Cave attack is to dig tunnels and destroy the city. The techniques of cave attack and counter-hole attack are the same, while the latter is more complex. The Mozi Bi Cave details the methods of counter-acupuncture:
Set up a lookout post at the height of the city, closely monitor the movements of the enemy army, and once there are signs of digging tunnels, such as abnormal accumulation of earth and turbid water flowing, immediately dig a well in the corresponding direction of the city close to the city wall, five steps and a well or three zhang a well, and place a new clay pot at the bottom of the well, covered with thin cowhide, so that the hearing-sensitive people can listen to the tank. The sound emitted by the enemy's tunnel propagates underground at a high speed, decay decreases, and is easy to provoke the resonance of the cylinder body, so the direction of the tunnel can be detected in this way.
After determining the orientation of the enemy's tunnels, it is necessary to dig the anti-tunnels to meet each other, and it is necessary to intercept the enemy's tunnels, and the method is still to listen from the underground and correct the direction of the anti-tunnels at any time according to the orientation of the enemy tunnels. At the same time, kilns were built at the anti-tunnel entrance, and blast bladders were installed, four sacs per furnace. The kiln is filled with firewood and mugwort, and its smoke outlet is connected to the ceramic smoke pipe, which is extended into the anti-tunnel and laid forward with the extension of the anti-tunnel.
When digging the enemy tunnels, the kilns were rapidly burned, and the smoke was pumped into the enemy tunnels by means of a leather drum blowing wind into the enemy tunnels, and the warriors equipped with special weapons such as short spears, short halberds, and short crossbows also threw themselves into battle, driving the enemy tunnel sappers away from the tunnels or eliminating them.
In tunnel warfare, both the attacking and defending sides use the smoking method. "Han Feizi Eight Sayings" says: "The distance between the dry city is rushed, and it is not as good as the cave and the ambush." "Mozi Jie shang" said: "There are innumerable dead in the field battle of the siege of the city and the invasion of the city." Sun Yi made "Mozi Idle" think that "僾" is the mistake of "volt". It can be seen that when the siege side excavates the tunnel, it is also equipped with smoke facilities.
"Mozi Bei cave" said: When smoking the enemy, it is necessary to prepare a "continuous version", that is, a large board made of wooden strips, which is combined with the height and width of the tunnel to block the smoke; the hole is chiseled out of the board so that the spear arrow can shoot outward to prevent the enemy from blocking the pipe; if the enemy jams the pipe, the pipe behind the board is chiseled open, and then quickly leads the board back. It is conceivable that the confrontation in the tunnel is also quite fierce.
The techniques of cave attack and counter-cave attack are closely related to the mining technology developed during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Digging siege tunnels or anti-tunnels is the use of mining tunnel technology. Archaeological excavations of the Shangzhou copper mine site in Ruichang, Jiangxi, show that in the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, the excavation of the mine road had various forms such as shafts, flat lanes, inclined lanes and trough pits, which were used in combination; the well lane already had a more reasonable supporting wooden frame, such as the shaft with a well frame and backwood, and the flat lane had a column, top beam and a raft of ground trusses; there were already drainage facilities such as drainage ditches and drainage tanks in the well lane; underground transportation has adopted the original mechanical lifting devices such as orange mallets and sleds.
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, mining technology was more advanced. Hubei Daye copper green mountain of the Eastern Zhou copper mine site, the mine road crisscrossed, up and down several layers, the formation of a dense and complex system, the maximum excavation depth in the Spring and Autumn period has exceeded 36 meters, the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty period reached more than 60 meters, extending to 23 meters below the diving surface; the well lane is larger, the support wooden frame is coarse and dense, the general use of mortise and mortise structure, strong and reasonable, lifting and transportation using a large reel winch.
The cave attack and counter-cave attack in China's siege and defensive city warfare were clearly inspired by developed mining techniques and used a series of techniques for excavating oreholes, including tools, devices, facilities and methods for tunneling, supporting, draining and lifting transportation. "Mozi Bei Cave" said that the method of cave attack is "burrowing into the soil, binding the pillar to fire, to damage the city", it can be seen that the siege tunnel uses a parapet, when the attacker digs the tunnel to the bottom of the city wall and expands the area, hollows out the foundation of the city wall, it will burn the supporting wooden frame, so that the city wall collapses and falls. "Mozi Beicheng Gate" says: "The enemy has come for the cave, and I urgently need the cave master to choose a soldier and meet the cave." The "cave masters" who presided over the excavation of tunnels were specialized technicians, mostly from the mining industry.
There is another notable example of the use of mining techniques in cave attack and counter-hole attack. Many large bronze axes have been excavated at the Site of Copper Green Mountain Mining and Metallurgy, the largest of which is 47 cm long, 41 cm wide and weighs more than 16 kg. These giant axes are obviously tools for mining, and may be used to attach them to long handles, suspend them from columns or supports, and rely on inertia and force to hit the working surface.
During the Warring States period, this impact-type giant axe was also used to excavate tunnels in the attacking and defending cities. The Mozi Bei Acupoint says: "When the cave is encountered, it is rushed with a high degree, and it is smoked with a rapid drum." He also said, "Knowing the place of the cave, the cave meets it, and the cave meets it, and for the sake of the gao, it will take the strong material as the husband, and the axe will be used to give it, and the three men who are powerful will rush it with the gao, and pour more than ten stones of impurity." "The orange mallet with the sharp axe that the Mo family said is the impact type of mining giant axe. When the anti-tunnel and the enemy tunnel will not be penetrated, this giant axe will be used to violently hit the working surface, open it up at once, and then use sudden various means of attack to catch the enemy off guard.
Hanging on the pillar or bracket of the impact type mining giant axe, usually the axe falls, when the tail of the handle is suppressed, the axe is lifted, which is similar to the water orange mallet, so the ancients also called it "orange mallet". "Mozi" uses the word "Chong" to describe the way this giant axe works, which is reminiscent of the ancients also called the siege mallet "Chong", and their structure and principle are indeed very similar.
In addition to mining techniques, counter-burrowing also took advantage of other technological achievements. The large-scale cellar furnace and blast equipment skin bag for burning chai ai are the results of the development of pottery and copper smelting and ironmaking technology. Pottery pipes used as earth-listening vases and for the transmission of smoke from tunnels are products of the pottery industry. In the ruins of the Eastern Zhou Yang City in Dengfeng Wangchenggang, Henan, a large water supply facility from the late Warring States period was found. It brings water from the upper reaches of the small rivers on the east and west sides of the city into the city through water pipelines buried underground, much like the water transmission equipment of modern cities.
The water pipeline is mainly composed of pottery straight pipe, each section is generally 59-68 cm long, the diameter of the thick head is 17-19 cm, the diameter of the thin head is 12-14 cm, and the wall thickness is 0.14-0.19 cm. In addition, there are pottery elbow pipes, Tao three-way branch pipes, Tao three-way diagonal branch pipes, Tao three-way exhaust pipes, Tao four-way water control pipes, etc., to solve the problems of bending, bifurcation, exhaust, water control and so on of the pipeline. This set of ceramic water pipelines is an image reference material for understanding the ceramic smoke pipelines used in cave attack and counter-hole attack. The ceramic pipes used in the two and the way they are connected should be common.