Chairman Mao only went abroad twice in his lifetime, and both times after the founding of New China, the destination was all the Soviet Union, and there was nowhere else.
Many people know that Chairman Mao loved sports all his life, and once traveled the Yangtze River at the age of 70, his body was very good, and many of the famous articles made by the chairman also wrote a lot of famous Chinese mountains and rivers, and the beautiful scenery jumped on the paper, but why did a generation of great people rarely go abroad?
There are actually very deep reasons for this, those two trips abroad also have important work, only to carry out state visits, the first time was in December 1949, the chairman took a train to the Soviet Union, the second time was in November 1957, this time by plane, the two times were 8 years apart, the leader of the Soviet Union was also changed from Stalin to Khrushchev.
During these two visits to the Soviet Union, each time was extremely arduous, and a generation of great people, Chairman Mao, fulfilled his mission with great boldness, and even the super oolong incident in which Chairman Mao was placed under house arrest by Stalin.
Chairman Mao's only two trips abroad were for the sake of New China.
Let us talk about the historical background of Chairman Mao's two visits to the Soviet Union, what Chairman Mao did in the Soviet Union, and what was the attitude of the Soviets toward the Chairman, and why was it suspected that he was under house arrest by the Soviet Union?
I. Why Did Chairman Mao Not Go Abroad Before the Founding of New China?
From July 23 to August 1921, on the boat from the French Concession in Shanghai to Jiaxing, Zhejiang, the Communist Party of China held its first national congress, which marked the official founding of the Communist Party of China, a groundbreaking event in Chinese history, and illuminated China's future.
Chairman Mao is one of the dozens of deputies to the CPC Congress this time, but why did many people go abroad when they were young, such as Premier Zhou Enlai and Comrade Deng Xiaoping, who traveled to France, the Soviet Union, and other countries when they were young, looking for a way out for China, and why did Chairman Mao not go out?
In the 1920s, Chairman Mao was in the green years, the biggest dream of the students of that era was to be able to go to France for work-study, Chairman Mao had all the conditions to go abroad, and the chairman even took a photo with the students who went to France for work-study, but still did not go out and stayed in China.
In the two years of 1919 and 1920, when people went to France with the most enthusiastic and enthusiastic ideological trend, according to statistics, 20 groups of people went abroad, the number of people was nearly 1600, and many of these people had names that we were very familiar with -- Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yi, Nie Rongzhen, Cai Hesen, Xiang Jianyu, Li Fuchun.
But the chairman did not do this, but as an organizer of studying in France, he led the Hunan students to France, raised funds for them, and personally went abroad from Shanghai.
Some views have been put forward, mainly focusing on Chairman Mao's economic constraints, lack of money to go abroad, and Chairman Mao's "language barrier", and the last point seems to be more convincing - the Success of the October Revolution in Russia, Chairman Mao wanted to go to Russia more than in the "old revolutionary area" of France.
In fact, the above reasons are untenable, the first point is that when it comes to Chairman Mao's economic problems, although the chairman's family is not very rich and wealthy, it can definitely be called very solid, although Chairman Mao has experienced the death of his parents in these two years, but the remaining fields can still support him to go abroad.
What did Chairman Mao do? Instead of exchanging these assets for money to go abroad, he persuaded his younger brother Mao Zemin and Mao Zeqin to sell their family property together, distributed all the money to the poor, and then embarked on the revolutionary road without hesitation.
Even after he had no possessions, Comrade Mao Zedong could still accept the funds provided by his mentor Yang Changji to go abroad, and it should be known that Chairman Mao was Yang Changji's proud protégé, and at that time Chairman Mao also knew Zhang Shizhao, a famous patriotic democrat, and if these relations could not give Chairman Mao's help to go abroad, then it was even more impossible for others to go abroad.
There is also the idea that Chairman Mao's language is not good, which is also a misunderstanding, Chairman Mao's spirit of study is admirable, not only when he was at Peking University, when he was a librarian, he had the courage to talk with the leaders of the New Culture Movement and the great Confucian Fu Sinian, Hu Shi and others.
And in 1912, Chairman Mao dropped out of school, stuck in the Hunan Library, stayed for half a year, the first to enter every day, the last out every day, is to read, and all kinds of books in various disciplines are not rejected, ancient and modern Chinese and foreign all-encompassing, half a year later, Chairman Mao was admitted to the Fourth Normal School of Hunan Province with the first place.
A generation of great people have suffered since childhood, and they have been learning knowledge all their lives and constantly improving their studies, if such people cannot learn languages well, it is biased.
As for going to the Soviet Union, it can only be said that Chairman Mao did have this idea at that time, and once wrote in a letter to others in 1920: "I think Russia is the first civilized country in the world, and it is likely that in two or three years, we will form a russian tour team and go there to see." ”
It is a pity that Chairman Mao did want to go to Soviet Russia to learn how to build socialism, but because things in the Party were too heavy, and the domestic situation at that time was also unpredictable, it did not happen.
The most fundamental reason was that Chairman Mao's inner thought still felt that staying in China could better see the root cause of the country's problems, when Chairman Mao said: "I don't know enough about my own country, and it would be more beneficial if I spent my time in China." ”
Yes, at that time, Chairman Mao was "eating and sleeping thinking of doing a good job in China"; he had been able to read foreign classics such as "The Origin of Species" and "The Wealth of Nations" and read a lot of books on philosophy and sociology in China, but the crux of the problem was in China, and he had mastered a lot of knowledge at home and abroad, but if he wanted to write a famous "Report on the Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan", which was a legendary work, he had to personally go deep into China's fabric, to analyze, to understand, which was something that "staying in the west" could not do.
What he could not let go of in his heart was the living conditions of the vast number of poor people, so along the way, Chairman Mao formed a unique set of understandings, preferred to explore the truth in practice, rooted in the rural areas of Hunan, and studied the history and culture of his country such as the "Zizhi Tongjian", so as to open up a direction for the progress of new China.
Later, after the founding of New China, it was relatively common among leaders to go abroad to recuperate or treat diseases, and Chairman Mao did not actively go there.
Quite simply, Chairman Mao was already the most important figure in the Central Committee at that time, and on the one hand, the situation did not allow the chairman to go out and move around casually, not to mention that Chairman Mao had already formed a mature Mao Zedong ideological system at this time, that is, it was rooted in the soil, rooted in China at the moment, and there was no need to go abroad.
It is precisely for this reason that Chairman Mao's two trips abroad in his lifetime are particularly special, and Chairman Mao's performance after going abroad is also deeply thought-provoking and admirable.
In 1949, Chairman Mao went to the Soviet Union
A lot of things happened in December 1949, and the author made two things in this move, but they were particularly conspicuous in the Chinese situation at that time, the first thing was that on December 10, Yifuen Airport flew a Sino-US aircraft from Chengdu's Phoenix Mountain Airport to Taiwan.
The passenger's name was Chiang Kai-shek, who had lost the war of liberation and had never thought that the last person to flee in a hurry was himself. He did not say a word the whole time, and since then, Chiang Kai-shek has never set foot on the land of Chinese mainland in his life, and he has never returned to his hometown in 26 years in Taiwan.
What we are mainly talking about is another thing, that in the same month, the overall situation in China was decided, the People's Republic of China was founded, and Chairman Mao visited the Soviet Union after the founding of the country, and he went with the posture of a victor.
This was Chairman Mao's first overseas visit in his life, and one of the tasks of this foreign visit was to wish Stalin a happy birthday and to discuss important economic and political issues between the two countries, to resolve the sino-Soviet treaty, trade, loans, and other historical problems, and whether to sign an important Sino-Soviet treaty.
In 1947, Chairman Mao wanted to go to the Soviet Union for talks with Stalin, and Stalin even promised to send planes to pick up Chairman Mao, but later because of the tension of the war, Stalin suspended Chairman Mao's proposal to go to the Soviet Union, but only said in a telegram that "it is appropriate to postpone Mao Zedong's appearance for the time being."
On December 6, 1949, Chairman Mao finally took a special train to the Soviet Union, the Central Committee attached great importance to this visit, accompanied by Chairman Mao on the bus, there are many gifts and gifts, including Shandong cabbage, Beijing duck pear, Tianjin radish, etc., the most important thing is a large portrait of Stalin embroidered in Xiang, there are many entourage, but because of busy domestic affairs, Premier Zhou did not travel.
Unexpectedly, in January 1950, the Soviet Union suddenly sent news that Premier Zhou needed to go to the Soviet Union and moscow immediately - what happened?
There were even rumors that Chairman Mao had been put under house arrest by Stalin, and the two men had a very unpleasant quarrel, and Stalin even said, "No, I can't talk about these specific things with you, and you asked Zhou Enlai to come and talk about them." ”
This is because Chairman Mao is the "marshal" and Premier Zhou Enlai is the "general." Chairman Mao, in his planning, has penetrated the whole thing from a macroscopic point of view, decisively defeated thousands of miles away, and defeated the enemy with one move.
But Zhou Enlai is an absolute practical talent, and Premier Zhou himself has self-evaluated that he feels that he can handle small things very well, but he is not handsome, he can only be called a heavy weight, not a heavy weight.
Stalin did not understand the language of Chairman Mao's Chinese-style cross-countryrs and theoreticians, and on the other hand, Chairman Mao was not very receptive to Stalin's leadership style, because Chairman Mao's visit this time was to annul the 1945 version of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, because this treaty was essentially a treaty of loss of power and humiliation of the country.
At that time, Chiang Kai-shek signed this treaty and sold China's important territories such as Outer Mongolia, Lushunkou, and Dalian Port, and even Chiang Kai-shek admitted this incident in 1952 as one of his own major crimes.
Therefore, as the leader of the Communist Party, it is necessary to make a Chinese voice on this matter, but Stalin did not want to talk about this, and said that "it is not suitable at present to change the legitimacy of the original Sino-Soviet treaty."
He tasted the benefits of the ice-free port in the Far East, so he did not want to give up dalian Lushun at all, so the tit-for-tat confrontation between the two world's heroes could only end up in displeasure.
On the night of December 21, it was Stalin's birthday party, chairman Mao was valued by the Soviet leaders, arranged by Stalin's side, and was the first to take the stage to give a speech, but Chairman Mao was still very angry and very dissatisfied.
Three days later, on December 24, Chairman Mao and Stalin held their second meeting. The meeting still disappointed the chairman, because Stalin had been talking about him for half a day, talking about Vietnam, Japan, and the Communist Party of India, but did not mention a single word about the Sino-Soviet treaty.
Chairman Mao again expressed his dissatisfaction, and later told the Soviets that every time he proposed the signing of a treaty, but Comrade Stalin always avoided talking about it, or found an excuse to refuse.
These things made Chairman Mao very angry, and later the chairman decided to stay in his residence and not go anywhere, even preferring to "sleep" all the time.
Chairman Mao later fired at the Soviet liaison officer and said directly to him: I did not come here in Moscow to wish Comrade Stalin a happy birthday, and now I do three things a day: eat,, and sleep. ”
The atmosphere in Moscow suddenly became strange, and after the founding of New China, many countries wanted to establish diplomatic relations with us, and the British news agency even concocted the news that "Stalin put Mao Zedong under house arrest," which shocked the international community.
This kind of international scandal the Soviet Union did not want to see, but at this time it reflected the wisdom of the Chinese diplomatic mission, only to see Wang Jiaxiang in the form of answering reporters' questions, chairman Mao's purpose was reported and completely announced to the world, at this time, the earth knows China's reasonable goals.
So things quickly turned around, and on New Year's Day, the Soviets suddenly approached us and offered to annul the old agreement and sign a new contract.
It is precisely for this reason that Chairman Mao needed Premier Zhou to come, and under the mediation and communication of Premier Zhou in the middle, on January 22, Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou held a third meeting with Stalin, which finally talked about some practical issues and was very in-depth.
Although Outer Mongolia is still maintaining its independence, many of the rights and interests of the Soviet Union in northeast China have been cancelled, and those that have not been cancelled have also made a big discount, and the Soviet Union is also ready to give Loans to China and assist China in building some important enterprises.
On February 14, 1950, the two sides signed a new Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance in the Kremlin, and the chairman was very happy, and the Chinese ambassador to the Soviet Union, Wang Jiaxiang, held a grand dinner at the Moscow Hotel.
At the dinner, even Stalin himself came, knowing that Stalin never attended any banquet outside the Kremlin, and this was the first time in history, in other words, the person who could make Stalin give in was Chairman Mao.
On February 17, 1950, Chairman Mao completed this task, and the group boarded the return train and completed the chairman's first visit in his life, achieving very important results.
Chairman Mao's second visit to the Soviet Union
In fact, Chairman Mao's second departure to the Soviet Union was based on the background of an event that shocked the whole world at that time.
It was 1956, the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was convened, and at the end of the congress, Khrushchev issued a report that caused a great sensation, which negated Stalin from beginning to end, and the representatives of all countries were shocked and silent, until a long, long time, no one realized what had happened.
People's minds were in a state of turmoil, some were clapping, some were angry, some were even fainting, and the general secretary of the Polish Communist Party at the time even had a heart attack and died in the Soviet Union.
Stalin and Lenin were the idols of the communist movement all over the world at that time, and their ideas did not know how many countries were on the road to socialism, but Khrushchev denied everything in the Soviet Union today.
Chairman Mao was very angry, and he said bluntly to Khrushchev: "Should you have consulted with me beforehand, you can approve it if you want, but you are not ready for the work, overnight stalin becomes like this, who can accept it!" ”
As a socialist country second only to the Soviet Union at that time, the CCP urgently published two articles, namely "On the Historical Experience of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" and "On the Historical Experience of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat Again," which saved some face for Khrushchev.
At that time, the communists of the world were studying Chairman Mao's ideas, and even many schools still needed to take examinations, and the chairman at that time had become the leader of the new international communist movement after Lenin and Stalin, with great prestige.
In 1957, Khrushchev invited Chairman Mao to the Soviet Union, and this time it was Khrushchev who invited Chairman Mao, whose main purpose was to need the Chairman's help in unifying the thinking of the international Communists for the sake of the overall situation.
In this way, the chairman went to the Soviet Union, and this time the Soviet Union gave them the highest treatment they could give, the best aircraft, the most exquisite ace pilot, the most prestigious Catherine's bedchamber, better than the leaders of other countries, and Khrushchev gave the chairman the highest attention.
Moreover, Khrushchev also introduced Chairman Mao to everyone, and at that time Khrushchev advocated a slogan called "the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union and China", but Chairman Mao insisted on calling it "the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union", and there was no end to it, and it took a long time for Khrushchev to agree, which shows Khrushchev's respect for Chairman Mao and China.
During his small talks with Khrushchev, the chairman also told Khrushchev that he had already thought of a successor and that he was still interested in resigning from the post of president of the state.
Khrushchev asked who was the right person? Comrade Liu Shaoqi, who only saw Chairman Mao's several words one by one and who had a firm political stance, joined the party very early and was very principled, and Liu Shaoqi also acted as chairman of Chairman Mao's Central Committee several times in critical circumstances.
The second candidate is Comrade Deng Xiaoping, whom we are very familiar with, so why did Chairman Mao mention Deng Xiaoping? Because although Deng Gong was not the most senior comrade in the party at that time, he had a very strong political nature, and unlike others, he was flexible in his work, rough and detailed, and he was also very young and had a bright future.
The third place was Premier Zhou, who arrived later during his last visit to the Soviet Union; Premier Zhou not only stayed in school and was good at handling international affairs, but also did countless complicated things such as espionage work.
The last one is President Zhu Dezhu, who fought the world with Chairman Mao and was the builder of the Red Army, and how many times the danger was because of The presence of President Zhu, he was foolproof.
In this way, Chairman Mao and Khrushchev confided their hearts, this visit to the Soviet Union was a complete success, and Chairman Mao did step down from his post as chairman at that time, but Chairman Mao still worked for China every day and was still the leader loved by the people.
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