu) and Peng (Yue), and when he competes with Yide (Zhang Fei) and drives away, he has not yet reached the extraordinary Yiqun of Hair." Guan Yu's beard is long and beautiful, so Zhuge Liang called him "hair". Ma Chao is an all-rounder in literature and martial arts, and can be regarded as a generation of haojie, but he is not as good as the hairdresser who is superior in the world. Guan Yu was overjoyed after reading the letter, thinking that he was highly respected by Zhuge Liang, and he was very proud, so he took out the letter and circulated it among the guests. This is how Guan Yu's nickname of "Beauty Hair Gong" came and spread.
There were five famous generals in the Shu state, namely: Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Zhao Yun, and Huang Zhong. Among them, Huang Zhong, who was originally a subordinate of Han Xuan, the Taishou of Changsha in Jingzhou, served as a general of Zhonglang, and only returned to Liu Bei after the Battle of Chibi. His position was low and his seniority in the Liu Bei Group was shallow. Liu Bei entered Shu, and Huang Zhong accompanied him. In many battles to capture Nishikawa, he "often ascended to the front first and bravely crowned the three armies". Huang Zhong often took the lead in the charge, and was known for his bravery and fortitude. Liu Bei captured Chengdu, and Huang Zhong was promoted to the rank of general. Later, in the battle between Liu Bei and Cao Cao for Hanzhong, Huang Zhong slashed the Cao Wei general Xiahou Yuan at the Battle of Dingjun Mountain, and made another battle achievement. Liu Bei seized the title of king of Hanzhong, and on the basis of merit and reward, decided to make Huang Zhong a general of the rear, making him a general of the same rank as Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Ma Chao. The four generals of the Han Dynasty, the front, back, left and right, were regular military positions with very prominent status. At that time, Liu Bei also appointed Guan Yu as a former general, Zhang Fei as a right general, and Ma Chao as a left general.
Huang Zhong is suddenly in such a prominent position, will there be an adverse reaction? Zhuge Liang thought of this. He reminded Liu Bei. Huang Zhong's reputation and prestige have never been comparable to Guan Yu and Ma Chao. Now, you have made their positions equal, Ma Chao and Zhang Fei are in Chengdu, seeing Huang Zhong's merits with their own eyes, you can also explain clearly, while Guan Yu is far away in Jingzhou, I am afraid that I will not be happy to hear this arrangement, is this not inappropriate?
Sure enough, as Zhuge Liang expected, Guan Yu was furious when he heard that his position was at the same level as Huang Zhong's. He scolded: "The eldest husband will not be in the same line as the veterans!" He despised Huang Zhong as an unknown old man and refused to accept the appointment of a former general. Fei Shi, an envoy sent by Zhuge Liang to announce his appointment as an edict, listened to Guan Yu's words and said, "Those who have established the king's work are not used in one. Xi Xiao (He), Cao (Zan) and Gao Zu (Liu Bang) were young and close to the old, while Chen (Ping) and Han (Xin) arrived after their deaths, and in terms of their ranks, Han was the most in line, and Xiao and Cao were not heard of as angry. The present King of Han (Liu Bei) with a momentary merit, Long Chonghan Sheng (Huang Zhong), but the weight of the meaning, Ning Dang and the Prince (Guan Yu) Qi Hu? And the king and the prince, for example, are one and the same, and the same is the same, and the misfortunes and blessings are shared. Foolishness is a prince, it is not appropriate to count the height of the official number, and the number of knights is also intentional. Guan Yu listened, was greatly moved, and realized that he had come to his senses and immediately accepted the appointment.
From the two events that happened around Guan Yu, it can be seen that Zhuge Liang, in order to coordinate the interpersonal relationship within Liu Bei's group, is flexible according to people and events, which can be described as a good intention.
In the early days of Liu Bei's Shu Dynasty, Zhuge Liang based on the overall interests and long-term interests of Liu Bei's clique, paid great attention to uniting those influential and famous figures, and paid attention to coordinating relations with them. For example, the leniency of the fa and the chaos of the law, as well as the persuasion of Liu Bei to appoint Xu Jing and Liu Ba, can all explain this problem.
Xu Jing and his cousin Xu Shao were both well-known in the contemporary world, and he had been a Shang Shulang in the middle of the dynasty, but because of his vigorous selection of good soldiers, he was persecuted by Dong Zhuo and had to flee the capital. He successively served as an official in Yangzhou Thorn History, Wu County, Huijian Taishou, and Jiaozhou Taishou. Cao Cao sent someone to feast on him, but he refused. Later, when he entered Shu, he was heavily respected by Liu Zhang, and was appointed as the Taishou of Guanghan, and people praised him as "a magnificent man and a man of the world". When Liu Bei besieged Chengdu, he thought that the general trend had gone and planned to cross the city and surrender, but he did not succeed. This act has been despised by some people. After Liu Bei took charge of Chengdu, he also looked down on him and was not hired. Zhuge Liang thought it was inappropriate not to use Xu Jing. At that time, in addition to local people, Dazhou also gathered various talents from other regions, the situation was complicated, in order to consolidate the position of Liu Bei Group in Yizhou, it was necessary to use xu Jing as a celebrity. So Zhuge Liang said to Liu Beijin; "Xu Jing has great prestige in people's minds and should not be abandoned." If we appoint him, we can use his fame to influence and shake the world. Zhuge Liang believes that yizhou should judge the hour and size up the situation, and cannot lose talents because of a small mistake of a celebrity. If Xu Jing is used, he can use his prestige to expand his influence and recruit more sages. Liu Bei heeded the advice, and Xu Jing successively served as the governor of the Zuo General's Mansion, Shi Shi, and Taifu.
Liu Ba was a famous soldier in Jingzhou, very strategic, he was at odds with Liu Biao, first defected to Cao Cao, and then into Shu to join Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang valued him very much and let him participate in the decision of major events in the state. When Liu Zhang sent Fa Zheng to invite Liu Bei to enter Shu, Liu Ba dissuaded him, saying: "Liu Bei has great talent, and welcoming him into it will become a scourge and must not be accepted." Liu Zhang did not listen. After Liu Bei's people were Shu, he led his troops to Ye Meng. Liu Ba also said: "To let Liu Beitun garrison Yemeng Pass is to let the tiger return to the mountain." Liu Zhang still did not listen. Liu Ba had no choice but to close the door from then on. When Liu Bei attacked Chengdu, in order to protect Liu Ba. He once ordered that those who harmed Liu Ba should be killed by the three tribes. When Liu Ba learned that he was deeply moved, he took the initiative to ask Liu Bei for his guilt. Liu Bei did not care about his previous suspicions and wanted to reuse Liu Ba, and Zhuge Liang also recommended him many times, saying that Liu Ba was good at giving advice, "I am not as good as Zichu (Liu Ba)" is far away." Therefore, Liu Bei appointed Liu Ba as the Western Cao Rafter of the Zuo General's Mansion, leaving him at his side as a counselor. Zhang Fei saw that Liu Ba was being used heavily, so he visited him with respect to show his congratulations. Liu Ba was arrogant and thought that Zhang Fei was a warrior and disdained to talk to him. Zhang Fei was coldly received and was very annoyed. After Zhuge Liang knew, he wrote a letter to Liu Ba, saying: "Zhang Fei is indeed a martial artist, but he admires and respects you. At present, the lord is recruiting a wide range of civil and military talents in order to complete the great cause of unifying the country. Although you are very talented and have a good style, you should also pay attention to your relationship with various people. Although Zhuge Liang admired Liu Ba, he also put forward a kind criticism of his inadequacy, advising him to focus on the great cause of reunification, pay attention to interpersonal relations, and contribute to recruiting talents.
Zhuge Liang got along with his colleagues and paid great attention to proceeding from the overall situation and seeking common ground while reserving differences. His relationship with Fa Zheng is like this. "Fa Zheng sees success or failure, and has a strange plan and calculation", Zhuge Liang "every odd and righteous wisdom technique", and he is very appreciative of Fa Zheng's strategy. However, Fa Zheng did not have a good reputation in moral character. Although Zhuge Liang and Fa zheng are good and different, they can both put the interests of the country first, take into account the overall situation, and assist each other, so the two of them can get along with each other peacefully.
Zhuge Liang skillfully handled all aspects of the situation of the Shu state by relying on his own judgment and ingenuity, and while maintaining the stability of the overall situation, he also improved efficiency, so that the Shu state could grow rapidly and complete his greater mission.