In-depth production of frost and snow weather
As the saying goes: Ruixue Mega Year. Last week, our county general snow, snow in some areas, for the current small spring grain and oil, this snowfall is not only conducive to wheat rape winter irrigation, but also can effectively kill some wintering pests, for next year's grain and oil stable production has a certain positive effect. However, in terms of vegetable and livestock and poultry breeding, low temperature weather is very harmful to production, such as last week due to snowfall collapsed part of the morel mushroom shed, production farmers should be timely re-shed and reinforcement, so the township and town agricultural departments should attach great importance to frost and snow weather agricultural guidance, go deep into the field to guide the current frost and snow weather agricultural management, pay attention to the promotion of heating and cold measures, do a good job in disease and pest control and vegetables, late ripening citrus, winter potatoes and other agricultural film warming coverage and other work, to strengthen livestock and poultry breeding warmth, Every effort is made to ensure the normal production of agriculture in the current frost and snow weather through various measures.
1. Koharu field management.
At present, the small spring crops are in the seedling stage, with strong frost resistance, snow and freezing ability, and the field growth is better than in previous years, but the production management can still not be relaxed. First, it is necessary to carry out deep irrigation on the slopes above the second soil, especially the wheat fields, to promote growth and enhance cold resistance. The second is to observe the field rapeseed and wheat, and find that the central disease plant group should be chemically controlled in time, and special agents such as imidacloprid and acetamidine can be selected for drug prevention and control. Third, for the winter potato fields that have not been raised in the early stage, it is necessary to carry out timely mulching management to promote the germination and growth of winter potatoes.
2. Vegetable management.
At present, there are two aspects of vegetable management in frost and snow weather. On the one hand, do a good job in the fertilizer and water management of open-ground vegetables, especially vegetables listed in the Spring Festival, generally there are fewer vegetable diseases and insect pests in winter, but it does not mean that there are no, and the larger amount of perennial occurrence is aphids, and special insecticides or combined insecticides can be used to control them. The second is to do a good job in field cold and freeze management, and timely cover management according to weather conditions at any time to reduce frost hazards. The third is the management of facility agriculture. The difficulty of agricultural management of facilities in winter is heat preservation and humidity control. For example, some greenhouses have better thermal insulation capacity, but the humidity in the shed is too large, which is easy to cause low temperature diseases. Thermal insulation mainly uses strict greenhouses for heating, and humidification is mainly used to ventilate and drain the greenhouses from 11:00 to 2:00 p.m. on sunny days, so the greenhouse advocates full coverage of mulch film for sub-film irrigation and other measures to both insulate and dehumidify. Fourth, the current morels are hyphae into the nutrition bag to absorb nutrients, one is to moisturize, keep the humidity in the field about 65% is appropriate, the second is to keep warm and windproof, as far as possible to seal the shed, improve the temperature in the shed, the early collapse of the fungus shed in time to establish a solid shed, to prevent the risk of falling into the shed again.
3. Fruit tree management.
It is necessary to do a good job in frost and snow weather, especially citrus insulation management, and check the coverage of agricultural film at any time for fruits that remain fresh in trees, and deal with places that are not strict and unstable in a timely manner. Pay attention to the weather conditions at any time, take precautions for the arrival of low temperature weather, and can be insulated with multi-layer covering, smoke, spray antifreeze and other measures. The fertilization of winter orchards should be mainly based on organic fertilizer, mixed with an appropriate amount of compound fertilizer, and the amount of base fertilizer should be sufficient, deep and strict. It is necessary to use the winter leisure to do a good job in winter pruning and other work, do a good job in orchard clearing and weeding and sterilization sources, etc., and paint the trunk white for insecticidal sterilization.
Fourth, it is necessary to thoroughly do a good job in the work of preventing cold and keeping warm livestock and poultry, strengthen the management of increasing temperature and feeding water in the shed, and put agricultural safety work such as disaster prevention and mitigation in the first place to ensure orderly and safe production in agriculture.
The Chengdu Municipal Committee for Urban and Rural Affairs and Agriculture has issued a circular on effectively grasping the management of small spring fields in response to low-temperature weather
Agricultural Development (Agriculture and Forestry) Bureau of Districts (Cities) and Counties, Chengdu High-tech Zone Coordination Bureau, Chengdu Tianfu New District Environmental Protection and Coordination Bureau:
Recently, our city has encountered low-temperature rain and snow weather, in order to effectively reduce the adverse effects of low-temperature rain and snow weather on crops, to ensure the stable yield and increase of small spring crops, the following technical opinions are put forward for the current field management of small spring production:
1. Grain and oil crops
(1) Strengthen seedling management. For wheat and rapeseed, it is necessary to control the strong seedlings, promote weak seedlings, and enhance the stress resistance of crops.
(2) Timely clearance of ditches and stain-proof. When wheat, rapeseed and other crops are harmed by low-temperature frost and the root system is damaged, the "three ditches" must be cleaned up in time to ensure that the ditches and ditches are connected, the drainage is smooth, and the damage is prevented.
(3) Timely reapplying of fertilizer. Frozen crops should be timely topdressed outside the root to restore growth and enhance their resistance. Wheat can be topdressed according to the situation ternary compound fertilizer, rapeseed can be topdressed part of the potassium fertilizer and boron fertilizer.
(4) Timely film removal. For potatoes, it is necessary to prevent early film release and frost, and also to avoid late film release, causing the top of the plant to be burned by the sun. After film removal, humic acid foliar fertilizer plus a small amount of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed with water to increase plant resistance.
2. Vegetables
(1) Timely harvesting. Root vegetables such as radish and kohlrabi sown in autumn and winter, cabbage, rape moss, kale, cauliflower, greens, celery, garlic seedlings, winter cold vegetables, artemisia annua, as well as lettuce and green cabbage cephalos, should be harvested in a timely manner to prevent the extraction of moss and hollowing; in case of spring drought, fertilizer and irrigation should be timely.
(2) Increase the application of foliar fertilizer. For overwintering vegetables such as garlic, onions, leeks, and onions, in addition to timely topdressing and irrigation, antifreeze can also be appropriately increased and applied in combination with foliar topdressing to avoid the adverse effects of pouring spring cold.
(3) Strengthen seedling management. For eggplant, tomatoes, peppers and other vegetables that are sown and raised in autumn and winter, it is necessary to do a good job in heating up and keeping the seedbed warming, one is to properly spray antifreeze agent and potassium dihydrogen phosphate to enhance resistance and prevent frost damage; the second is to maintain the ventilation and light transmission of the nursery shed, prevent the growth of seedlings, and cultivate strong seedlings; the third is to build a colonization greenhouse, apply foot fertilizer, and ensure timely colonization. After the vegetables are frozen, they cannot immediately close the shed to heat up, and the temperature in the shed should rise slowly to avoid necrosis of the frozen tissue of the vegetables due to the sharp rise in temperature. Cut off the frozen stems and leaves in time to avoid moldy lesions of the tissues and cause diseases. You can use Tianda Oxalis 6000 times liquid, mixed with Tianda 2116 Zhuang Miao Ling 1000 times liquid, sprayed 1-2 times to ensure rapid recovery.
Third, fruit trees
(1) Increase the application of base fertilizer. Pay attention to the application of orchard base fertilizer and apply early and deep to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer. Over-winter fertilizer should be mainly decomposed, semi-decomposed farm manure, combined with the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and other fast-acting chemical fertilizers, using the method of opening annular ditch or digging grooves.
(2) The trunk is painted white. The trunks of fruit trees are whitened to warm and prevent frost, prevent sunburn and kill germs, eggs and adults hidden in the trunks. The preparation method of the whitening agent is 10 parts of quicklime, 1 part of sulfur powder, 1 part of table salt, 0.1 parts of vegetable oil, and 20 parts of water.
(3) Surface coverage. Cover the rows of fruit trees with straw, wheat grass, dry grass, corn stalks, etc., to achieve the effect of preserving moisture and warming.
(4) Topdressing outside the root. For overwintering citrus and loquat, timely spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, amino acids, humic acids, compound nucleotides and other foliar fertilizers to improve the antifreeze and cold resistance of citrus and loquat.
Fourth, the monitoring and control of diseases and insect pests
(1) Wheat stripe rust. For the field blocks where stripe rust has occurred and the area where stripe rust occurs all year round, the prevention and control strategy of "reconnaissance with medicine, finding a point, and controlling a piece" is adopted to guide farmers to use drugs scientifically, prevent and control in a timely manner, and control the occurrence of stripe rust at the initial stage. Mu with 25% Kehui emulsion 30-40 ml or 20% triazolone wettable powder 50 g or 40% hecalidine 75-100 g.
(2) Wheat aphids. At present, the wheat field population is large, and as the temperature rises, the pest will develop rapidly. It is necessary to further strengthen monitoring, and once the prevention and control standards are met, the prevention and treatment should be immediately treated with drugs. 100 ml of 20% le cyanide emulsion or 100 ml of 3% acetamidine emulsion or 70% imidacloprid 3-4 grams per mu.
(3) Rape downy mildew. Mu with 58% methoselin wettable powder 80-100 g or 70% ethylphosphate aluminum manganese zinc wettable powder 100 g or 50% carbendazim 50 g.
(4) Rape sclerotia. Rapeseed flowering period (early March) In case of warm and rainy climate, for precocious and disease-susceptible varieties, drugs can be used to prevent rape sclerotia at the initial flowering stage. Mu with 50% soxclim 50 g or 40% sclerotium net 40 g or 25% make 100 g 20 ml.
(5) Potato blight. Streptomycin sulfate wettable powder 4000 times liquid or agricultural resistance 401500 times liquid spray.
(f) Potato late blight. The first preventive spraying time should be after the film release or when the plant growth height reaches 25-30 cm, the prophylactic agent can choose to use Virulum or Chloe 500-600 times liquid spray; if there is a late blight plant found in the field, the diseased plant should be immediately uprooted and destroyed, and at the same time sprayed with silver Fari 600 times liquid or Fushuai 2000 times liquid, every 7-10 days, a total of 2-3 times.
(7) Vegetable diseases. Focus on the prevention and control of diseases at the seedling stage of vegetables, so as to achieve early detection and early prevention. Diseases at the seedling stage can be sprayed with a mixture of 72.2% Pulik water 800 times plus 50% Fumei double powder 500 times, or watered with Luheng No. 1 (95% xanthoxine) 4000 times liquid. Downy mildew and blight diseases are sprayed with 72% g of frost cyanide and 64% of alum 800 times, and gray mold disease is sprayed 600 times with 50% paraheine, Schmeter or sokolin, and is treated every 7 to 10 days. To prevent the occurrence of diseases, it is also necessary to spray 1,000 times plant growth regulators such as green arrows and Huafu on the foliage to enhance the plant's ability to resist cold and disease. In case of cloudy days, try to use cigarette agent or dust for disease prevention to reduce the humidity in the shed and avoid diseases.
All districts (cities) and counties are requested to strengthen organizational leadership and technical guidance, contact meteorological departments in a timely manner, pay close attention to recent temperature changes, and do a good job in the current field management work.
Agricultural production technology
Cold winds invade the shed to keep warm early
First of all, pay attention to wall insulation, especially external wall insulation. At present, the minimum standard for the thickness of the greenhouse wall is the maximum local permafrost layer plus 50 centimeters.
Secondly, the rear wall is multi-layered maintenance. This is easy to be ignored by vegetable farmer friends. Most vegetable farmers believe that the back wall of the greenhouse is thick and strong, and there is no need for maintenance, which is actually wrong. Because the back wall of the greenhouse is on the back side of the sun, there is less light, and the snow melts slowly after the snowfall, and the melted snow water seeps into the back wall of the greenhouse, which is bound to affect the firmness of the back wall and reduce the temperature of the shed. Therefore, it is recommended to cover the back wall with waste plastic film and non-woven fabrics, so that it can not only prevent snow and water in winter, but also greatly improve the thermal insulation effect of the back wall.
Secondly, the insulation of the roof behind the greenhouse is also crucial. It is recommended that the roof of the greenhouse that has fallen into disrepair be renovated, in addition to replacing this part of the insulation material, wrapped in a plastic film, which is both insulated, windproof, and rainproof and snow-soaked, and the effect is good.
Insulation in the shed and shed surface is carried out in multiple ways
First of all, the shed should be covered with multiple layers of insulation. In the event of continuous rain, snow or cold currents, be sure to double-cover the greenhouse or add a layer of plastic film in front of the greenhouse. Using the method of grass tomography + quilt plus filming, the indoor temperature can be increased by 1 °C to 2 °C on sunny days than without film, and 2 °C to 4 °C on rainy and snowy days. Some experienced vegetable farmers set up sheds in sheds or spread out between vegetable rows
Mulch film, wheat bran, wheat
The method of ranging and other methods to improve the temperature of the shed and promote the growth of the root system.
Second, hang a reflective curtain. Because the rise of indoor temperature mainly depends on sunlight, so the increase in the amount of solar light incidence will significantly increase the temperature in the shed, therefore, in addition to the use of no drop film, the correct adjustment of the building orientation, reduce the shade of building materials, often keep the shed film clean, the use of reflective curtains can increase the indoor temperature of the shed by 1 ° C ~ 2 ° C. In terms of management, winter and spring production should be about 1 hour after sunrise on a sunny day, pull open the cover in time to see the light, even if it is cloudy or low temperature weather, it should also be appropriate to uncover the cover such as grass to strive for light and improve room temperature. Even after the rain and snow turn sunny, attention should be paid to the slow seedlings of vegetables, the interval to pull the grass curtain and foliar topdressing to reduce foliar transpiration and prevent plant wilting.
In addition, qualified vegetable farmers can also discharge electric heaters in the shed to increase the temperature in the shed. In addition, there are vegetable farmers who set up heating bulbs in the shed, which can also play a certain role in heating.
Insulation of the front face of the shed
During the low temperature season, there are many problems in front of the greenhouse. Due to the "┓" type structure of the front face, the water droplets inside the shed film drip on the front face, causing excessive humidity; the roller shutter machine frequently climbs and falls from here to cause wear on the shed film, and a large number of broken holes appear, resulting in the front face being breathable and breathable, and the thermal insulation is reduced. Therefore, in the winter and spring low temperature season, the growth of front face vegetables is generally poor, and it often becomes a hidden place and source of transmission of diseases.
Therefore, to improve the sealing of the front face of the greenhouse, it is recommended to start from the following aspects.
First of all, digging a "cold ditch" in front of the shed can reduce heat loss, especially conducive to the growth of vegetables in front of the shed.
Secondly, the front face skeleton should be installed flat, and the front face and skeleton should be completely soft packed. To ensure the flatness of the front face skeleton can be achieved by welding the angle iron on the front face steel pipe, and the neatness of the skeleton is achieved by the neat corner iron stuck to the top of the skeleton. The columns, steel pipes and the top of the skeleton of the front face should be wrapped with soft materials such as old clothes and waste fabrics to prevent hard objects on the front face from breaking the shed film under the squeeze of the shed cover.
Again, lay a protective curtain on the outside of the front face. There are usually two kinds of protective curtains, one is an old grass curtain and the other is a non-woven fabric. However, the use of non-woven fabrics as protective curtains has a better effect. Its installation method is: first determine the width of the non-woven fabric, the upper end is generally more than the corner of the front face of about 20 cm, the bottom reaches the ground after leaving 20 cm. Then put on a steel wire on the top side of the non-woven fabric, fastening one end and removable at the other end. Pull up the front face to protect it when you use it, and drop it to the ground when you are not in use.
In addition, in order to improve the protective effect, another layer of film can be laid in the corner of the front face where the wear is the most, and an insulation film can also be installed inside the front face to block the cold air entering from the broken place.
East-west gable insulation
The protection of the gables on both sides of the greenhouse is generally covered with plastic film, one to prevent rain from washing and destroying the wall, and the other to block the wind from penetrating the wall, which is conducive to the insulation of the shed. However, vegetable farmers can easily step on the film on the gable when they go up to the shed to collect grass and let the wind go. After the film is leaked, not only will the thermal insulation effect be affected, but the rain will also wash the wall along the hole, causing damage and affecting the service life of the gable.
For this situation, it is recommended to cover the film of the shed gable with another layer of non-woven fabric, so that not only can it avoid directly stepping on the film when going up and down the shed, but also resist the cold wind in winter and keep the greenhouse warm, which is both worry-free and practical. It should be noted that this layer of non-woven fabric must be fixed and can be compacted by discarded cement columns to prevent being blown by strong winds.
Insulation of the shed
The entrance to the greenhouses in different areas is different, some are located in the front face, some are located on the back side of the gable, and some are located on the back wall. If the shed is located in the front face, it is recommended to build a bed of grass or insulation quilt outside the door to reduce the heat dissipation; if the shed is on the back side of the gable, the insulation curtain can be set on both sides of the passage; set on the back wall, it is best to build a shed hut, which can be used as a storage room and can avoid cold wind blowing into the shed.
Link: Key points of vegetable management in sheds after cold tide
Avoid drastic changes in temperature and light gradually increase light, increase shed temperature, and avoid environmental changes too quickly. After the cold wave, the weather is clear, the light is strong, the temperature rises quickly, and the plant has not yet recovered, and the rapid heating will only aggravate the vegetable damage, and it is necessary to gradually increase the light, increase the temperature, and ensure that the leaf function is gradually restored. If the vegetable farmer is in the cold damage or frost damage, the temperature is immediately raised after a sunny day, resulting in excessive temperature in the shed, the change before and after is too intense, and there is no time to recover after the leafy tissue is damaged, but it is affected by high temperature, the harm is further aggravated, and symptoms such as leaf dryness occur.
Strengthen fertilizer water management After the plant is damaged by cold, do not immediately water the fertilizer, you can apply suspended calcium, nutrients, etc. 3-4 days after the weather turns better, with high nitrogen full water soluble fertilizer, promote root regeneration. In addition, it is also necessary to pay attention to foliar topdressing, which can be sprayed immediately after the damage of suspended calcium 1000 times, algic acid 500 times, sugar 200 times, etc., which can immediately supplement leaf nutrition and promote leaf function recovery.
Timely prevention and control of diseases and insects after cold pests, vegetable disease resistance is reduced, easy to cause disease epidemics, such as gray mold disease, root rot, etc., should pay attention to timely disease prevention and control. For diseases such as fungi that are mainly transmitted by air, it is possible to use air disinfection tablets to reduce the spread of germs. If the disease has already occurred, it is necessary to use the drug spray in advance, and do not wait until the outbreak of the disease to prevent and control.
After the prevention of drug damage is cloudy and sunny, the greenhouse vegetables should not immediately spray chemical pesticides that are prone to drug damage. The leaves of vegetables cannot even be photosynthetic due to poor photosynthesis for a long time on cloudy days, resulting in thinning, yellow and tender vegetable leaves, weak fiber tissue, and poor drug resistance, at this time spraying is easy to cause harm to vegetables. Therefore, even after the sudden release of clouds on a cloudy day, we must be careful and cautious, do not rush to spray, it is best to spray again on 1 to 2 days of sunny days, at this time the vegetables have adapted to environmental changes, the ability to resist stress is strengthened, and there will be no more drug damage.
Greenhouse "front face" poor environment early improvement early benefit
@ Vegetable Farmer A: Once the low temperature season comes, the "front face" of the greenhouse becomes the hardest hit area, and once the prevention and control is not timely, it will spread to the shed. I planted tomatoes, a few days ago found that the greenhouse "front face", a small number of fruits rotted and smelly, due to the small number, they were picked and thrown outside the shed, before there was time to take medicine, who knows after rain, the number of rotten fruits immediately increased.
@ Vegetable Farmer B: Dig 1.5 meters under my greenhouse, in winter, the "front face" sees less light, humidity, low temperature, such an environment, not suitable for vegetable growth, but conducive to the occurrence of diseases. After the early spring stubble vegetable lai colonization every year, the vegetable lai at the "front face" grows thin and has poor fruit retention ability, which has a greater impact on the overall income of the greenhouse.
@ Vegetable Farmer C: The temperature at the "front face" of the winter greenhouse is low, the growth of vegetables is weak, and the overall resistance is poor. If you leave fruit without considering the growth of the plant, and leave fruit like a robust plant, it will make the plant burden heavier and the chance of infection with diseases is greater.
As the vegetable farmer friend said, the winter greenhouse "front face" at the low temperature, humidity, in addition to environmental factors, there are also vegetable farmers themselves improper operation, such as poor shed film drip, blindly increase planting density, plants close to the "front face" and so on, are not conducive to the normal growth of vegetables. So, how to improve the environment in front of the face? The author believes that we should start from the following aspects.
Reduce planting density
Compared with the arch shed, the effective planting area of the greenhouse is small, so when the vegetable farmers plant, they will always use the corners and corners, such as the back wall, the "front face" and other places, and will also plant vegetables, especially the "front face", the plant is not only close to the front face wall, but also in the operation line has also been colonized, increasing the planting density.
Increasing the planting density of "front face" vegetables has less impact on non-digging or digging depths within 0.5 meters, but for those with deep digging depths, vegetables are lighted for a short time and are closed between plants. It is recommended that vegetable farmers should appropriately adjust the planting density according to the conditions of the shed to ensure that the air permeability between plants is good and the light is uniform.
Reduce humidity
Because the shed film has a droplet nature, if the measures are not in place, it is easy to cause the "front face" of the greenhouse to become a gathering place of shed film water, which will cause the plants here to be in a high humidity environment for a long time and induce various diseases. It is recommended that vegetable farmers cover the "front face" wall by using film, non-woven fabric, etc., or directly fix it with cement boards, and at the same time, set up a drainage device to direct the water flow of the shed film to one end of the shed.
Raise the temperature
The temperature at the "front face" changes significantly, the temperature is lower than other places in the shed, especially when the cold wave comes, the temperature at the "front face" will be lower, often causing vegetables to be frost damaged. It is recommended that vegetable farmers should take additional measures, such as hanging the film inside, putting it down during the day and hanging it at night; at the same time, the outside of the "front face" of the greenhouse, after the insulation quilt is lowered, and then covered with a layer of non-woven fabric or old grass, will play a role in heat preservation.
Plum dormancy is coming And winter pruning is just in time
Plums are deciduous fruit trees that are about to enter their dormancy period (late December to early February), and the focus of overwintering management is winter pruning. Due to the terrain and climate in Chongqing, the main heart-shaped tree is pushed out and the stem is 40-60 cm. Leave 3-4 main branches, evenly distributed, pull the branches at an open angle of 50-60 degrees, arrange 3-4 side branches left and right of each main branch, and equip the side branches with an appropriate amount of fruit plantations. After the young tree is dried, it should be gently pruned and slowly placed in winter, leaving a long branch every 30-40 cm on the main branch, and part of the branches should be removed when it is too dense, so as to facilitate ventilation and light transmission; the winter shears of the tree during the fruiting period are mainly sparse, try to make the branches 30-40 cm, cut off the dense branches, diseased insect branches, cross branches from the base, cut off the old branches to leave new branches; the aging tree should be retracted in time, re-pruned or thinned, and some obviously aging large lateral branches can be sawn off from the base, and new branches can be extracted from near the wound, and new fruit branches can be cultivated. At the same time, it is also necessary to strengthen fertilizer water management and pest control. During the pruning process, the large part of the cut is evenly applied with the healing agent for protective treatment, and after pruning, 3-5 baumedo stone sulfur compound is sprayed in time to clear the garden, and the trunk is whitened after the spring to prevent and control pests and diseases.
How to prevent frost damage of greenhouse seedlings in winter
Gradually exercising seedlings before colonization of greenhouse vegetables can improve the resistance of seedlings to adverse environments. The cold resistance and drought tolerance of the trained seedlings are enhanced, and the seedling period is short after colonization.
Gradually exercising seedlings before colonization of greenhouse vegetables can improve the resistance of seedlings to adverse environments. The cold resistance and drought tolerance of the trained seedlings are enhanced, and the seedling period is short after colonization. Here's how:
In the 7 to 10 days before colonization, gradually reduce the temperature in the nursery site, control the water, stop heating, if the electric hotline to heat the seedlings, should stop the power, gradually increase ventilation, gradually remove the covered grass curtain, to the colonization 3 to 4 days before the removal should be completely removed. The temperature in the nursery site during the day is controlled at 15 °C ~ 20 °C, and at night 5 °C ~ 10 °C. Generally do not water during this period of time, if the seedlings in some places at noon appear wilting, you can only water less water at any time in the wilted place, so that the seedlings can slow down. Do not water heavily to prevent excessive humidity from causing the seedlings to grow.
In the stage of training seedlings, it is necessary to prevent frost damage to seedlings. You should always pay attention to listening to the local weather forecast, and when there is a cold current, you should do a good job of cold protection and heat preservation at any time. In order to prevent frost damage at the seedling stage, the cold resistance of seedlings should be improved, light should be enhanced, water control and rational fertilization should be improved. At the same time, pay attention to cold insulation work, especially in the weather with cold currents, you should pay more attention. Snow water and rainwater should also be prevented from seeping into the seedbed. In the morning, the grass curtain should be opened to pay attention to the change of seedlings, and it is found that the seedlings have slight frost damage, and harvest measures should be taken in time.
New technology helps fertilize overwintering spinach
Apply foot-based fertilizer. Overwintering spinach has a long growth period, and in order to prevent defertilization, the base fertilizer must be applied in sufficient. Generally, organic fertilizer and all phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied as the whole layer of base fertilizer, and then the land is prepared for furrows.
Control nitrogen fertilizer. The standard for fertilizer management before wintering spinach is to ensure that spinach grows 4-5 true leaves before wintering. Because spinach with 4-5 true leaves has the strongest cold resistance, too large or too small is susceptible to frost damage. Therefore, if the sowing period is appropriate and the fertilizer is sufficient, the application of nitrogen fertilizer should be properly controlled before wintering to prevent the seedlings from growing and the accumulation of dry matter and sugar from suffering frost damage. If the sowing is too late or the soil is insufficient, the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer can be considered to promote the growth of seedlings to ensure that spinach overwinters at the appropriate seedling age.
Timely topdressing. After wintering, it must be carried out before spinach is pumped to flower. Because of the topdressing at this time, it can extend the flowering time of spinach pumping, which is conducive to improving the yield and quality of spinach. Topdressing must be carried out at the same time as the application of vegetable strong stems, which can activate the positive energy of plant ecological growth, broaden the path of plant catheters, improve the strength of plant water absorption and fertilizer absorption, and improve yield and quality.
Use ammonium nitrogen fertilizers with caution. Spinach is sensitive to ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, the production season of overwintering spinach is in the junction period of autumn and winter and winter and spring, at this time the soil temperature is low, the digestion of the soil is very weak, so it is best to use less ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and appropriately use more nitrate nitrogen fertilizer.
Animal husbandry and aquatic technology
Prevention and control of major fish diseases in winter
In winter, the water temperature is low, the fish activity is reduced, the feeding is less, and the occurrence of fish diseases is relatively small, so the prevention and control of fish diseases is easily ignored. In fact, winter is also a season with a high incidence of fish diseases, if you do not strengthen prevention, it will cause great economic losses to fishery production, especially for high-density fish species wintering ponds. The prevention and control methods of several fish diseases that often occur in winter and are more harmful are introduced as follows.
Erythroderma
The disease is caused by infection with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Local or most of the bleeding on the surface of the diseased fish is inflamed, the scales fall off, especially the sides of the fish body and the abdomen are the most obvious, all the fins are congested, the ends of the fins are rotten, there is a "moth fin" phenomenon, sometimes the upper and lower jaws and gills of the fish are also hyperemia and inflammation, and even the phenomenon of "opening the skylight" occurs. Sick fish move slowly, unresponsively, and swim weakly alone on the surface. The disease mainly harms grass carp, bluefish, carp, crucian carp, tuantou bream and so on.
Prevention and control methods: (1) The average water depth per mu of water surface is 1 meter, and the whole pool of "strong bacteriotoxicity" is sprinkled with 50 ml, sprinkled every 15 days, which can play a preventive effect; when treated, the average water depth of each mu of water surface is 1 meter with "strong bacterial poisoning" 100 ml of the whole pool, if the condition is serious, it is sprinkled again every other day; (2) use the "strong bacterial poisoning" medicinal bath, the concentration is 0.3 mg / liter, and the medicinal bath is 10 minutes.
Water mold disease
The disease mainly occurs during a period of time when the fish have just entered the overwintering pond, due to the injury of the fish body, the loss of scales, and the invasion of water mold when merging ponds or pulling nets. The surface hyphae of the diseased fish multiply and grow into clumps, cotton-wool, white or off-white. The mycelium destroys the fish body tissue, increases the mucus of the skin, makes the sick fish irritable, swimming abnormally, swimming slowly, appetite loss, and finally thin and dead.
Prevention and control methods: (1) to prevent fish body injuries in the process of fishing, transportation and stocking; (2) to wash the fish body with 3% to 5% salt water before the fish go to the pond, and pay attention to the appropriate stocking density; (3) when preventing, the average water depth per mu of water surface is 1 meter and the whole pond is sprinkled with "virulent bacteria net" 100 grams of chemical water; (4) during treatment, the average water depth of 1 meter per mu of water surface is sprinkled with "poison bacteria net" 150 grams of the whole pond. Each kilogram of feed is mixed with "virulent net" 10 grams for feeding, 2 times a day, continuous use for 5 days.
Small melon worm disease
The disease is caused by multi-child melon worms parasitizing the skin and gills. Many small white dots can be seen with the naked eye on the surface of the body, fins or gills of the diseased fish, and in severe cases, the fish body is covered with a white film. The sick fish are emaciated, swim sluggishly, float on the surface of the water, sometimes cluster around the pool, and the fish body is constantly rubbing against other objects, and soon dies.
Prevention methods: (1) during prevention, dilute 2000 times the whole pool with 10 ml to 15 ml of "insecticidal star" at a water depth of 1 meter per mu, and (2) dilute 2000 times the whole pool with 20 ml of "insecticidal star" 20 ml at a water depth of 1 meter per mu during treatment.
Three generations of insect disease
The disease is caused by three generations of insects invading the skin, fins, gills, severe diseased fish have a layer of gray and white mucus membrane on the skin, and lose the original luster, the state is uneasy, often swimming wildly, mainly endangering juvenile fish.
Prevention and control methods: (1) do a good job of clearing the pond and strengthen the daily feeding management; (2) soak the fish fingerlings with 20×10-6 potassium permanganate solution for 15 to 30 minutes before stocking.
Oblique tubeworm disease
The disease is caused by the parasitism of intracerula on the skin or gills of fish. The surface and gills of the diseased fish secrete a large amount of mucus due to stimulation, forming a light gray film, which affects the breathing function of the fish and causes the fish to die due to breathing difficulties. It mainly endangers overwintering fingerlings and broodstock; when fry are sick, they sometimes have symptoms of mud dragging. Prevention and control method: take lime to thoroughly clear the pond for disinfection.
Myxosporidiosis
The disease is caused by the invasion of myxosporidium. Myxosporidium often invades the skin and gill flaps in large quantities, parasitizes in the gill epidermal tissue and continues to grow and multiply, forming many gray-white dot-like sacs, which damage the gill tissue, affects the ventilatory function of the fish, and seriously infects the fish.
Prevention methods: prevention: (1) use quicklime 125 kg /mu to completely clear the pond to kill the spores in the silt; (2) kill the pond with lime nitrogen 100 kg/mu; (3) soak with 500×10-6 potassium permanganate solution for 30 minutes before stocking. Treatment: (1) Sprinkle with 0.5 to 1× 10-6 crystals of dimethopods in the whole pool, and use it for 2 to 3 days for a course of treatment, and use two courses of treatment continuously. It is effective in the treatment of carp iodine vesicle disease; (2) sprinkling with 1 to 2 × 10-6 sporine whole pond can effectively prevent and control this disease.
Wilt disease
The disease is caused by a lack of nutrients. Sick fish are manifested as thin body, ribs exposed, head and tail small, swimming weakness, in the sunny noon, often floating still on the surface of the water basking in the sun, when frightened sink slowly, the disease light affects the quality of fish species, heavy causes a large number of fish deaths.
Prevention and control methods: (1) strengthen feeding management, winter non-stop eating, as long as the water temperature rises to 10 ° C, continue to feed, generally based on concentrates, feeding amount accounts for 3% to 5% of the weight of the pond fish is appropriate; (2) feed to add some nutritional health agents, such as adding 1 gram of aquatic special vitamin C per kilogram of feed, can enhance the immunity of the fish body, enhance feeding ability, and effectively prevent the occurrence of the disease.
Anchor-headed flea disease
The pathogens of the disease are polymorphic anchor-headed fleas, carp anchor-headed fleas, flea anchor-headed fleas, etc., which mainly parasitize the fish body, making the surrounding tissues inflamed and red and swollen, affecting eating and breathing, causing death.
Control methods: (1) clear the pond with quicklime, which can kill the anchor head flea larvae; (2) the stocked fish species can be soaked with 10 to 20 × 10-6 potassium permanganate solution for 10 minutes to 30 minutes; (3) use green pine wool or maple poplar leaves, 10 kg to 15 kg per mu of medicine, tied into 5 bundles to 6 bundles, and hang around the dining ground.
Pig winter management points
Covered plastic. Plastic sheds were built in the enclosure. Plastic shed has good light transmittance, can concentrate temperature, can improve the sher temperature of about 5 ° C ~ 7 ° C, while the plastic shed has less investment, easy to produce, fast results and other characteristics. Farmers can generally follow the pen mode, adapt to local conditions, and build ridge-shaped, umbrella-shaped, arched or single-slope sunny plastic greenhouses above the pens. Leave a movable ventilation window above the south surface for adjusting the temperature and ventilation, and ventilate and ventilate in time. The plastic shed can improve the shed temperature by about 5 °C, which is conducive to the growth and weight gain of pigs. After entering the winter, the pig house must block the wind tunnel, hang grass curtains, paste the windows, and prevent the wind outlets such as rat holes, cracks, gaps, and broken roofs in the circle from blowing into the "wind through the hall" and "thief wind".
Pig barn with insulation. The height of the closed pig barn canopy is 1.8 to 2 meters from the ground, and the sawdust and rice husk are added to the shed, and the ground is paved with grass for the pigs to lie down. A vent is left in every two rooms of the canopy to discharge ammonia and moisture from the house.
The pig house is kept dry. The greater the humidity of the pig house, the more cold the pig feels, and it is very easy to cause skin diseases, respiratory diseases, infectious diseases and parasitic diseases of pigs. In order to prevent moisture and rain leakage, the house should be frequently changed hay and loose soil, the pig should be allowed to urinate and urinate at a fixed point, keep the pig lying down clean and dry, provide a comfortable living environment for the pig, and promote the growth and development and health of the winter pig.
Increase feeding density. When the rearing density is high, the footprint of each pig is reduced, and they can be considerate of each other when lying down. At the same time, when the pig feeding density is large, their body heat dissipation is also increased, which is conducive to increasing the temperature in the pig house.
Add bed slats. In the piglet stage, where there are conditions, it is best to use warm bed boards such as wooden boards, bamboo boards, and thickened fiber boards, and cement prefabricated boards can be laid where there are no conditions.
Increase the number of feeds. The purpose of increasing the number of feedings is to relatively increase the amount of food intake to fill the weight deficit caused by the low temperature caused by the body fat and muscle metabolism thermogenesis of the pig. Where conditions permit, it is best to take free food intake. Where you set the feeding, you can add one more feeding in the evening. It can be increased by about 10% on the basis of the original feed energy level. Big pig lows, piglet highs. Piglets can add grease high-energy feed, and large pigs can increase the amount of ordinary energy feed such as corn in the compound.
The cold wave is coming, so take care of the sheep
Cold days as promised, at this time the pasture is mostly withered, the nutritional value is low, and this time is at most of the ewe pregnancy, breeding sheep into the first wintering period, the sheep demand for nutrients more, once the feeding management is not properly managed it is easy to lose fat. Experts remind: The following basic links must be grasped in production.
Repairing the sheep house requires sitting north to south, sufficient sunshine, air circulation, dry and hygienic, good thermal performance, to ensure that the roof does not leak rain, the four sides are not airtight, and the ground is not humid. The sheep barn that leaks rain and breathes wind should be repaired in time. Hang grass curtains or cotton curtains at the outlets and vents of the sheep barn to prevent the intrusion of "thief wind".
Reasonable grazing winter in addition to heavy snow weather, should adhere to daily grazing, especially in the early winter, dry leaves are still relatively rich, hardy plants also grow, then we must pay close attention to grazing, late out and early return, let the sheep try to eat as much grass as possible. When grazing, it is necessary to choose a pasture land that is sheltered from the wind and the sun and has a good water source, and insist on coming out of the wind and returning to the wind, so that the sheep can gradually adapt to the cold.
Timely supplementary feeding in the dry grass period, sheep rely on grazing alone is difficult to meet nutritional needs, it is advisable to implement half-day grazing, half-day supplementary feeding. In this way, it can not only reduce physical exertion, but also help to preserve and increase fat. Winter and spring supplementary hay, mostly peanut stalks, bean straw, wild grasses, etc., an adult sheep feeds 0.5 to 1.0 kg per day. If the number of sheep is small, the grass can be placed in the basket, and then the basket can be hoisted up to feed; when the number of sheep is large, the grass can be fed by homemade grass racks, and the grass can also be bundled up and hung at a height where the sheep can eat. Supplementary feeding concentrate can be composed of cereal flour, corn flour, rice bran, bean cake, etc., which is fed once in the evening, and each adult sheep is fed 0.2 to 0.3 kg per day.
Pay attention to the fetal protection of pregnant ewes should pay attention to the work of fetal protection, do not be too tired when grazing, walk slowly, do not jump trenches, do not climb steep slopes, do not take ice lanes, do not frighten the sheep; when returning to grazing, we must control the flock and avoid rushing; the entrance and exit of the pen door should be stable, and the crowd should be strictly prevented from causing miscarriage.
How to improve the efficiency of duck farming in winter
Duck farming in winter, due to the influence of climate and environment and other factors, is prone to high production costs, low survival rates, and unsatisfactory economic benefits. Based on years of investigation and practice, the author introduces the problems that need to be solved to improve the efficiency of winter duck farming.
Hygiene and disinfection
Sanitation and disinfection is an important part of the basic management of duck farming. Entering the winter, the weather is changeable, rain and snow are more, and the temperature drops, resulting in a decrease in the adaptability and resistance of the duck. Therefore, sanitation and disinfection must be timely, thorough and effective. Special attention should be paid to the environmental hygiene and disinfection of the duck house to prevent the ducks from being infected with diseases and poor growth in the early stage. Disinfecting the ducks in the duck house every day is conducive to the purification of the ground, mat grass and air in the duck house, and prevents the small and medium ducks from being infected with infectious serositis in ducks through the respiratory tract and damage to the skin.
Most of the living space of the winter duck flock is indoors, and the cleaning of the indoor hygiene of the duck house is the key to solving the overall health level of winter breeding. Practice has proved that the drying and hygiene of mat grass directly affects the weight gain and feed-meat ratio of commercial ducks. Wet mat grass produces a large amount of ammonia, causing air pollution in duck houses, leading to epidemics of diseases in duck flocks, affecting growth and development.
Temperature and ventilation
To correctly solve and deal with temperature, ventilation problems and the relationship between the two in winter will directly affect the overall production level. In general farms, thermal insulation is mainly regulated by simple fires, agricultural films, etc., and the indoor temperature of ducks of different day-olds should be strictly adjusted in accordance with the requirements of technical standards. Before the age of 7 days, the temperature is 34 °C ~ 27 °C; 8 days old ~ 21 days old, the temperature is 26 °C ~ 18 °C; 22 days old to the listing, room temperature (15 °C ~ 20 °C).
Ventilation or not should be determined according to the concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide in the duck house, generally entering the duck house does not feel dazzling and breathing difficulties, etc., and the temperature is suitable, can be used in the duck house roof above the safety ventilation facilities to open a small ventilation hole for small airflow ventilation; if you enter the duck house feel dazzling and breathing difficulties, indicating that the concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide in the air is too high, you should find the cause, such as the dryness of the mat grass, the hygiene status of the drinking water feeder, disinfection and other situations. Problems should be dealt with in time, while opening the roof ventilation facilities or ventilation holes, atmospheric circulation of air, do not carry out longitudinal and horizontal ventilation, resulting in a sudden decrease in indoor temperature, resulting in a cold in the duck flock.
Drinking water and water temperature control
Water is a necessary substance in the growth process of ducks, and it should always be ensured that ducks are provided with easy to ingest, clean and hygienic drinking water, while paying attention to the temperature of drinking water, especially during brooding. The ideal drinking water temperature of the young duck is 20 ° C ~ 25 ° C; the ideal drinking water temperature of the adult duck is 10 ° C or slightly above. Do not let ducks drink ice water in winter. If the duck's water intake is reduced, 24 hours to 28 hours will cause the duck to eat less, which will affect the growth rate, and the duck population's resistance to disease will be reduced accordingly.
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