In July of the sixth year of the Later Jin Dynasty (1621), Mao Wenlong took advantage of the emptiness of the Zhenjiang garrison, with Chen Liangce as the internal response, came to a combination of inside and outside, captured Zhenjiang, and captured Tong Yangzheng and Tong Fengnian father and son, known in history as the "Zhenjiang Victory".
When the news of the "Zhenjiang Victory" reached Beijing, the Ming Dynasty could be said to be jubilant, after all, this was the first important victory won by the Ming army since Nurhaci attacked the Ming Dynasty, and of course, it was the only one during this period.
At that time, xianggao, the first assistant of the Ming Dynasty, gave Mao Wenlong a high evaluation of the "Zhenjiang Victory".
"Mao Wenlong regained Zhenjiang, and the people were enthusiastic, but he was afraid that he would be weak and difficult to support, and he would lose it lightly, which was also considered by the elders. However, the way of using soldiers is surprising, Ban Chao fixed the Western Regions with thirty-six people, and Geng Gong guarded Shule with a hundred people, all of which were qigong. ”
It can be said that the "Great Victory of Zhenjiang" thus broke the myth of the "invincibility" of the Later Jin army under the command of Nurhaci, greatly boosted the morale of the military and people in Liaodong, and also benefited from the uprising movement of the Han people in the rear. Although Mao Wenlong did not hold the recovered territory due to the disparity in strength, later with the help and support of Yuan Keli, the inspector of Deng Lai, Mao Wenlong established Dongjiang Town with Pi Island as the fulcrum, opened up a "base area behind enemy lines", and formed a leading role in Houjin for a period of time.
Tong Yangzheng and Tong Fengnian, who had been captured by Mao Wenlong, were also escorted to Beijing and executed by Ling Chi outside the noon gate.
(Image from the Internet)
But what people did not expect was that Mao Wenlong's "Zhenjiang Victory" almost changed the development process of the Qing Dynasty after that.
He captured Tong Yangzheng and his son Tong Fengnian, but missed Tong Yangzheng's other Tong Shengnian, and it was tong Shengnian's children and descendants who had a very close connection with the imperial inheritance and national development of the Qing Dynasty.
Of course, another name of Tong Shengnian is more well known, and this is Tong Tulai.
His sons Tong Guowei and Tong Guogang, and his grandsons Orendai, Fahai, Kwadai, and Longkeduo, directly influenced and witnessed the establishment and development of the last prosperous era in the history of China's feudal dynasty, that is, the "Kangyongqian Prosperous Era", and the Tong Jia family became the most prominent foreign family of the Kangxi Dynasty, and also played a pivotal role in the development history of the entire Qing Dynasty.
Tong Tulai's daughter, on the other hand, was a more critical presence, as she was the Kangxi Emperor's biological mother, Empress Xiaokangzhang, Of the Tong Jia clan.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > Tong Tulai, the leader of the Tong family generation who "escaped from death". </h1>
After the "Battle of Liaoshen", Nurhaci occupied the area west of the Liao River and adopted a very extreme policy of ethnic discrimination, which aroused the strong dissatisfaction of the Han people who had lived in this area for generations.
Among them, the most active of these were not the nobles of the Jurchen clan at that time, but a number of former Ming generals such as Li Yongfang who surrendered to Jin, who were more energetic in suppressing the uprising of the Han people. Of course, it also includes the Tong family that surrendered to Nurhaci in the Battle of Fushun, and the representative figure is Tong Yangzheng (actually the real name is "Tong Yangzhen", after the Yongzheng Emperor ascended the throne, in order to avoid the "Yin Chan" character, it was changed to Tong Yangzheng) and the Tong Yangsheng brothers.
During Mao Wenlong's "Great Victory in Zhenjiang", Tong Yangzheng and his eldest son Tong Fengnian were captured and executed, causing Tong Yangzheng's second son Tong Tulai to inherit Tong Yangzheng's position and title and begin to be active in the Later Jin court.
After Nurhaci's death, after Emperor Taiji ascended the throne, Jin Da Khan, he attached great importance to the cultivation and development of han military forces, he organized it into a separate unit, and arranged Tong Yangsheng to command, named "Wuzhen Chaoha", which is the prototype of the Han military flag.
Later, with the surrender and the increasing number of Han troops recruited, Emperor Taiji gradually established the Eight Banners of the Han Army, and appointed Zu Zerun, Liu Zhiyuan, Wu Shoujin, Jin Li, Tong Tulai, Shi Tingzhu, Bayan, and Li Guohan as the Gushan Erzhen of the Eight Banners of the Han Army.
Among them, Zu Zerun, Bayan and Tong Tulai can be said to be highly appreciated and valued by the Emperor Taiji, and all three of them have a common feature, that is, they are all "descended second generation".
Zu Zerun was the son of Zu Dashou, Bayan was the son of Li Yongfang, the "first person to surrender to the Qing Dynasty", and Tong Tulai was the son of Tong Yangzheng, who was killed in the "Zhenjiang Victory". At that time, Zu Dashou experienced a "surrender and rebellion", and had just surrendered to the Qing Dynasty again after the "Battle of Songjin", but his son Zu Zerun joined the Qing army when he first surrendered, and has been entrusted with heavy use. As for Li Yongfang and the Tong Yangzheng and Tong Yangsheng brothers, they were "notorious" in the Ming Dynasty court, known as "national thieves," but they enjoyed extremely high courtesy in the court of the Later Jin Dynasty and later the Qing Dynasty, and these descendants of them, with more prominent positions and titles, were not included in the "Biography of the Second Minister", which can be said to have been divided into the "formal ruling class".
Later, in the process of the Qing army going south, suppressing Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong, and sweeping through the small court of the Southern Ming Dynasty, Tong Tulai made great contributions and was awarded the title of Third Class Jingqi Nihafan, that is, a third-class Viscount, and at the same time was awarded the title of Prince Taibao.
In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi (1658), Tong Tulai died, and the Shunzhi Emperor posthumously awarded the title of Shaobao and Crown Prince Taibao, with the title of "Qinxiang".
Of course, Tong Tulai's historical merits and historical status do not lie in how many military achievements he has made and how much development he has developed, but because he has a "good daughter" who became Empress Xiaokangzhang of the Shunzhi Emperor, and his daughter gave birth to a son, the Kangxi Emperor who created a prosperous generation.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Tong Tulai's daughter Tong Jiashi, "yin and yang" sat in the position of empress. </h1>
The reason why she became an empress like a "yin and yang" is because if it were not for her birth, The third son of Shunzhi, Xuan Ye, ascended to the throne and became the later Kangxi Emperor, then she must have been as obscure in history as most of the concubines in the imperial harem.
In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), Tong Jia entered the palace and was a concubine of the Shunzhi Emperor. The so-called concubines are imperial concubines who have not been officially canonized, and their rank and status are very low.
In the harem of the Shunzhi Emperor at that time, the Shunzhi Emperor's favorite was undoubtedly Concubine Dong E, and after Princess Dong Efei gave birth to Prince Rong, she also clarified the identity of her eldest son and the status of her successor. It was just that "the Mandate of Heaven was not false", Prince Rong died in less than a hundred days, but he still did not reduce his love for Concubine Dong E, and he still hoped that Princess Dong Efei could have children again.
Therefore, from the perspective of the Shunzhi Emperor, he only hoped that the crown prince born to Concubine Dong E would inherit the throne, but until The death of Princess Dong E, he did not give birth to a prince.
For Empress Xiaozhuang, who had the same important right to speak in the harem of the Qing Dynasty at that time, what she valued in her heart must be the concubine from the Mongolian tribe, and she hoped that the prince with Mongolian blood, especially like the Shunzhi Emperor, who had the blood of the Mongolian Horqin tribe would inherit the throne, so as to ensure the status of the Mongol tribes and maintain the relationship between the Manchu and Mongolian alliances.
It is precisely because of this that under the auspices and arrangements of Empress Xiaozhuang, the Shunzhi Emperor successively appointed two Mongol empresses who were related to Empress Xiaozhuang. The first empress was Meng Guqing, the niece of Empress Xiaozhuang and daughter of Prince Horqin Zhuoliktu, and the second empress was also the niece of Empress Xiaozhuang.
However, the Shunzhi Emperor was very resistant to these two empresses, especially Meng Guqing, who was directly deposed by the Shunzhi Emperor and directly demoted to Concubine Jing. In addition, in the harem of the Shunzhi Emperor, several Mongolian concubines were officially crowned, although their status was higher, but without exception they were rejected and disliked by the Shunzhi Emperor, so that all the Mongolian concubines did not have children.
This also made Empress Xiaozhuang's idea of appointing the Shunzhi Prince of Mongolian descent as the heir to the throne completely frustrated.
Under such circumstances, Tong Jiashi was only a harem of the Shunzhi Emperor, a very ordinary concubine, and even the conditions in all aspects were at a certain disadvantage.
In terms of background, although his father Tong Tulai was outstanding in battle, at this time in the Shunzhi harem, there were not a few daughters of meritorious ministers, and there were also a number of Mongolian concubines with very prominent births. In addition to being a typical representative of the Manchu Han "intermarriage within the banner", the background of the Han military banner was in the process of comparing the Manchu and Mongolian concubines, but it became an unfavorable factor.
As for the status of the harem, she was only a concubine who had not been officially canonized, and more importantly, not only did he not get the favor of the Shunzhi Emperor, but even Empress Xiaozhuang would not look at her with a straight face, because she was not the focus of Attention of Shunzhi and Empress Xiaozhuang.
As for the degree of favor of the heirs, in fact, the historical record of how the Kangxi Emperor was loved by Shunzhi and Xiaozhuang was exaggerated. He was born as a concubine, and the Shunzhi Emperor was still young, so he did not receive enough attention and love, and even the Shunzhi Emperor did not like him as much as his brother Fuquan. Not to mention Empress Xiaozhuang, who liked princes of Mongolian descent. Therefore, after Kangxi got smallpox, he was arranged to avoid pox outside the palace, almost leaving him in a state of "resigned to fate".
And it is precisely because the Kangxi Emperor successfully recovered from smallpox and escaped death that he had all the special physiques that other princes did not have, that is, he would no longer be invaded by smallpox, of course, he also left a face of "mazi", which became the most important factor for Kangxi to inherit the throne after the death of the Shunzhi Emperor.
In this way, in the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (1661), the Shunzhi Emperor died, the Kangxi Emperor successfully ascended the throne, and his birth mother Tong Jiashi also became the empress dowager with the "mother with the son", from a concubine who did not have a formal title, to a "mother of the world", thus realizing the counterattack of life.
At this time, the mother and son were not thankful for Shunzhi or Xiaozhuang, but for the "smallpox" that invaded the Kangxi Emperor, and john Tang, a foreign missionary who advised the Shunzhi Emperor to let Kangxi succeed him.
However, Tong Jiashi was only empress dowager for two years, and died in the second year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1663) at the age of 23, and she was posthumously honored as Empress Xiaokangzhang. And the Tong family where she is located has also entered a brilliant period of rapid development.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Tong Jia family, a famous family that had a profound impact on the three dynasties of Kang Yongqian and even the entire history of the Qing Dynasty. </h1>
If Tong Yangzheng and Tong Tulai used their own hard work and sacrifice to exchange a higher starting point and a noble family status for the Tong family, then Tong Tulai's eldest son Tong Guogang led the entire family to a new height, and his greatest contribution to the family was to lead the whole clan to "please return to Manchuria".
In the twenty-seventh year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1688), Tong Guogang was officially dismissed, "Please return to Manchuria".
"The subject ancestors were originally from Manchuria, and were lured into Kaiyuan by the Ming people, and then moved to Fushun, and then Emperor Gao of Taizu took Fushun and sent the subjects to Yangzhen (i.e., Yangzheng) and most of the clan to live in Foala. In the Ming Dynasty, the subject family was originally from Manchuria, and hundreds of subjects were killed. Jinchen and others are still among the Han army, and they can sue my emperor without sadness and hatred. For this reason, it is not well known. ”
According to Tong Guogang, their ancestors should have been Manchurians, but because they had long been producing and living with the Han people, they were identified as "Han Chinese" by the Ming Dynasty, and before that, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty also regarded them as "Han People", so he hoped that the whole clan could return to the "sequence" of The Manchus.
The Kangxi Emperor still attached great importance to this "request" made by his own uncle Tong Guogang on behalf of his mother's family.
In the Imperial Dynasty Tongzhi Clan Luo Manchuria Eight Banners Surname, it is recorded:
Tong Guogang, the grandson of Yangzheng, said in the 27th year of the Kangxi Dynasty: "The minister Zeng Meng Taizu decreed that the tribal genealogy should be drawn up with the ministers of the Tong Jia clan of Baduli Meng Attu, and now please return to Manchuria." "The ministry has a large number of official positions in the Tong Jia clan, and should be subordinate to the Han Army. Only the main branch of the national program should enter Manchuria, so it is necessary to become a white flag person. Therefore, the Manchu Han dynasty was divided into subordinates, and the clan was large and numerous, and it was called the most yan among the eight surnames of the national dynasty.
At this point, the Tong family was officially carried from the Yellow Banner of the Han Army to the Manchurian Zhengbai Banner, and then to the Manchurian Yellow Banner, officially becoming the "Manchurian", and was among the most noble "Three Banners", and its family status was on a par with the Hesheli family, the Niuhulu family, the Fucha family, the Guarjia family and other famous families.
And Tong Guogang himself was regarded as a "heroic" existence during the Kangxi Dynasty. In the twenty-ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1690), in the fierce Battle of Ulanbutong between the Qing Dynasty and the Dzungar Khanate, Tong Guogang rushed into the ground and was unfortunately shot and killed, and the Kangxi Emperor held a state funeral for him as a tribute.
After Tong Guogang's sacrifice, Tong Guowei, who became the new "head" of the Tong Jia family, brought the Tong Jia family to a new brilliant chapter.
On the one hand, he himself has been an official for decades, and he is well versed in the way of officialdom, and his official position is to serve as a minister of the interior, which is deeply relied on and trusted by the Kangxi Emperor. On the other hand, Tong Guogang inherited the genes of his father Tong Tulai, and his children have a brilliant performance in the history of the Qing Dynasty.
His two daughters were married to the Kangxi Emperor, the third empress of the Kangxi Emperor, The Empress Xiaoyiren of the Tong Jia clan, and the concubine Tong Jia of the Huihui Emperor. The former was not only the Kangxi Empress, but also the former adoptive mother of the Yongzheng Emperor, while the latter raised the infant Qianlong Emperor in the later years of the Kangxi Dynasty. This also made the Tong Jia family continue to be greatly respected in the Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties after the death of Kangxi.
His son was the famous Longkeduo, a major courtier in the last years of the Kangxi Dynasty and the beginning of the Yongzheng Dynasty, while his other son, Qingfu, also held important positions in the Yongzheng Dynasty and the early years of the Qianlong Dynasty.
Of course, Tong Guogang's sons are also in high positions. Orendai also served as the minister of the inner guard, and Fahai, as the teacher of the thirteenth brother Yinxiang and the fourteenth brother Yinyu, trained two Kangxi princes who could be called "all-rounders of literature and martial arts", and Kwadai was also highly valued during the Yongzheng Dynasty.
The other members of the Tong Jia family also belong to the six ministries and nine secretaries, all over the country. Throughout the Qing Dynasty, the Tong Jia family held 108 positions in the central government, and as many as 577 served as local officials.
Therefore, the "Tong Half Dynasty" is by no means a vain name, and the Tong Jia family is known as the "first foreign relative family" of the Qing Dynasty, which can also be said to be deserved.
In summary, the historical Tong Jia family has not been smooth sailing on the road to power and prominence.
The first thing they experienced was a "death escape", and they were almost "annihilated" in the "Zhenjiang Victory". And if Mao Wenlong really swept away Tong Yangzheng's entire family, then the history of the Qing Dynasty after that will be completely rewritten.
After that, it was the "yin and yang difference" during the Shunzhi Dynasty, if it were not for the smallpox that gave Kangxi the "capital" to ascend to the throne, perhaps the entire Tong Jia family would also tend to be flat, and it would be even more impossible for "please return to Manchuria" to embark on the peak of the powerful position, nor could it create a family prosperity situation such as "Tong Half Dynasty".
It can be seen that the Tong Jia family can become a well-known "foreign relative family" in the history of the Qing Dynasty, relying not only on the strength of family members, but also on "luck".