The term "Jinshi" comes from the Book of Rites and the Imperial System: "Ōraku is talking about the meritocracy of the creators to sue the king, and the ascension to the rank of Sima and the jinshi." This means that Dale is assessing the successful scholars, selecting outstanding talents to report to the Tianzi, and recommending them to Sima And these people are called jinshi. During the Reign of the Sui Dynasty Emperor (605), the Jinshi subject was first introduced, and from then until the official abolition of the Thirty-first Year of Guangxu (1905), the imperial examination was the most important talent selection system in 1300 years. The examination of the imperial examination is carried out layer by layer, through the academy examination is called the student (that is, the folk so-called Xiucai), through the township examination is called the lifting person, through the examination, the temple examination (the temple examination is only determined, will not be deposed candidates) is called the jinshi, the jinshi is undoubtedly the crown of the pearl, representing the highest achievement of the meritorious name of the imperial examination. Unlike the modern college entrance examination, the jinshi is the end of the meritorious name, even if you are not satisfied with the ranking, you can not retake the exam. The number of students in the examination also represents the level of local culture and education, so it is the most valued by people. Because of the lack of written information, the situation of the imperial examination before the Ming Dynasty in Huangxian County has been difficult to figure out, and here we can only talk about the situation of the Huangxian Jinshi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (the Ming Dynasty County Chronicle of Huangxian county in Huangxian county has been lost, but the traces of the Ming Dynasty Huangxian Jinshi can also be found through the "Inscription List" and "Inscription Record").
In the ninth year of Ming Hongwu (1376), Dengzhou was elevated to Dengzhou Prefecture, and at this point, shandong was the sixth capital of the Shandong Government: Jinan Prefecture, Yanzhou Prefecture, Dongchang Prefecture, Qingzhou Prefecture, Laizhou Prefecture, and Dengzhou Prefecture. The history is called "West Three Provinces and East Three Provinces". At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, in the twelfth year of Yongzheng (1734), Wuding and Yi'er Prefectures were promoted to prefectures, and in the thirteenth year, Tai'an and Cao Prefectures were promoted to prefectures, so that the six provinces became ten provinces, but the jurisdiction of Laizhou Prefecture and Dengzhou Prefecture did not change. Laizhou in the Ming Dynasty administered the five counties of Ye County, Wei County, Changyi, Pingdu Prefecture, Jiaozhou, Jimo and Gaomi Prefecture, which remained unchanged in the Qing Dynasty until the thirty-first year of guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1905), which upgraded Jiaozhou to a directly subordinate prefecture, under the jurisdiction of Jimo and Gaomi counties, Laizhou Fu Lingzhou I, county three. Dengzhou Prefecture in the Ming Dynasty administered seven counties of Laiyang, Fushan, Penglai, Wenden, Huangxian, NinghaiZhou, Qixia, and Zhaoyuan Prefecture, and in the Qing Dynasty, Shanghai Yang and Rongcheng became nine counties in a prefecture, but the territory was still the original size. Haiyang Ming Dynasty for the Great Song Wei, Yongzheng thirteen years (1735) to cut wei set up a county, cut Laiyang, Rushan and other parts of each into the, because it is in the north of the Yellow Sea, so the name "Haiyang". Rongcheng Ming Dynasty for Chengshan, Jinghai two wei, Yongzheng thirteen years to cut wei set up a county, cut the eastern part of Wendeng incorporated, "the first emperor tasted to shoot big fish in Rongcheng Mountain, the mountain is in the territory of Yi, so it is named after it." It should be noted here that Laixi originally belonged to Laiyang, was divided in 1961, and belonged to the same Yantai area, and in 1983 Laixi was transferred to Qingdao City. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Laixi was included in Laiyang County (Laixi's dialect also belongs to the Yanwei dialect area, but it is laizhou, which belongs to Yantai today, but the dialect it operates does not belong to the Yanwei dialect, but is closer to the dialect of Changyi and other places, and belongs to the Qingzhou dialect area).
The specific methods for the examination of the imperial examinations in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty and the Electoral Chronicle" clearly stated: "There are Qing subjects to take scholars, and the System of Undertaking and Ming uses eight strands of text." Take the Four Sons book and the "Yi", "Book", "Poem", "Spring and Autumn", "Book of Rites" Five Classics propositions, called the system of righteousness. Three years of competition, try to be born in the province, known as the township test, the Chinese style is to lift people. In the following year, the test was held by Yu Jingshi, who was known as the hui test, and the Chinese style was a gongshi. The Son of Heaven personally planned in the court, known as the temple test, the first, second, and third ranks. The first three people, known as The Champion, the Eye of the List, the Tanhua, the Shi Jinshi and the First. A number of people in the second class, who were born into the army. A number of people in the third class were given the same jinshi origin. The township test is the first xieyuan, the first will be the yuan, and the second is the first to pass the yuan. Xi still ming old name also. ”
According to expert research, there were about 245595 people in the Ming Dynasty examination in 89 sections, about 26,849 people in the Qing Dynasty examination in 112 subjects, and the total number of jinshi in the Ming and Qing dynasties in Shandong ranked fifth after Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Fujian.
Zhang Zengxiang's article "Research on the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Shandong Jinshi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" believes that there were 1825 Jinshi in Shandong In the Ming Dynasty, of which 186 were in Laizhou Prefecture and 60 in Ye County, 146 in Dengzhou Prefecture, 55 in Laiyang, 32 in Penglai, 18 in Huangxian, 12 in Zhaoyuan, 12 in Wenden, 5 in Qixia, and 5 in Ninghai. In the Qing Dynasty, there were 2260 jinshi, including 329 in Laizhou Prefecture and 36 in Ye County; 335 in Dengzhou Prefecture, ranking second among the ten provinces, Laiyang 77, Fushan 53, Penglai 50, Wenden 44, Huangxian 32, Ninghai Prefecture 32, Qixia 21, Zhaoyuan 3, Haiyang 17, and Rongcheng 6.
Liu Xiwei's article "Research on the Regional Distribution of Shandong Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty" believes that the total number of Shandong Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty was 1832, of which Laizhou Fu was the second to last, with 184 people, Ye County was 57 people; Dengzhou Fu was the first from the bottom, it was 134 people, Laiyang 50, Dengzhou Wei 20, HuangXian 17, Penglai 12, Wenden 9, Zhaoyuan 9, Fushan 7, Qixia 5, Ninghai Prefecture 4, Dengzhou 1.
Zhao Limei's article "Research on the Group of Shandong Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty" believes that the total number of Shandong Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty was 1710, of which 173 were in Laizhou Prefecture and 55 in Ye County; 132 in Dengzhou Prefecture, 49 in Laiyang, 18 in Dengzhou Wei, 16 in Huang County, 9 in Zhaoyuan, 6 in Wenden, 6 in Fushan, 5 in Qixia, 5 in Ninghai Prefecture, 5 in Laizhou Weiren, 1 in Ninghai Weiren, 1 in Dengzhou Weifushan Houyushou, 1 in Jinghaiwei, and 1 in Liaozhou Shouyu Qianhushou.
Zhang Sizhou's article "A Preliminary Study on the Geographical Distribution of Shandong Jinshi in the Qing Dynasty" believes that there were 2259 Shandong jinshi in the Qing Dynasty, of which 330 were jinshi in Laizhou Prefecture and 37 in Yexian County; the total number of jinshi in DengzhouFu was 340, and the total number of jinshi in Laiyang, 70 in Fushan, 54 in Penglai, 38 in Wendeng, 33 in Ninghai Prefecture, 33 in Huangxian County, and 21 in Qixia, the total number of these seven counties with more than 20 people was 300, and the remaining three counties of Zhaoyuan, Haiyang, and Rongcheng totaled 40 people.
Because the statistical literature and statistical methods used by the experts are different, the statistical data must be different, but the difference is not bad, and it is harmless. On the whole, the number of Jinshi in DengzhouFu ranked last of the six provinces in the Ming Dynasty, Laizhoufu ranked second from the bottom, and in the Qing Dynasty, Dengzhoufu jumped to the second place in the ten provinces, and Laizhoufu also ranked upstream, there are many influencing factors here, such as Jinan Fu is located in the administrative center of Shandong Province, with natural geographical advantages, Denglai two provinces are located at the eastern end of jiaodong Peninsula, traffic is inconvenient (even if you sit in a mule car in that era, it takes half a month to go to Jinan, if you play Rongcheng, a month is not enough). The most important factor is the economic development situation, the Song-Jin confrontation that began at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the subsequent Jin Dynasty and Mongolian Yuan entered the Central Plains, and Shandong became the main battlefield and was ravaged. When the Ming Dynasty was founded, The population of Shandong was only 5.25 million, and in order to reclaim a large area of wasteland in Shandong, the Ming Dynasty formulated a series of policies to reward reclamation and gradually restore the economy. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the canal was re-dredged, and Linqing, Jining, Liaocheng and other places benefited from the economy of the Grand Canal and became densely populated commercial ports. In contrast, in deng lai and the two places, the policy of prohibiting the sea was implemented at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and "the plates were not allowed to enter the sea", until the first year of Longqing (1567) when the sea ban was lifted, which was called "Longqing Switch". Although the sea ban was also imposed in the early Qing Dynasty, the sea ban was opened in the middle of the Kangxi Dynasty, and the coastal trade on the Jiaodong Peninsula developed rapidly, with the benefits of fish and salt and the convenience of maritime trade, which inevitably brought about economic development. The economic superiority will inevitably bring about a higher standard of living and good conditions for running schools, which is the basic condition for the two provinces of Deng and Lai to enter the science examination in the Qing Dynasty. After the Middle Qing Dynasty, the Grand Canal was seriously silted, especially in the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), the Yellow River broke the mouth of the Grand Canal through the Daqing River into the sea, and the Grand Canal was cut off from north to south, which brought a huge blow to the economy along the coast, and the examination results also declined.
Another factor affecting the results of science tests is the size of county schools, after all, the more people who take the test, the more likely they are to pass the test. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the untaken students of the scholars had to pass the examinations of the state, the county and the government, and then take the college examination presided over by the xuezheng. Scholars, through the academy's trial to enter the scholar as a student, the imperial court "exempted from their grain, thick with food", no need to pay taxes of grain, but also enjoy grain, anointing fire, "the officials of the various gates treat each other with courtesy", that is, as the saying goes, xiu only saw the county officials do not have to kneel and prostrate. The prefectural government has set up professors (正七品), the prefecture has xuezheng (正八品), the county has set up teachings (正八品), the regular jinshi is used for teaching, and the people are used to learn the right and teach, and each has a teaching (from the eight pins) to support it. In the ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1670), the Qing government determined that there were 20 students in the capital, 15 universities in the prefectures and counties, 12 in middle schools, and 7 or 8 in primary schools. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), "Order the governor to appease the scholars, find out that in the prefecture where the humanities are most prosperous, the title is that the primary school is a middle school, the middle school is a university, and the university is admitted according to the number of students." According to this order, the twenty-eight prefectures and counties in Shandong, including Licheng, were originally universities (Laizhoufu is Ye County, Jiaozhou, and Dengzhoufu is Penglai and Laiyang), and now 20 students are enrolled in the school quota of Zhaofu; the thirty prefectures and counties such as Xincheng were originally middle schools (Laizhoufu is Gaomi and Jimo, and Dengzhoufu is Qixia, Ninghai, and Wendeng), and now it has been changed to universities, with 15 students each. This is the beginning of Yexian Normal School, Penglai Normal School, Laiyang Normal School, Wendeng Normal School, and it is also one of the helpers for "Wendeng Learning" to become famous throughout the country. At this time, Huangxian is still a middle school, with a quota of 12 students, and it is certain that they will suffer some losses when participating in the township examination.
In addition, local traditions and social customs are also factors that cannot be ignored, simply put, whether or not to attach importance to culture. Huangxian County, ming and qing dynasties belonged to Dengzhou capital, the land is sparse, "the valley of the harvest is less than a year's food", but it is called "the rich area of the East China Sea", the reason is that the business is prosperous, and the residents are more accustomed to the benefits of trade and relocation. The old chronicle of Huangxian County records that "the yellow land is narrow and dense, those who have land do not count, their families do not count acres, and those who maintain health are only concerned by trade", "The people of the old people are more profit-seeking, often rich, far from the Beijing division, and the dangers are heavy in the ocean." In the land of Fengtian and Jilin Province, there are yellow people who have walked in the land." The county chronicle also says that "the total Number of Yellow People is counted, the third of the ten farmers, the second of the ten soldiers and workers, and the fifth of the ten merchants", the status of the soldiers, farmers, industrialists, and merchants, and the four people of the country is also in order, and the business population of Huang County is equivalent to the sum of the three soldiers, peasants, and workers, which was rare in the past. When people in other places are still adhering to the tradition of cultivating and reading heirlooms, doing the beautiful dreams of "cultivating and reading in the rain" and "going to the Tianshelang and ascending to the Tianzi Hall in the twilight", the people of Huangxian county have already sacrificed their own trading scriptures. But it is also precisely because the people of Huangxian County are heavy business, there are more people who do business in the south and the north, and there are fewer natural people who calm down to study, so they do not attach special importance to cultural education, like the Ding Million family that has a rich family in the Qing Dynasty, and only four jinshi have passed the examination, and the ranks are relatively low. The Tongzhi edition of the Huangxian Chronicle records that there were 16 Ming Dynasty jinshi in Huangxian County, ranking third in dengzhou capital, only behind Laiyang and Penglai.
Tongzhi County Zhijinshi List
From the Qing Dynasty to the tenth year of Tongzhi (1671), there were 22 jinshi, and 12 were admitted in the Later Guangxu years, so that a total of 34 people were admitted in the Qing Dynasty, and the number of jinshi was only tied for fifth place with Ninghai Prefecture (Muping) in Dengzhou Capital. Originally, from the beginning of the Opening of the Sea Ban in the Qing Dynasty, the economy of Huangxian County has developed greatly compared with before, known as "Golden Yellow County", but the economic progress and the regression of the examination are very telling. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Huangxian county had a total of about 50 people in the examination, far behind Ye County in Laizhou Capital, and ranked fifth after Laiyang, Penglai, Fushan and Wenden in Dengzhou Capital, which belonged to the midstream level. The total number of 50 jinshi is even more lackluster if it is looked at nationwide, and some prefectures and counties in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Gansu often pass thousands of jinshi, and Huangxian county does not even have enough of them. Huangxian people are famous for being good at doing business, but Huangxian merchants have not formed Jinshang culture, Huishang culture, and Zhejiang merchant culture like Shanxi merchants, Huizhou merchants, and Zhejiang merchants, and in the final analysis, it is still related to the lack of cultural heritage. Everything depends on the culture, culture is the root, the roots are deep in order to flourish. No matter what you do, without the support of culture, it is not big and not far away.
Coincidentally, at present, the total economic volume of Huangxian County has ranked first in the province for several consecutive years, and it has also ranked in the top ten in the ranking of the top 100 counties in the country for a long time, but the college entrance examination results have also ranked low in Yantai for many consecutive years, which is related to the custom of "emphasizing business and light literature" since the Ming and Qing dynasties. It seems that culture and education have their own stable inheritance or inertia, and it is not an overnight achievement to change. If Huangxian's economy wants to develop better and longer, it is also necessary to make up for the shortcomings of culture and education. In short, economy and culture are like the two wheels of a car, the two wings of a bird, and the two feet of a person.
Appendix I: The Tongzhi edition of the Huangxian Chronicle contains the Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty (as of the eleventh year of Tongzhi) Jinshi
bright
Wang Gang: (Orthodox Propylene, there is "Biography"). Zhang Lun: (Chenghua Himself Ugly Family, there is "Biography").
Wang Shizhong: (Hongzhi Gengzhi Branch, there is "Biography"). Jiang Hong: (Decyl ugly family, there is "biography").
Zhang Jun: (Zhengde Jia Shuke, there is "Biography"). Zhang Zili: (Son of Jun, Jiajing Chengjiao, with "Biography").
Wang Sanping: (Xin Ugly, there is "Biography"). Hu Weiqing: (Decameron, head of the household department).
Chen Tingzhi: (壬戌科, Huguang Province). Zhang Mingfan: (Great-grandson of Lun, Wanli Jia shuke, with "Biography").
Wang Jiguang: (Ugly Dingke, there is "Biography"). Lin Wenying: (Gengchen family, there is "Biography").
Li Youshi: (He ugly family, there is "Biography"). Wang Daoyi: (B Weike, there is a "biography").
Xu Jiuhong: (戌戊科, Raozhou Prefecture Governor). Fan Fuxuan: (He weike, there is "Biography").
Dynasty
Qi Liangzai: (Shunzhi Ding Haike, Chizhou Tuiguan, Chief of the Inspectorate of the Libing Department, Deputy Envoy of Funing Province, Fujian).
Fan Naifan: (壬辰科, 稾城知县, Li Bingbu Zhifang Division, Hubu Guizhou Division, Jiangnan Shilangzhong, Huguang Yongzhou Prefecture Prefect).
Qi Yanxi: (Xin ugly, Zhi County, Luoshan County). Wang Wenlong: (Xinuke, Zhixian County, Xinping County).
Jia Fannan: (Xin Ugly Branch, head of the household department). Zou Yansi: (Xin Ugly Branch, Zhi County, Cili County).
Jiang Qiyuan: (Kangxi Nongzhi Branch, will try the second place, there is "Biography").
Zhang Yiheng: (壬戌科, Zhongpenglai nationality, Shuyang County Zhi County, there is "Biography").
Jia Yu: (Qianlong Nongshen Enke, there is "Biography").
Jiang Chongfeng: (Nongshen Enke, ZhiXian county, Tianchang County. Press: It is the year of the township, the examination is held together, the heavy hammer is lifted by the year, and the middle year is entered by the soldier).
(See The Old Chronicles above.) Zhang Yiheng added).
Li Zuoyu: (Gengchen family, Zhi County, Yu County). Ding Yuanpeng: (Propylene, there is "Biography").
Jia Yunsheng: (Otomi Enko, there is "Biography"). Zhang Zhende: (Jiaqing Nongzhi family, middle Penglai).
Wang Yunzhong: (Ding Ugly, there is "Biography").
Jia Zhen: (Daoguang Chengjiao, the second place in the first division. Edited by the Hanlin Academy, the Official's Department of Ceremonies, the Official's Shangshu, the Prince Taibao, the Scholar of Tirenge University, the Scholar of Wuyingdian University, the Bachelor of the Hanlin Academy, the Chief Master of the Upper Study, the Prime Minister's Military Affairs, the University Scholar, and the Reward).
Zou Zijun: (Chengjiaoke, Professor of Jinan Province).
Jia Fan: (Xin Ugke, Editor of Hanlin Academy, Wu Yingdian Assistant Repair, Compilation Repair, National History Museum Assistant Repair).
Liu Ziqing: (Jiachenke, Changning County, Jiangxi, HeXian Bureau, ZhiXian, Longquan County).
Qi Xicheng: (Gengzhi family, there is a "biography"). Ding Peiyi: (Xianfeng Nonzi Enko, there is "Biography").
Zhao Ruchen: (Tongzhi Pengchen Branch, Review of Hanlin Academy).
Appendix II: Guangxu Years
Wang Xifan: Guangxu 2nd year (1876) 2nd Rank 18th Jinshi, Hanlin. Scattered library to teach editing. Two concurrent examiners of the Shuntianxiang Examination, the chief examiner of the Hunan Township Examination, the Bachelor of Attendants, and the Fujian Scholar-
Wang Yanpu: Guangxu 3rd year (1877) 116th jinshi of the third class. Officer to the head of the Punishment Department.
Zhao Ruhan: In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), the 20th jinshi of the second class, Hanlin. Scattered halls were taught to edit and repair, and successively served as the Meritorious Hall, Wenyuan Pavilion, National History Museum, Wuying Hall Assistant Repair, and Zhan Shifu Right Zanshan.
Qi Shanxun: The 32nd jinshi of the third class in the ninth year of Guangxu (1883). He successively served as the head of the household department, a member of the foreign lang, and a young secretary of the Taibu Temple.
Wang Jingtan: In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), he was the 175th jinshi of the third class.
Wang Shouxun: Guangxu Twelfth Year (1886) 115th Jinshi of the Third Division, Hanlin. Select the Shu Ji Shi, scatter the library to give review. He has successively served as a Zhongshu Sheren, an assistant of the National History Museum, an assistant of the Wuying Temple, and a scholar of the History of the Nation.
Ding Shuzeng: Guangxu fifteen years (1889) second class 65th jinshi. He successively served as the head of the cabinet, signed the Ministry of Agriculture, and conferred the title of Zhongyi Doctor.
Zhao Weifang: Guangxu fifteen years (1889) second class 74th jinshi. Officials to the head of the bureaucracy.
Zhang Tingshi: Guangxu fifteen years (1889) 116th jinshi of the third class. He successively served as the examiner of the Sichuan Township Examination, the teaching of Rizhao County, the capital of Yizhou, and the zhi county of Zhaohua County.
Shan Mengxiang: Guangxu Twenty Years (1894) 61st Jinshi of the Third Division. He successively served as Zhi County, Changning and Fengshun Counties in Guangdong, and ZhiZhou in Lijiaying Prefecture.
Qu Jiang Feast: Guangxu Twenty-one Years (1895) 9th Ranked Soldier of the Third Division. He successively served as the chief of the bureaucracy, the member of the foreign lang, and the governor of Zhejiang Grain Road.
Ding Yuji: Guangxu Twenty-ninth Year (1903) 27th Ranked Soldier of the Third Division. He successively served as the chief of the Law Department, and the Jiangsu Division walked, plus four levels.
Wang Dongchao
Some of the pictures are quoted from the Internet, and the copyright belongs to the original author