Ben is born from the same root, and he is too anxious to fry.
Sun Quan declared himself empress dowager, and posthumously honored his brother Sun Ce as the Prince of Huan of Changsha. In this regard, Chen Shou, the author of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, has a lot of criticism.
Chen Shou believed that Sun Ce had the merit of Ding Ding Jiangdong, but he did not get the respect he deserved, and he seemed too stingy in terms of righteousness.
Dividing Jiangdong, (Sun) Ce Zhi Ji Zhaoye, and (Sun) Quan did not reach the height, (Ce) Zi (Sun Shao) stopped the Marquis, Yu Yijian. --"Wu Shu Sun Qiao Reverse Biography"
Objectively evaluated, the title given to Sun Ce by Sun Quan is indeed not worthy of his merits and status. But behind the incident, there are complex political factors involved.
One is the issue of unification.
Sun Ce was the eldest son of Sun Jian,and Sun Quan came to power in the form of "brother and brother", so the arrangement of Sun Ce's status was related to the succession of Eastern Wu.
The second is the relationship between Sun Ce and the Jiangdong clan.
In the process of conquest of Jiangdong, Sun Ce "cursed the famous and powerful, and threatened the neighboring countries", and Wu County and Hui Ji were repeatedly persecuted. In this context, if Sun Ce is too much respected, it will undoubtedly make the Jiangdong clan suspicious and destroy the basis of Sun Quan's rule.
The following is a discussion of the historical background and political considerations reflected in Sun Ce's title from the two aspects of "unification issue" and "title metaphor".
This article totals 4700 words and takes 9 minutes to read
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="13" > the problem</h1>
The main reason why Sun Ce failed to be posthumously honored as emperor was the problem of unification.
Sun Ce "turned thousands of miles and had all the land of Jiangdong", in terms of merit, he was of course worthy of the title of emperor, but in the end he only got the title of king. There is no doubt that this is caused by Sun Quan's deliberate suppression.
Sun Ce is a man, Ming Guo is dictatorial, brave to cover the world... Thousands of miles, there is a land of Jiangnan. --"Fu Zi"
The rebel general Sun Ce succeeded him and established the six counties. --"The Legend of Jiang Biao"
Interestingly, Sun Quan posthumously named Sun Ce king in 229, but posthumously made Sun Jian emperor.
(Sun Quan) posthumously honored his father the general (Sun) Jian as Emperor Wulie, and his mother Wu Shi as Empress Wulie. --Book of Wu, Biography of Wu
Sun Quan posthumously honored Sun Jian as Emperor Wulie
In fact, Sun Jian was unable to establish a foundation throughout his life; moreover, Sun Jian's area of activity was in the Huaisi region (that is, Xuzhou and Yangzhou Jiangbei) in the early years, and later in Jingzhou and Yuzhou, with little contact with Jiangdong.
Therefore, in a strict sense, Sun Jian did not make any direct contribution to the foundation work of the Eastern Wu regime. He was posthumously honored as the Emperor of Eastern Wu, which was actually unconvincing in legal terms.
Sun Quan's posthumous appointment of Sun Jian as emperor was undoubtedly to strengthen his own legal system; but It was absurd that Sun Jian's eldest son was only posthumously crowned king.
If the inheritance principle of the patriarchal society is followed, Sun Jian's eldest son, The Son Ce, is the undisputed heir of the patriarch.
Before his accidental murder (200), Sun Ce never considered passing the throne to Sun Quan. At that time, Zhang Zhao and others even believed that Sun Quan's younger brother Sun Yi had a greater chance of coming to power than Sun Quan.
(Sun) Yi name, sex like (Sun) Strategy. (Sun) Ce Linjian, Zhang Zhao, and others said that Ce should be a soldier. --"Dictionary"
Sun Ce's original idea was to pass the throne to his son Sun Shao. Shao, inherit also. For example, Yuan Shao's characters BenChu, Ben Chu, Ben Zu Chu Ye, metaphorically Yuan Shao will inherit the deceased father's old business.
(Sun) Quan was given the title of Honorific Title, posthumously honored (Sun) Ce as King Huan of Changsha, and feng (Sun Ce) Son (Sun) Shao as Marquis of Wu. --"Wu Shu Sun Qiao Reverse Biography"
Shaw, followed also. --"Explanation of Words"
In a sense, Sun Quan's unexpected rise to power is similar to Sima Zhao's rise to power.
At the time of Sima Shi's death (255), his heir Sima You was still young, so his authority was entrusted to Sima Zhao. After Sima You became an adult, the issue of the succession rights of the Sima family inevitably arose.
At that time, Sima You and Sima Yan fought fiercely for the position of crown prince. Sima You even had an advantage at one point.
In the beginning, Emperor Wen (Sima Zhao) did not have an heir, but belonged to the Marquis of Wuyang (Sima Zhao). Emperor Wu (Sima Yan) was afraid to stand. --The Book of Jin, The Biography of Pei Xiu
Even Sima Zhao had to say against his will: "The one under the heavens, the world under the King of Jing." ”
(Sima Zhao) claimed to be in the position of regent, and after a hundred years, the great cause should be returned to (Sima Zhao). Each said: "The world of this King Jing (Sima Shi), I Ho and Yan." --Book of Jin, Chronicle of Emperor Wu
Sima Zhao: The world of this King of Jing
It should be noted here that Sima Shi's heirs were inherited from Sima Zhao, and Sima You and Sima Yan were even compatriots of the same mother. Even so, there was still a serious power struggle within the Sima clan.
Emperor Jing was childless and had Sima Yu (司馬) as his heir. --The Book of Jin, Biography of King Qi Xian
Emperor Wu (Sima Yan) and Princess Dingguo of Liaodong, King Xian of Qi (Sima You), Wang Zhao of Chengyang, Guangde the Prince of Guanghan, and Princess Jingzhao of Liaodong. --The Book of Jin, Biography of the Empress of Civilization
Therefore, in the case of Sun Ce having a biological son (Sun Shao), the competition for the unification of the Sun family will undoubtedly become more intense.
When Sun Shao became an adult, he inherited his father's title of Marquis of Wu. However, the political metaphor of "Wu Hou" was too strong, and eventually Sun Shao's title of Marquis of Wu was taken away by Sun Quan and renamed Marquis of Shangyu.
(Sun Quan) was enfeoffed (Sun Ce) and his son (Sun) Shao was made the Marquis of Wu, and later renamed Marquis of Shangyu. --"Wu Shu Sun Qiao Reverse Biography"
Shangyu County is in Huiji County, and it can be seen that Sun Quan deliberately weakened the connection between Sun Ce's heirs and "Wu Di". As for the title of Marquis of Wu, it was taken into the pocket by Sun Quan and given to his direct descendants; eventually Sun Deng's son Sun Ying (Sun Quan's grandson) inherited the title of Marquis of Wu.
(Sun Deng) Zi Bian and Xi, both died early, and the second son (Sun) Ying, the Marquis of Wu. --"Wu Shu, Biography of Sun Deng"
In Chen Shou's view, Sun Ce stopped at Wang Jue, Sun Shao stopped at the Marquis, and the suppression of the Xian family was undoubtedly a political stain on Sun Quan.
This embarrassing situation, of course, has the factor of Sun Quan's deliberate depreciation, but it is also the inevitable result of the external environment.
Sun Quan acted as regent on behalf of his brother, and the legal theory was very unstable. Sun Quan changed his name to not being called emperor, calling himself emperor not a suburban ancestor, and repeatedly launched major cases (Ji Yan case, Yin Fan case, Lü Yi case, Ergong case) to attack the group of courtiers, which was actually an external manifestation of this inferiority complex.
It is winter, and the group of ministers is not outskirts with (Sun) Quan, and the discussion is discussed... (Sun) Quan Yue: "The suburbs should be in the soil (referring to Luoyang), and now it is not its place, so why do you do this?" "--The Biography of Jiang Biao"
The suburbs should be in the soil, and now it is not its place, so why do you do this?
The problems left over from the unification of Eastern Wu were not completely resolved during Sun Quan's time. During the reign of Sun Liang and Sun Xiu, this issue was also shelved. After Sun Hao succeeded to the throne (264), he used rebellion as an excuse to kill Sun Shao's heir, Sun Feng, and Sun Ce's line has since been extinct.
(Grandson) Shao, son (grandson) consort. When Sun Hao was in power, he falsely said that (Sun) was desecrated and killed. --"Wu Shu Sun Qiao Reverse Biography"
It should be noted that after Sun Hao came to power, he did not exterminate the descendants of his former political enemy Sun Ba, the king of Lu, but only exiled and deposed; but for Sun Feng, who had nothing to do with him, he was bound to punish him quickly.
(Sun) and pet slightly damaged, afraid of deposing. King Lu (Sun) coveted it. --Wu Shu, Sun He Biography
Sun Hao ascended the throne, chased after (Sun) and (Sun) to dominate the old gap, cut (Sun) Ji, (Sun) YiJue Tu, and moved with his grandmother Xie Jiju to Jiwu County. --Wu Shu, Biography of Sun Ba
This undoubtedly shows that compared with the internal contradictions between Sun He and Sun Ba (both sons of Sun Quan), the dispute between Sun Ce and Sun Quan is the fundamental contradiction that shakes the foundation of the country.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="149" > political metaphor for King Huan of Changsha</h1>
Sun Ce's title of "King Huan of Changsha" has many metaphors and is very worth playing.
Among them, "Changsha" is a fiefdom, "Huan" is a courtesy name, and "Wang" is a title.
(1) Changsha
Changsha, the most important component of Sun Ce's title, is to strip Sun Ce of its ties with the Jiangdong region.
Changsha County was subordinate to Jingzhou, and had nothing to do with Wu County and Huiji, but also had nothing to do with Yangzhou.
Note: Sun Ce was born in Fuchun, Wu County, and served as the Taishou of huijian .
Sun Jian had served as the Taishou of Changsha in the past, but Sun Ce's relationship with Changsha was not deep.
After Sun Jian's death (191), Sun Cexian and his mother Wu lived in Jiangdu County, Guangling County, Xuzhou, and then went to Shouchun County, Jiujiang County, Yangzhou to rely on Yuan Shu (194), and then led his troops to cross the river (195) and pacify the six counties.
When Princess Shi (Sun Jian's widow Wu Shi) was in Jiangdu, (Sun) dispatched (Lü) Fan Yingzhi. --"Wu Shu Lü Fan Biography"
In the first year of Xingping, (Sun Ce) from Yuan Shu. --"Wu Shu Sun Qiao Reverse Biography"
Judging from the path of origin, Sun Ce has nothing to do with Changsha. Therefore, the fiefdom of Changsha was actually deliberately granted by Sun Quan in order to dilute Sun Ce's connection with the Jiangdong region.
The reason is simple. Sun Ce's methods of pacifying Jiangdong were excessively bloody, and he had a deep grudge with the Yangzhou clan.
Wu County's surname was Lu Kang, wu county's famous men Gao Dai and Wang Sheng, and Wu County's taishou Xugong, who were successively killed by Sun Ce. The Huijian family surnamed Zhou Xin and the ShengXian family were also destroyed one after another.
As for the local heroes, such as Zu Lang, Qian Tong, Zou Ta, Yan Baihu and the like, they were slaughtered and slaughtered, and there were no chickens and dogs left.
Note: Lu Kang's affairs can be found in the Book of later Han, Xu Gong's affairs are found in the "Biography of JiangBiao", Wang Sheng, Gao Dai, Zou Ta, and Qian Tong are in the "Wu Lu", and Zhou Xin and Sheng Xian are in the "Records of the Huijian Classics" and the "Quwen of the School Of The General Wu". Wenduo does not load.
Sun Ce's fierce image left a deep psychological shadow on the Jiangdong clan. After Wu's death (280), Lu Xun's grandson Lu Ji wrote "The Theory of Discernment of Death". In Lu Ji's pen, Sun Quan's image is "Chengzhi Yide", and Sun Ce's image is "Based on Wu", and the violent color is very strong.
King Huan of Wu (Sun Ce, King of Changsha Huan) was based on martial arts, and Taizu (Sun Quan) became virtuous, intelligent and wise, and Yidu was far-reaching. --"The Theory of Discernment"
Sun Ceji was a martial artist, and Sun Quan was a man of virtue
In this context, if Sun Quan honored Sun Ce with great fanfare, he would inevitably offend the Jiangdong clan. Therefore, Sun Ce not only did not get the title of emperor, but even the fief was deliberately selected in Changsha outside Yangzhou.
Interestingly, Sun Ce's temple was not located in Changsha, but in jianye, the capital of Wu (formerly known as Moling, now nanjing).
The Book of Song records that Sun Ce Temple is "South of Zhujue Bridge". In ancient times, the Zhujue Bridge was the Suzaku Bridge, which was in present-day Nanjing.
Sun Quan was in Jianye's brother Sha Huan's mansion south of Zhujue Bridge. --Book of Song Lizhi
Another piece of evidence is that when Sun Quan was seriously ill, he sent Crown Prince Sun He to pray in the temple of King Huan of Changsha; Sun He's whereabouts were monitored by Sun Luban's spies. It can be known that Sun Ce Temple is in Jianye City.
Lord Wu fell ill and sent the crown prince (Sun He) to pray at the Huanwang Temple in Changsha. --Zizhi Tongjian
Princess Quan (Sun Luban) made people look at (surveillance) because Prince Yan was not in the temple of King Huan. --Wu Shu, Sun He Biography
From the location of the temple, it can be seen that Sun Ce's "King of Changsha" is only a fiction. His descendants Shao could not inherit the title of "King of Changsha", let alone go to Changsha to take up the country.
In other words, Sun Ce's King of Changsha is essentially the same as Sun Fen's "King of Qi" and Sun Ba's "King of Lu", all of which are remote and fictitious.
Note: The State of Qi was in Qingzhou and the State of Lu was in Yuzhou, both of which belonged to Cao Wei at that time. The state of Lu used to belong to Xuzhou, and during the Guangwu period, it was changed to Yuzhou, see the Chronicle of the Counties of the Continuation of the Han Dynasty.
To go deeper, Sun Fen and Sun Ba were one-character kings, and Sun Ce was two-character kings, and their status was obviously degraded.
(2) Huan Yu
Sun Ce's nickname is "Huan", according to the law: to open up the land and serve the distant Huan, that is, to open up the territory and expand the land.
Huan Washi was a beautiful man, but not in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
Emperor Huan of Han and Emperor Ling of Han were synonymous with Emperor Huan of Han at that time. Liu Bei of the Shu Han "sighed and hated Huan Ling"; Lu Kai of Eastern Wu said that "the Huan Ling of Han has greatly lost the hearts of the people".
When the former emperor was there, whenever he discussed this matter with his subjects, he did not hesitate to sigh and hate Huan and Lingye. --"The Table of Teachers"
The Huan and Spirit of the Former Han Dynasty, who were close to the eunuchs, lost the hearts of the people. --"Wu Shu Lu Kai Biography"
When the former emperor was there, he did not hesitate to sigh and hate Huan and Lingye
Even Dong Zhuo believed that "Emperor Huan had no merit", so he stripped him of the temple name of "Weizong".
In February, Xin You, buried Emperor Xiaohuan at Xuanling, temple known as Emperor Weizong. --Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Chronicle of the Ling Emperor
Is the age, there is a Si Song, and the four emperors of He, An, Shun, and Huan have no merit, and it is not appropriate to call themselves Zong... Please remove the honorific title. --Book of the Later Han Dynasty
In this context, the positive color of "Huan" has also been greatly weakened.
The contemporaneous people who received the "Huan" title were Zhang Fei. It can be supported by the special color of this nickname.
(Liu Chan) posthumously (Zhang Fei) Fei Fei fei Huanhou. --ShuShu Zhang Fei Biography
In fact, considering Sun Ce's career and deeds, "Wu" or "Zhuang" is a more appropriate nickname. He repulsed the land and repelled the wu, and repeatedly conquered and killed Yue zhuang.
However, Sun Quan deliberately granted "Wu" to Sun Jian and posthumously named Sun Jian the Emperor of Wulie, thus cutting off Sun Ce's opportunity to become the "King of Wu".
(3) Wang Jue
In the Han system, there are second-class princes, "non-Liu is not king, not gong is not marquis". This principle was not strictly followed in practice, and coupled with the restructuring movement of Wang Mang, Cao Cao and others, the fifth-class title (Gonghou Bozi male) was restored for a time.
Han Xing, foreign relatives and Ding Tianxia, Hou duo. Therefore, the oath is: "If there is no king of the Liu clan, if there is a person who dies (without) merit and is not placed by the superior, the whole world will condemn it." ——"Book of Han, List of Foreign Relatives enze Marquis"
In the Han system, kings are divided into kings with the same surname and kings with different surnames. In the Eastern Wu regime, Sun Ce was undoubtedly a king with the same surname.
Among the many princes of the same era, Cao Cao was the King of Wei of han and Sun Quan was king of Wu of Wei. Both were kings with different surnames, but they received the beautiful titles of Wei and Wu.
From the perspective of historical sources, wei guoxiong in the pre-Qin era was in the three Jin Dynasties; Wu guo was a descendant of Taibo and Zhongyong--on the generations, and the two were the uncles of King Wen of Zhou, with noble status and strong political metaphors.
King Wu fought with duke Ding of Jin. King Wu (Fu Cha) said, "I am the head of the Zhou Chamber. Jin Ding Gong said: "Yu Ji's surname is my uncle." "--History of the Wu Taibo Family"
In contrast, Changsha is just a remote county.
At the turn of the Qin and Han Dynasties, Wu Rui, the king of Changsha, was the weakest in strength and luckily escaped Liu Bang's purge of the king with a different surname.
The ancestors of Xi Gao set the world, the heroes had different surnames and the kings of the Eight Kingdoms... Only from the beginning of Wu Rui, he did not lose the right way, so he could pass on the name of the fifth generation, so that there would be no heir. --The Book of Han, The Biography of Wu Rui
In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Fa, the king of Changsha, "was petite and unloved by his mother, so the king was humble and poor." At that time, Changsha was called a "humble and poor country", and its degree of underdevelopment was conceivable.
(Liu Fa) with his mother is slightly unloved, so the king (ruling) is a humble and poor country. --The Book of Han, Biography of the Thirteen Kings of Jing
Comparing the two pairs, it is clear to see:
The kings of the three kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty were given the honorary titles of "King of Wei" and "King of Wu" respectively; Sun Ce, with the honor of wang with the same surname, only received the title of "King of Changsha", and he was also a fictitious remote leader. The meaning behind it is self-evident.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="169" > summary</h1>
Sun Ce's title of King Huan of Changsha reflects both the special background of the times and the political atmosphere of Eastern Wu.
Sun Ce's relationship with Wu and Hui was very tense; therefore, his fief was arranged in Changsha, Jingzhou, no doubt to dilute his connection with Jiangdong.
At the same time, Sun Quan ascended to the throne as a small emperor, and he had to be more vigilant in dealing with Sun Ce's family. In this context, Sun Ce was only given the title of prince; as for his son Sun Shao, he was further demoted to marquis.
In the choice of nickname, Sun Quan also had reservations. The "Wu" title was given to Sun Jian, and as for Sun Ce, he was only given the title of "Huan Wang". Although Huan is a beautiful name, it undoubtedly seems to be of great significance in the historical background of "Emperor Huan's loss of morality" at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In fact, the problem of the unification of Eastern Wu plagued Sun Quan for life, so his attitude toward Sun Ce was also very complicated, with both respect and rejection.
Sun Shao was originally known as "Marquis of Wu" and later as "Marquis of Shangyu". This change in title can fully reflect Sun Quan's ambivalence.
As for Sun Hao, Zhaomu was alienated, the psychological burden was reduced, and Sun Shao's son Feng was also killed. The problem of the unification of Eastern Wu was finally ended by the violent means of later kings.
The Sun brothers and their mothers and compatriots also had a good time of respect for each other; but under the influence of power and selfish desires, Sun Quan "did not respect Sun Ce", and Sun Quan's descendants exterminated Sun Ce's descendants. The same room, and even this, made future generations of readers sigh.
I am Fat Mi, the original author of the history of the headline number. Talk about historical anecdotes and focus on the history of the Three Kingdoms. From the clues in Shi Hai's sinking hook and the Yoshimitsu katayu, to analyze the hidden meaning behind the unfolding.
Thanks for reading.