The Qing government's "Great Qing Law" listed the crime of treason as the first of the "ten evils", and the punishment method was extremely cruel, and those who conspired against the great rebellion were executed without distinction between the first offender and the accessory. The Qing court's handling of captured Taiping Heavenly Kingdom soldiers often used terrible torture methods, such as lingchi, abdomen cutting, heart removal, skin peeling, eye stripping, and beheading. In the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War, the atrocities of the Qing court abusing and killing prisoners of war of the Taiping Army were everywhere.
Ling Chi's head
In addition to surrendering and dismissing the soldiers who were captured during the war between the Taiping Army and the Qing Army, the Qing court dealt with those captured personnel who were regarded as "the most heinous crimes" by executing them and showing them to the public, and their methods were cruel and heinous.
At the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion, the phenomenon of the Qing court killing the prisoners of the Taiping Army was very popular. For example, on October 3, 1851, the minister of Chincha, Sai Shang'a, reported that he had captured "long-haired rebel bandit Shen Chengzhang" in Huajin Village, Teng County, Guangxi, and said that Liu Da had sent him to listen to the news of the officers and soldiers. After repeating the interrogation, the bandit did not tell the truth, and spoke of disobedience, and was immediately executed." Another example is that on December 12, in Guonanli, GuiXian County, Guangxi, the first he mingke of the prisoners' association. He "attacked the city and executed the officials, and the crime was extremely heinous", and after a brief interrogation, "he was executed on the spot in the county." On January 14, 1852, Luo Bingzhang, the governor of Hunan, captured the female rebel general Wang Xiaoshi in Yizhang County, Hunan Province, and his "killing four officials and many soldiers was really a heinous crime", and after the news, Wang Xiaoshi lingchi was executed. After the live shaving, the Qing court still did not understand the hatred, and resumed on the grounds that "although Wang Xiao is a woman, he is only a yuan evil giant", and ordered "the corpse to be stabbed" to show it. In November 1853, the leaders of the Fujian Knife Society, Huang Demei, Huang Guangzhu and Huang Guangyang, after the fall of Xiamen, hid in Shidu's hometown. The Qing court was strictly arrested, unfortunately captured, escorted to Xiamen, and was "beheaded by Ling Chi". On December 3, 1853, Inspector Wang Yide of Fujian province captured Li Xianchi, the leader of the Shanghai Knife Society, in the town of Shima in Longxi County. The Qing court accused Li Xianchi of "daring to rebel, gathering many people, attacking the city, and robbing the treasury of officials," and after interrogation, "he sent the rebel to Shicao, obeyed the law, executed Ling Chi, and passed it on to the public to please the people."
During the Northern Expedition of the Taiping Army, Bao Zhanlong, a secret agent monk of the Taiping Army, who was arrested in November 1853 in Boye County, was "hunted down and killed by one officer and soldier of Jilin and was given a false post as a guide officer." ... The crime of killing officers and soldiers is not to be blamed," and after interrogation, "the offender lingchi was executed and the head of the tyrant was shown to the public." In May 1854, Wang Peishan, a singer in Raoyang County who was captured alive by the Qing army in Zhili, "stabbed to death an official wearing a gold roof and wearing a red-rimmed green horse coat with a bamboo gun, and after the news was revealed, Ling Chi was executed and shown to the public." Another example is the capture of Ma Erxue, a Huimin from Xinle County, in the capital, who "killed officials, and shot and injured dozens of people, and slashed 20 or 30 people with knives. ("Lian Shun Fold")
On February 18, 1855, in the town of Dongxilian, Lin Fengxiang led the Sichuan people Xiao Fengshan and the Anhui people Zhong Younian to lead ninety-one sailors out. The monk Greenqin issued an edict: Except for the elderly and children under the age of fifteen, all others will not be forgiven. Angrily accusing Xiao Fengshan and others of being "criminals who are in league with Lin Rebellion and evil", "Ling Chi was immediately executed, accompanied by ninety-one thieves who practiced the Fa-rectification.". (The Monk GreenQin Recital)
On March 11, 1855, Jiang Yuzun, Xiao Zairen, Li Kailan, Ji Jinxiang, the commander-in-chief of the Northern Expeditionary Army sent to Cangzhou, yang Ji, the commander of the army, Yang Wenqing, and thirty-four others were sacrificed by the monk Greenqin on the embankment to sacrifice the fallen general Bing Yong, "Fu because Cangzhou was particularly martyred, the slaves were captured in the rebellious prisoners, and more than thirty people were selected, handed over to Yile Dong'a and Yuming to be imprisoned, and went to the place to offer sacrifices to the faithful souls." The captured people were executed by Ling Chi at the mouth of the red child, and the head of the owl was displayed to the public.
On May 31, 1855, after the monk Gelinqin attacked Feng Guantun, he committed "the crime of Liu Ziming, a pseudo-earth general who was captured and reintroduced in the thieves' nest, and the crime was particularly serious, and Ling Chi was immediately executed." He also put the northern expedition commander Li Kaifang's subordinates "under the false post of rebel Huang Yiduan, Xie Jinsheng, and Ling Chi" showed it.
After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established the Heavenly Capital and established a regime that confronted the Qing court, the whole country was shaken. The Qing court's frenzied retaliation against the rebels intensified, killing the Taiping Army generals even more inhumanely. In the face of the most ferocious enemy, the soldiers of the Kingdom of Heaven generously died.
On April 19, 1853, Minister Chincha reported to Rong Song that he had captured "a thief in big red clothes and a pseudo-general surname chen" at the Qiqi Bridge in Tianjing, and after strict interrogation, "he had been cut off by officers and soldiers".
On February 21, 1854, Dong Yulong, the capital of the Qing army, attacked the Taiping Army at Sanfenpu in Xiaogan County, Hubei Province, and "captured three long-haired thieves, and immediately Ling Chi was killed, and the head of the flag was sacrificed."
On March 7, 1854, Wen Fang, a staff general of the Huizhou Battalion of the Xiang Army, attacked Qimen County in Anhui Province, "capturing one of the second king of Shu, and after the news, he cut off the public" and showed it to the public. ("Fu Ji, He Chun Song Fold")
On April 1, 1854, the Taiping Army of Hanyang, Hubei Province, crossed the river and attacked the Qing camp in Tangjiao. The Qing army waited in a strict position, repelled the landing Taiping army, and captured a warrior Luo Xinhu. Luo Xinhu was "the first thief to go ashore and set fire to The Corner of the Pond", and Ling Chi was immediately executed. ("Chonglun Sonata")
On April 18, 1854, Lu Yuan, an envoy to Jiangxi Province, captured Pan Shiju, commander of the Taiping Army, Yin Zhongjie, Tong Zheng, Mei Shouzhi, Wu Yongnan, and others.
On June 7, 1854, The Viceroy of Jiangnan, He Chun, and the Inspector of Anhui Fuji stormed the Taiping army camp outside the south gate of Luzhou Capital, Anhui Province, captured a brigade commander named Liu Sanyuan, and searched for "a fake wooden seal and a fake photo" from his body. ("Hechun and Fukuji")
On June 22, 1854, the Jiangnan Army captured Liu Yushan, the commander-in-chief of the Taiping Army, and twenty-four others in Yizheng County, Jiangsu Province, of whom Liu Yushan was "a thief who had been digging tunnels for thieves for several years, attacking Wuchang and Jinling, and being subject to the general system's false post, which was a terrible crime, and the Skynet was restored, and he was executed after the trial, and the rest of the offenders were shown to be punished." ("Qi Shan Song Fold")
On August 9, 1854, the Xiang army invaded Jing'an County, Jiangxi, and captured the Taiping Army general Zhang Huilin in the wild boar port, and was "xie province xunming, Ling Chi executed".
On August 25, 1854, the Tianjing Taiping Army attacked the Seven Bridge Urns at Hongwumen, Tongjimen, and Yuhuatai, and the minister of Chincha, Xiang Rongli, was defeated and captured Tan Yinggui, the right minister of the palace. ”
On August 27, 1854, the Taiping Army fleet sailed from Tianjing Xiaguan and was intercepted and killed by Wu Quanmei, a marine division in Jiangnan, with heavy losses. After the "Investigation of the Thief of Shengsheng, there was a pseudo-DingTian marquis Zhang Xian, a Guangxi native; the pseudo-generals Chen Molin, Yin Wenzhi, and six others, including the pseudo-generals Chen Molin and Yin Wenzhi, and the Juhunan people, and the pseudo-Sima Wei Zhenghai and the thief Zhou Dehua. ... After admission to the confession, one hundred and eleven thieves were each thief, and they were on the ship and each one was delayed." ("Xiang Rong")
On September 25, 1854, the minister of Chincha defeated the Taiping army outside the Tongji Gate of Tianjing and captured many people of the Taiping army, "including two old and long-haired people, one of the pseudo-general Wang Wu, a native of Yong'an Prefecture, Guangxi; and a member of the pseudo-Xiangxiang Wen Abing, a native of Dongxiang, Wuxuan County, Guangxi, confessing that the Jintian people were in trouble." Eighteen others, including Zou Qixin, a yellow-robed thief, also confessed to the pseudo-checkpoints, bodyguards, and pseudo-officials of the general system, all of whom were from Guangxi and Hunan. Thirteen of the remaining thieves, that is, the Fa-rectification." ("Xiang Rong")
On November 11, 1854, the Xiang Army's admiral Taqibu attacked Daye County, Hubei Province, and the Xiang Army "captured 134 rebel bandits in each battalion, and only gave the head of the thief enough hatred, and ordered him to shave his eyes and Ling Chi". On the same day, Luo Zenan, a Daoist member of the Xiang Army, attacked Xingguo Prefecture in Hubei and captured Hu Wanzhi, the Yucai official of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, who was "a pseudo-soldier among thieves, who vigorously defended the city of Zhou and tried to raise it again." The confession was rebellious, and there was no remorse until death, and Ling Chi immediately showed it. He also "captured more than twenty bandits and brought the Fa to justice on the spot." ("Zeng Guofan Song Draft")
On November 16, 1854, the Tianjing Taiping Army entered Zhenjiang from Guanyin Gate, and was defeated by De'an, the commander of the Jiangnan Army's wing. The Qing army captured Li Falin of the Sixth Shangshu of the Beidian Army, and Li Dexin, the general of Tuqi, who were "long-haired old thieves in Guangxi". He Songting, Liu Deyi, Wang Wentang, and nineteen other generals were also captured, and "the old thieves of Guangxi and Hunan were the heads of the thieves, and the rest were the real thieves, and all of them were righteous." ("Xiang Rong")
On December 3, 1854, the Viceroy of Jiangnan and The Spring Night attacked the Taiping army camp outside the victory gate of Luzhou Capital, Anhui Province, and captured eleven Taiping Army generals, "four old thieves with long hair", including a hero named Xu Junmei, "especially fierce", who was under the severe torture of the enemy, and was unyielding, "able to stand up to the punishment, stay up for two days, do not spit out the truth, and quickly Show The Late Show". ("Harmony Spring Recital")
In August 1855, outside the county seat of Hukou County, Jiangxi, the Xiang army "captured twelve people and gave Ling Chi a show."
On August 31, 1855, in Duchang County, Jiangxi, the Xiang army and Li Yuandu captured eleven people, including the general Liu Desheng, and were all "Shown by Ling Chi".
In February 1856, Jiao San, a division of the Hunan Heaven and Earth Society, and Xu Yuegui, a female grand marshal, surrendered to Jiahe because of the xiang army's large-scale encirclement and suppression. Luo Bingzhang, the inspector of Hunan, reported to the imperial court that Jiao Xu and the two men "attacked the city and plundered the wilderness, and the crime was extremely evil." Because the officers and troops were suppressed one after another, their strength was exhausted, and they began to tie themselves to their lives, and They tried to avoid death. "Because of their lineage" is different from ordinary thieves and beggars, he immediately asked the king for orders, and the two criminals of the rebellious Jiao San and Xu clans were tied up and sent to the city of Cao Lingchi to be executed. ”
On April 9, 1856, the supply base of the Taiping Army in Tuanfeng Town, Hanyang, Hubei Province, was attacked, and three people, including Shangshu Xiong Zhihe of the Qing Army' Capture Department, Xiong Zhaolin of the Inspection Department, and Li Zhengcai, the commander of the division, were sent to the military camp, and after suffering various tortures, they were "executed by Ling Chi".
On September 3, 1856, Li Xiucheng, the deputy minister of the prefecture, and Chen Yucheng, the winter official, besieged Jintan County, Jiangsu Province, and the Qing general Zhang Guoliang was defeated, and the Taiping Army was killed by more than 1,500 people and 20 captured. After the Qing court recorded the confession, "when the captured bandit Ling Chi was executed."
On September 18, 1856, the Viceroy of Jiangnan, Chun and Du Tonglinrui attacked Lujiang County, Anhui Province, which had been defending the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom for two years, and took more than 180 prisoners, including Wu Shiwen, the commander Huang Dahe, the general Gao Changyou, and the division commander, Sima and Baichang, and more than 20 others. ("Harmony Spring Recital")
On October 30, 1856, Anhui Governor Fu Ji reported that He had captured Duan Ligang of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom shangshu in Tongcheng County' Sun Jiasaka, who was "a native of Yunnan, who had been a thief for a long time, and had formed a death party with Yang Xiuqing, Hong Xiuquan (Quan), and Hong Daquan, and had broken the city pool, which was a heinous crime, and after the news was revealed, Ling Chi was executed."
On December 21, 1856, the regiment of Jiangxia County, Hubei Province, practiced the set up of cards and hunted down the taiping army generals who fled after the fall of Wuhan. Subsequently, he captured Zhong Tingsheng, the deputy chancellor of qiuguan who had walked day and night, shaved his hair and escaped, Xin Chengjin, the twenty-right checkpoint of the water camp pipe belt hall, and li jifang, Fan Sheng, Pan Jinshui, Hu Xinfa, and other generals, and escorted them to the Camp of the Minister of Qincha, GuanWen. Guan Wen personally tried and handled the case, prepared for extremely severe punishment, and "interrogated the key criminals in Jintian Village," so on the 25th, the six people were immediately executed. "Guan Wen, Hu Lin Wing Fold")
Zhao Bangbi, a native of Suizhou, Hubei Province, responded to the call of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and led a mass uprising in his hometown, constantly harassing the local Qing army based on Dahong Mountain. Hubei General Wen Wen led the army to recruit and suppress, and designed to lure Zhao Bangbi, military commanders Huang Chunting, Fan Zibu, etc., "Xun Ming Ling was executed. On December 25, 1856, the Qing army broke through the stronghold of Dahongshan, captured many of the rebel leaders' families, and sent them to the camp of the Minister of Qincha, Guanwen, "announcing that the rebels and so on, immediately executed Ling Chi." ("Official Text")
On July 16, 1857, hu Jianshan, a general of the Xiang Army, lured the Taiping Army general Lin Prophecy, and defected to the Taiping Army's Wuju Zhong Qifeng, Zhong Yuling, Jian Sheng Chen Banglie, And Zhang Qian, as well as Zhong Youwen, Luo Zaigong, Wen Rixin, Chen Bangying, Liu Mingdian, liu Jinhui, and others, and captured Longquan County, Jiangxi. On July 18, Hu Jian was good at wufeng academy for interrogation, with the department of "inferior gong as the head of the rebellion, poisoning the local government for more than a year, resisting the officers and troops for several months, ten thousand deaths are not enough to hide the guilt", and all the captives were "killed, and the head of the four gates".
On January 1, 1858, the Jiangnan Marine Division guerrilla Peng Changxuan searched and arrested at Badou Mountain outside Tianjing City, captured the wife and uncle of the Heavenly King, the storm marshal and the minister Lai Yuanyi, and sent him to the camp of dexing A, the minister of Chincha. After interrogation, it was learned that he was a famous and fierce general in the Taiping Army, "who was not only Hong's rebellious wife and uncle, but also rose up in western Guangdong, for seven or eight years of chaos, after two hundred battles, the capture of Jiuhua Mountain and Lishui County, all of which were his masterminds." After xun bi, he tied Lai Yuanyi to Guangye for the soldiers and the people to gather and watch, and then "Ling Chi was executed, and the heart and liver were taken to sacrifice the fallen soldiers." ("Dexing Awon's Same Book")
On March 15, 1859, the rear general Li Xiucheng and the left general Li Shixian led a large army to attack Jiangpu and Pukou, and at five o'clock in the battle, they were defeated by the viceroy Zhang Guoliang, and the generals Gu tianfu Hongfang and Li tianyu Moxing were captured. They are heroic and indomitable, "The two chiefs are especially old thieves in hundreds of battles, and the information is clear that they are ling chi and chi. ”
On February 2, 1860, King Chen Yucheng's brave general Chongtianfu Lan Chengxian attacked Yangtian'an in Qianshan County, Anhui Province, but was defeated by the Xiang army, and Lan Chengxian was unfortunately captured. He was unyielding, and the Qing court took the charge of "disturbing Chu Jiang and Huang Yilu in the past years", and on the day of the interrogation, he used the banner of wang life to escort him to the execution ground. ("Official Text")
On February 27, 1863, Tangxi County, Zhejiang Province, was lost due to traitors, and the defender General Ci Tianyi Li Jiabin was captured and escorted to the old camp of the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, Pucheng, Fujian Province, for interrogation, and Executed ling chi on the charge of "being a famous rebel leader and accumulating old thieves". ("The Ageing Fold")
On March 1, 1863, Longyou County, Zhejiang Province, was besieged by the Xiang army, and the Taiping army defenders entered Tianyi Chen Tingxiang and Kan Tianyi Li Guoqun and others abandoned the city and left the city. The Xiang army pursued, Chen Tingxiang was killed in battle, and Li Guoqun was captured. The Qing court immediately "crushed Li Guoqun" on the grounds that "resisting the officers and soldiers, the most fierce, and the crime is unforgivable." (Pingzhe Jiluo)
On the night of May 22, 1863, Liang Chengfu, the Qi King of the Northwest Taiping Army, took advantage of the fog to attack the camp at the East and West Gates of HanzhongFu in Shaanxi, and the Qing general Huang Kaibang repelled it, captured more than 200 sides of the siege baffle, and captured the patrol department Zhang Erdang, "Immediately Ling Chi was executed." ("Ying Tang Song Fold")
On May 13, 1864, Feng Zicai, the viceroy of Qing Guangxi, attacked and occupied Jiangsu's Danyang County, and dozens of generals, including lai guifang, the defender of the Taiping Army, were captured. ("Feng Zicai")
On July 7, 1864, Zhou Tingrui, the commander-in-chief of the Xiang Army, and Liu Huang, the prefect of the Xiang Army, captured Xiaofeng County, Zhejiang, captured chen Rong, the defender of the Taiping Army.
On July 19, 1864, Tianjing fell, and Hong Renda, the second brother of The Heavenly King, was captured, and on August 5, he was executed by Ling Chi. Before his execution, Hong Renda did not leave a confession. ("Zeng Guofan Song Draft")
On October 25, 1864, the young king Hong Tianguifu, who had lost his family and was displaced, was captured by the Xiang army guerrilla Zhou Jialiang in the barren mountains of Shicheng, Jiangxi. On November 18, Shen Baozhen, the governor of Jiangxi, issued an edict: "The young rebel Hong Fuzhen is the son of Hong Xiuquan, and Hong Fuzhen will be executed in the jiangxi province of Lingchi", Shen Baozhen sent the clan secretary Sun Changfu, The Commander of the Clan, Wenhui Ofe, Duan Qi of the Governor Of Grain, Wu Jixi of yanfa Province, and rong Han, a general of the Chinese army, to behead the young heavenly king, and Ling Chi was executed at the age of sixteen.
On October 9, 1864, in Yangjiapai, Shicheng County, Jiangxi, Huang Wenying, the King of Zhao, was captured by the Xiang army, and he was the younger brother of Huang Wenjin, the King of Blockade. On November 23, he was executed by Ling Chi in Nanchang at the age of 26. Also executed by Ling Chi one day with King Huang Wenying of Zhao was King Tian's cousin Hong Renzheng.
On October 13, 1864, Xi Baotian, the commander of the Xiang Army, captured Liu Qinghan, deputy deputy commander and king of Zun, in Gaotian, Shicheng County, Jiangxi. Liu Qinghan was a veteran soldier of the Taiping Army, who accompanied Lin and Li on the Northern Expedition. The Qing court was known for its "giant murderer who slipped through the net, and the young rebel Huzhou took Hong Renjie as the main military division, and the rebellion was the vice."" He was seriously injured during the capture, and before he could be reprimanded, Ling Chi was executed after sending a message from Shicheng County. Liu Qinghan was martyred in Jiangxi. ("Shen Baozhen Song")
On February 9, 1866, the remaining loyal generals of the Southern Taiping Army, He Mingming, the president General Hu Yongxiang, and Huang Dwarfzi got lost in Huangsha Ridge, Jiaying Prefecture, Guangdong Province, and were pursued by the enemy army, and were captured after exhaustion of bloody combat, and more than 20 important generals such as He Mingming and Huang Dwarf were "killed".
Flesh and Blood Sacrifice: Heartbreak
The Qing government brutally killed taiping prisoners and also took their hearts and livers as sacrifices to comfort the spirits of the fallen soldiers in heaven.
On February 28, 1851, Li Xingyuan, the minister of Chincha, reported that he had captured a "bandit Huang Yachen" who had "slashed the right shoulder of Tongzhi Wang Shuyuan with a knife at the Longzhou Hall in Guangxi, which was a heinous crime", and after strict interrogation, "executed the criminal Huang Yachen Lingchi, cut off his heart and liver, and sacrificed Tongzhi Wang Shuyuan to comfort his loyal soul."
On May 14, 1851, Zhou Tianjue, the inspector of Guangxi, reported that the rebel army was captured, "Tang Yacai, the pseudo-right vanguard of the great leader, who was responsible for killing the vice general of the Qingjiang Association in Guizhou, Yiktanbu's fierce rebellion, and "now" has been informed that Ling Chi has been executed, and he has taken off his heart and gone to Xun to sacrifice the spirit of Yiktanbu."
On November 21, 1851, Zou Minghe, the inspector of Guangxi, played a report and captured a "giant bandit LeiYa Shu", who was in Tianmenling, Zhaoping County, "Bai Liangdong of Hand Blade County, Huang Yingjun, a foreign commissioner", and five soldiers. After torture, Lei Ya Shu Ling Chi was executed, and a spiritual plaque was set up for Bai Liangdong and Huang Yingjun, and the Lei Ya Shu was "plucked from the heart to sacrifice".
At the end of November 1852, the Taiping Army withdrew to the north of Changsha, Hunan. The Qing court held a ceremony to pay tribute to the fallen officers and soldiers guarding Changsha, and Zhang Liangji, the governor of Hunan, set up a sacred plaque, and after performing the incense ceremony, ordered the captured Taiping army Luo Wu, Jiang Huaguo, Yu Guangzheng, Liu Renyou, Li Xinsan, Sun Deming, and six other people to "sacrifice their hearts."
On July 25, 1853, the general soldier He Chun invaded the Shangmaling area of Danyang County, Jiangsu Province, and the soldiers bravely captured "Yang Jinlong, a long-haired thief with a yellow flag in his hand, and bundled him up, and immediately corrected the law on the spot, cut off the first rank, and plucked the heart and liver, in order to please the people's hearts." ("Yi Liang Recital")
On January 27, 1854, The Inspector of Jiangxi, Zhang Fu, captured the Taiping Army soldier Shi Renyuan in Fuliang County, Jiangxi, and Shi Had "bundled up officials to search for the seal in the county seat, causing Xie Fangrun to be killed in the county, which was a terrible crime, and now he has captured inches" and "dissected his heart to pay tribute to Xie Fangrun".
On March 1, 1854, Zhang Liang, the governor of Shandong, was deposed and directly subordinate to the border of Shandong and captured Wang Xiaoyong, the commander-in-chief of the Northern Expeditionary Army. When Zhang Liangji was interrogated, he prepared a severe punishment and was interrogated as usual. Wang Xiaoyong confessed that "on November 23 of the previous year, he met the enemy officers and soldiers, assassinated the Red Top General Tong Jian with a spear, and wanted to capture Xie Zicheng of Tianjin Zhixian Alive. After the interrogation, he ordered that "the criminal Wang Xiaoyong be punished and the heart of wang rebellion" was taken away, and a position was set up outside the city of Texas to sacrifice Tong Jian and Xie Zicheng. ("Zhang Liangji's Recital")
On May 7, 1854, Gui Liang, the governor of Zhili, said in a speech at the Court of The Upper Court that he had obtained the general of the Northern Expedition Taiping Army who had spied on the military intelligence
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