One of the most anxious things in modern life is the ubiquitous "poison". With the continuous development of industrial technology, the widespread production and large use of chemical substances have become a common phenomenon for people to engage in production, life, economy and other activities. The study of the properties, characteristics, dosages, reactions, and relationships between human health and safety of chemical substances is actually a long-term comprehensive analysis process. How to ensure that the products circulating in the market are harmless to the human body or within the safe limits has become a concern of all parties. In these contexts, toxicological testing is a discipline derived from this.
In toxicology testing, acute oral toxicity test is the first step in determining the toxicity of a product, and it is also one of the important indicators to measure the quality of a product. Therefore, in food, pesticides, veterinary drugs, chemicals, cosmetics, fertilizers, soil conditioners and other products, acute oral toxicity test is almost all toxicological tests must do. If these products want to be approved or supervised by the government such as registration, registration, and filing, a detailed toxicological safety test report needs to be provided. Of course, as one of the explanatory documents for product toxicity and potential hazards, the importance of the acute oral toxicity test report is self-evident. Today, Byrne Xiaobian will talk to you about the relevant knowledge of acute oral toxicity test.
Significance of acute oral toxicity tests
As we said above, the acute oral toxicity test is the first stage of toxicological testing, and it is also the most basic test item. The purpose of doing acute oral toxicity test is to provide a reference basis for products to carry out acute toxicity classification and label management, provide information on the health hazards induced by the tested products after oral contact in a short period of time, and provide the basis for toxic effects and dose selection for future sub-urgent (slow) toxicity tests. Of course, acute transoral toxicity tests are useful for preliminary estimation of the target organ and possible mechanisms of toxicity. It also has important reference value.
Key indicators of acute oral toxicity test
The key indicator measured by the acute oral toxicity test is half of the lethality (LD50 value). The LD50 value belongs to the statistical dose value, which is mainly the calculated value of half of the test animals after the subject is passed through the mouth. The LD50 value can well reflect the average susceptibility of most test animals in the subject population, and its reproducibility is better than that of absolute lethal dose and maximum tolerated dose. Of course, since the LD50 value only reflects the limit of the dose of half death and half survival of the animal caused by the subject, it does not represent all the acute toxicity characteristics of the subject. In order to perfectly evaluate the acute toxicity of the subject, we need to comprehensively consider the parameters obtained by the acute joint toxicity test according to the actual situation.
Acute oral toxicity test method
The acute oral toxicity test method needs to be determined according to the type and use of the actual subject. For example, the acute oral test methods of pesticides include Horn's method, sequential method, probability unit method and so on. Food oral toxicity test methods can choose Horn's method, limited amount method, up-down method, Kohl's method and so on. Chemicals can be used in Horn's method, Kohl's method, probability unit-logarithmic diagram method, maximum tolerance test, and up-down method. Of course, the choice of specific method depends on the relevant standard requirements of the subject.
Reference standard for acute oral toxicity tests
GB 15193.3-2014 National Standard for Food Safety Acute oral toxicity test
GB/T 15670.2-2017 Toxicological test methods for pesticide registration Part 2: Acute oral toxicity tests Horn's method
GB/T 15670.3-2017 Toxicological test methods for pesticide registration Part 3: Acute oral toxicity test sequential method
GB/T 15670.4-2017 Toxicological test methods for pesticide registration Part 4: Acute oral toxicity tests Probabilistic unit method
GB/T 21603-2008 Chemicals Acute oral toxicity test methods
GB/T 21757-2008 Chemicals Acute oral toxicity test Acute toxicity classification
GB/T 21804-2008 Chemicals Acute oral toxicity fixed dose test method
GB/T 21812-2008 Chemicals Bee acute oral toxicity test
GB/T 21826-2008 Chemicals Acute oral toxicity test methods
GBZ/T 240.15-2011 Chemical toxicology evaluation procedures and test methods
GBZ/T 240.2-2011 Toxicology evaluation procedures and test methods for chemicals
NY/T 1980-2018 Fertilizers and soil conditioners Acute oral toxicity test and evaluation requirements
NY/T 2186.1-2012 Guidelines for toxicological testing of microbial pesticides Part 1: Acute oral toxicity/pathogenicity tests
SN/T 3947-2014 Chemicals Acute oral toxicity test in birds
Announcement No. 2406 of the Ministry of Agriculture-10-2016 Edible Safety Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms and Their Products Protein Acute Oral Toxicity Test
Contents of the acute oral toxicity test report
1. The name of the sample under test, physical and chemical indicators, trait indicators, the preparation method of the sample and the concentration used;
2. The species, strain and source of the test animal;
3. Test the breeding environment of animals. Mainly including feed source, room temperature, relative humidity, animal laboratory certificate number and other information;
4. The dose used in the test and the animal grouping information, and the information such as the sex, quantity and weight range of the animals used in each group also need to be indicated;
5. After the poisoning, the specific poisoning performance, death situation and occurrence time of the test animal are information.
6. Anatomy and pathological information
7. The method of calculating the LD50 value and the 95% confidence limit of the LD50;
8. List report results
9. Test conclusion
The above is the relevant knowledge of acute oral toxicity testing. Although the acute oral toxicity test is an important evaluation content of the acute toxicity of the product, it has certain differences and one-sidedness due to the evaluation index of LD50 value. Therefore, the reported results do not provide a very accurate overview of its acute toxicity. This requires us to appropriately combine a variety of detection methods, while referring to other similar maximum tolerated doses, absolute lethal doses and other indicators for comprehensive assessment.