The differences and relationships between "Zhou Li", "Liturgy" and "Li Ji"

Why were there three kinds of books on etiquette in ancient China?

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Why are they all listed in the very important Thirteen Classics?

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Red: Highlights

Green: Controversial

The meaning of terms such as "Li", "Li Ji", "Li Jing", "Zhou Li", "Zhou Guan" and other terms has changed in the pre-Qin to Eastern Han Dynasties, coupled with the fact that the content of "Three Rites" is more difficult to read, resulting in everyone often not understanding the difference and relationship between "Three Rites", today we will try to answer this question ~

First, the process of the creation of the name "Three Rites"

The Biography of Ru Lin in history says: "Scholars speak a lot of words, and Lu Gaotang is the most fundamental." The "Ritual" is fixed from Confucius and sometimes its scriptures are not possessed, and until the Qin Dynasty burned the books, the books were scattered and died, and now there is a unique "Shi Li", which Gao Tangsheng can say. ”

During the Western Han Dynasty, only Gao Tangsheng passed on the "Ritual of Rites", which at this time was also known as the "Rites" or "Rites", which was later known as the "Rites". The Book of Rites, written in the Book of Han and Yiwen zhi, also refers only to the Book of Rites, and the Book of Rites is attached to the Zhou Guan Jing in the 130 records of the Book of Rites. Therefore, in the Western Han Dynasty, people only recognized the "Rites" as the "Book of Rites", and the highest position in the "Three Rites". The so-called "Book of Rites" now refers to the forty-nine "Little Dai Li Ji" compiled by the Western Han Dynasty Dai Sanctuary. The nineteen Rites are easily confused with the previous seventeen Rites, so the names of the forty-nine Rites that followed replaced the original Rites, and the Rites became renamed Rites.

The name of the Zhou Li also changed during the pre-Qin to Eastern Han dynasties. In the pre-Qin period, the "Zhou Li" often mentioned in the "Zuo Zhuan" may be the old classic of the Zhou Gong, not necessarily today's "Zhou Li". The current Zhou Li appeared around the Warring States period. Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty is called "Zhou Guan" in the "Book of History and Fengchan", Ban Gu is called "Zhou Guan Jing" in the "Book of Han and Yiwenzhi", "Zhou Guan li" in the ancient notes of the Sui and Tang "Hanshu Yiwen zhi", and Xun Yue of the Eastern Han Dynasty is called "Li Jing" in the "Han Ji". During Wang Mang's reign, due to Liu Xin's request, the Zhou Guan was included in the Xueguan and renamed Zhou Li. Therefore, there are forty-nine "rituals", seventeen "rituals" and "zhou rites" in three kinds. Later, Zheng Xuan annotated the three works, hence the name "Three Rites".

2. Describe the process, content, and annotations of the Three Rites

(1) "Zhou Li"

1. The process of writing a book (controversial)

(1) The age of the book: The Zhou Li was suddenly discovered during the Western Han Dynasty, there is no teacher-inheritance relationship to examine, and the pre-Qin literature does not mention this book, so the age of the Zhou Li is controversial. Scholars of all generations have carried out protracted debates to this end, forming different theories, including the Western Zhou theory, the Spring and Autumn Theory, the Warring States Theory, the Qin and Han Dynasties Theory, the Han Chu Theory, and the Wang Mang Pseudo-Writing Theory. Most scholars today believe that the Zhou Li was written during the Warring States period.

(2) The process of writing the book: The earliest record of the Zhou Li was found in the "Book of Han and the Biography of the King of Hejian". Jia Gongyan's "Zhou Li Justice Sequence" says: "The Zhou Guan's filial piety began to emerge, and the secret was not passed on"; "Both from the mountain rock house wall, re-entering the secret house, the Confucian of the five families can not be seen." To Emperor Xiaocheng, Liu Xiang and Zixin, the secretary of the School of Dacai, were first listed in the order, and were written in the "Record" and "Sketch". However, he died in one of his "Winter Officials", and the "Record of Examination Workers" was enough" to do so. The "Zhou Guan" was not discovered until Liu Xiang and Liu Xin's father and son's school secretarial documents, and they were recorded, and the early Eastern Han Dynasty commentators flocked. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the master of classics Zheng Xuan made a note for it, and the Zhou Li jumped to the top of the "Three Rites".

Zheng Xuan's "Zhou Li Notes" Yun: "Since the ancestors of the world, Zheng Shaogan, the Grand Master of the Great Master of the Tongren Dashi, and the famous teachers of the Zi Dasi Nongzhong, the former Wei Cizhong of the Huilang, the Servant Jia Junjingbo, and the Nanjun Taishou Ma Jichang, all wrote the Zhou Li Xie. ”

Regarding the question of the completion of the Zhou Li, it is one of the most hotly debated issues in history among the classicists, and there are about five theories: (1) discovered during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (Tang Jia Gongyan's "Zhou Li Yi Shu" preface "Zhou Li" Xing abolished the "Ma Rong Chuan") (2) The Han Dynasty Hejian Xianwang Obtained ("Hanshu Hejian Xianwang Biography") (3) Li Shi's income when the Han Dynasty Hejian offered the king (Tang Lu Deming's "Preface to the Classic Interpretation") (4) and the "Ancient Literature Shangshu" and so on were found at the same time in Kong Bi (Tang Kong Yingda's "Ritual Justice", "Qu Li Chapter" quoted Han Zhengxuan's "Six Arts") (5) and " Yi Li was also dedicated to Kong Anguo. Qing Sun cursed the Zhou Li Zhengyi to believe that the four and five statements were false and insufficient to be trusted; the first, second, and third theories were also different.

2. Content

(1) There are six articles: "Tianguan TsukasaZai", "Diguan Situ", "Chunguan Zongbo", "Xiaguan Sima "Qiuguan Sikou", and "Winter Official Hundred Workers" (deceased, supplemented by "Winter Official Examination Worker Record"). The Zhou Li is a book on the bureaucratic system, with a number of officials under each system and their duties separately.

(2) Authenticity of the content (controversial) The issue of the authenticity of the Zhou Li and the age of the book has become a public case of litigation for thousands of years. The suspiciousness of the era and process of the zhou li is already mentioned above, and with regard to the doubts about the content of the zhou li, Lu Simian believes that there are three schools in the "Jingzi Solution": (1) The content of the "Zhou Li" is very detailed, and only the Zhou Gong can do it. (2) The content of the Zhou Li is too boring to be implemented, so it is not written by the Zhou Gong. (3) It was determined by the Zhou Gong, but it was not implemented, or because the legislation must be detailed, but it did not have to be implemented for a while. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once said that the Zhou Li was "desecrated and untested", and He Xiu believed that it was a conspiracy of the Six Kingdoms. Lü Simian believes that "desecration" refers to the fact that the Zhou Li has a mixture of meanings, which refers to its contradictions; "untested" means that the content of the Zhou Li is inconsistent with the Qunjing; and the Zhou Li is similar to the Tao, Fa, and Zongheng family sayings of the Guan Zi, so He Xiu is called a book of conspiracies. Therefore, the Zhou Li and the Book of Rites did not interfere, nor did they become the old zhou classics, "Gai was a person of the Warring States period, and this code was made before the miscellaneous collection." But the Zhou Li also has its preciousness, that is, "although this book is blasphemous, it must be based on the old system." Li Xueqin also pointed out in "Zhou Yi Traces the Origin": "The Zhou Li is a pre-Qin old book that reappeared in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, which was originally very clear, but this book was rejected by some scholars in the Han Dynasty, and more people doubted it in later generations, and even thought that it was Liu Xin's forgery. Since the Qing Dynasty, some works have carried out meticulous research, such as Wang Zhong, Chen Feng, Sun Yirang, Liu Shipei, Chen Hanzhang, etc., and put forward many evidences to illustrate the evidence of the Zhou Li. In fact, scholars who study ancient Chinese history and culture, despite their criticism of the Zhou Li, always quote the Zhou Li to varying degrees, with few exceptions. In recent years, due to the progress of Jin Wen's research, more people have realized the value of the Zhou Li. ”

3. Notes on the book (1) The old is good: Jia Gongyan's "Zhou Li Notes"

(2) Qing Ren Xin Shu: Sun Yi let "Zhou Li Justice"

(3) Beginners and enthusiasts: Lin Yin's "Zhou Li Jin's Notes on this Translation"

(2) "Liturgy"

1. The process of writing the book (controversial) During the Western Han Dynasty, the "Ceremony of The Scholars" transmitted by Gao Tangsheng is now the "Ritual Ceremony". On the question of the author of the Rites, in the ancient literary school, it is believed that both the Rites and the Zhou Rites were written by the Zhou Gong (see Jia Gongyan's Rites of Rites); in the modern literary school, the Rites were determined by Confucius (see Pi Xirui's "TheOry of the Three Rites").

2. Contents (1) A total of seventeen articles: "Shi Guan Li", "Shi Di Li", "Shi Xiang Xiang Li", "Xiang Xiang Li", "Yan Li", "Da Shooting Ceremony", "Dowry Ceremony", "Public Food Doctor Ceremony", "Qiao Ceremony", "Funeral Dress", "Shi Funeral Ceremony", "Shi Yu Ceremony", "Special Sacrifice Feeding Ceremony", "Shao Prison Feeding Ceremony", and Yousi.

(2) There is controversy over the issue of the completion of the "Rites" Ancient writers claim that the "Yi Li" was found in the wall of Confucius's residence together with the "Ancient Literature and Book of Shangshu" during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and although the "Yi Li" is now extinct, the thirty-nine "Yi Li" are credible, so it is believed that the seventeen existing "Rites" are the remnants of Qin Huo; the modern literary school claims that the seventeen articles are already all the "Rituals" (Shao Yichen's "General Theory of the Book of Rites"). However, this problem is because the "Yi Li" has been abandoned, so it is impossible to verify. 3. Notes: (1) The old ones are good: Jia Gongyan's "Notes on rituals and rituals" (2) Qingren Xinshu: Hu Peiyi's "Ritual Justice" (3) Examples of ancient books are scattered everywhere and are more difficult to read, you can read Zhu Xi's "Interpretation of the Rites and Rituals" and Jiang Yongzhi's "Outline of ritual books" compiled in categories.

(3) The Book of Rites

1. The process of writing a book

(1) Time and author of the book: In the "Three Rites", the "Book of Rites" was written at the latest, compiled for the Western Han Dynasty Dai Sanctuary, a total of forty-nine articles.

(2) Was Xiao Dai's "Little Dai Li Ji" obtained from deleting a part of the "Big Dai Li Ji"? (Controversial) The earliest catalogue book, the Hanshu Yiwenzhi, contains only the records of "Records, One Hundred and Thirty-One Pieces", and Ban Gu notes: "Written by Scholars After the Seventy Sons". Zheng Xuan's "Treatise on the Six Arts" of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "If there are eighty-five articles in the "Records of Dai De's biography", then the "Great Dai Li" is also; the forty-nine articles of the Dai Sheng's "Li" are also. At this time, the number of articles of the two begins to be separated.

(1) "Little Dai Li Ji" is derived from the deletion of a part of the "Big Dai Li Ji".

a. At the beginning, there was a saying that Xiao Dai Dai Sheng deleted the "Great Dai Li Ji" to become the "Little Dai Li Ji".

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Lu Deming's "Preface to the Classic Interpretation" quoted The Jin Sikong ChangShi Chen Shao's "Preface to the Zhou Li Treatise" as saying: "Dai De deleted the two hundred and four ancient rituals into eighty-five articles, which is called the "Great Dai Li". Dai Sheng deleted the "Great Dai Li" into forty-nine articles, which is for "Little Dai Li". Later Han Ma Rong and Lu Zhikao were similar to each other, attached to the holy chapters, removed their heavy burdens and listened to the narrative, and walked in the world, that is, the "Book of Rites" is also. ”

b. At the beginning, there was the idea that Xiao Dai deleted the "Great Dai Li" from forty-six articles to forty-nine articles by Ma Rong.

The Book of Sui and the Classics: "At the end of the Han Dynasty, Ma Rong... He also fixed one "Moon Order", one "Ming Tang Position", and one "Music Record", forty-nine articles. ”

(2) The Book of Little Dai Li is not derived from the deletion of a part of the Book of Great Dai Li. It was not until the Qing Dynasty that scholars began to refute Xiao Dai's words.

a. Ma Rong's view of adding three articles is unreliable. Dai Zhen believed that Liu Xiang's "Beilu" had already said that the "Book of Rites" was forty-nine, and the younger Dai disciple Qiao Ren had written forty-nine chapters of the Book of Rites, then Ma Rong's claim of adding three articles was absolutely unreliable.

b. "Little Dai Li Ji" actually coincides with the number of articles in "Big Dai Li Ji". Qian Daxin believes that the forty-nine articles of the "Little Dai Ji", the "Qu Li", the "Tan Bow", and the "Miscellaneous Records" are all divided into 46 articles in a simple strategy, divided into 46 pieces, and the 85 articles of the "Big Dai Ji" are exactly one hundred and thirty-one, so the "Little Dai Ji" is not a deletion of the "Big Dai Ji".

The Book of Rites reads more meaningfully than the Rites, known as the "Scriptures", so they were later upgraded to "Scriptures" and replaced the Rites as one of the Five Classics. It is also extremely useful today to understand the social customs of the pre-Qin Dynasty. The contents of the book "Book of Rites" are divided into five categories in his "Explanation of the Notes of Rites": (1) those who discuss etiquette and academic thought, such as "Li Yun", "Jing Xie", "Music Record", "Forty Xue Ji", "University", "Zhongyong", "Confucian Xing", "Fang Ji", "Qiu Ji" and "Jiao Yi"; (2) explain the seventeen chapters of the "Ritual Book", such as "GuanYi", "Dusk Righteousness", "Township Drinking Righteousness", "Shooting Righteousness", "Yan Yi", "Hiring Righteousness" and "Four Systems of Funeral Dress"; (3) Record Confucius's words and deeds or Confucius's timely miscellaneous affairs , such as "Confucius Idle Residence", "Zhongni Yanju", "Tan Bow" and "Zeng Zi Qing"; (4) Record the ancient institutional etiquette, with a critical nature, such as "King's System", "Qu Li", "Jade Algae", "MingTang Position", "Moon Order", "Suburb special animal", "Sacrifice System", "Sacrifice Law", "Great Biography", "Funeral Record", "Funeral Dress Record", "Ben Funeral", "Ask funeral", "Intermittent Mourning", "Wen Wang Shizi", "NeiZe" and "Shaoyi"; (5) Records of ancient aphorisms, such as "Qu Li", "ShaoYi", "Confucian Xing", etc.; (5) Records of ancient aphorisms, such as "Qu Li", "Shao Yi", "Confucian Xing", etc.; (5) Records of ancient aphorisms, such as "Qu Li", "Shao Yi", "Confucian Xing" etc. Part of the article.

3. Notes: (1) The old is good: Kong Yingda's "Etiquette and Justice" (2) Qingren Xinshu: Zhu Bin's "Etiquette Commentary", Sun Xidan's "Ritual Record Collection" (3) Beginners and enthusiasts: Wang Mengou's "Liji Present Notes and Translation" Reference Materials: [1] Lu Simian, "Jingzi Solution", East China Normal University Press, 1995 edition.

[2] Huang Yongnian, Four Lectures on Ancient Philology, Lujiang Publishing House, 2003.

[3] Liang Qichao, "Solving Problems and Their Reading Methods", Yuelu Book Society, 2010 edition. [4] Xu Xichen, "Speaking of < Zhou Li >< Rites>< Rites >", Studies in The History of Historiography, No. 3, 1989.

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