Throughout history, people have made a number of comments, and historical research is only speculation in the literature and commentary based on historical records. There are different views, and from the works of the literati and inkers, they can also be evaluated one or two. The Warring States period is a relatively chaotic era in Chinese history, those that are not known to us, if we can carefully taste in the works of art, it seems that we can also speculate about one or two, and what is the historical history shown by the Qing Dynasty painter Wu Li in his works - the famous painting of the concept of history.
Wu Li's "Character Story Map" book
Illustrated by: Wu Li [Qing]
Dimensions: Length 32.3cm, Width 21.3cm (8 open total)
Material: silk, color
Collection: The Palace Museum, Beijing
The "Character Story Map" volume is the work of Wu Li, a famous painter in the early Qing Dynasty, with a total of 8 openings, each opening is a character painting based on a historical story in the "History of History", and the original text of the related story in the "History" is written on the opposite page. The 8 openings are Mao Sui's self-recommendation ("Plain Junyu Qing Lie Biography"), Qu Yuan's Miluo Riverside Fu "Departure from Sorrow" ("Qu Yuan Jia Sheng Lie Biography"), Xinling Junyi Men's Visit to Xian ("Wei Gongzi Lie Biography"), Yi Shui's Farewell Map ("Assassin Column Biography"), Chun Yu Jie Qi Wei Wang Tu ("Funny Column Biography"), Lin Xiangru's Complete BiGui Zhao Tu ("Lian Po Lin Xiang Ru Lie Biography") Qin Shi Huang Taishan Feng "Five Doctors" Song Tu ("Qin Shi Huang Ben Ji") Zhang Liang BoLang Sha One Strike Map ("Liu Hou Shi Jia").
● Wu Li's "Character Story Map" book "Lin Xiangru Complete Bi Return to Zhao Tu"
"Lin Xiangru Complete Bi Gui Zhao Tu" was created based on the historical facts recorded in the "History of Lian Po Lin Xiang Ru Lie". The picture depicts the scene of Lin Xiangru and the King of Qin arguing on the court. Above the hall, Lin Xiangru stood in front of the pillar holding a jade bi, his brow furrowed, as if he was about to damage the jade bi. The King of Qin was in the middle of the hall, and two attendants spread out the map of the Qin State, and the King of Qin was pointing out the city to be ceded to the Zhao State to stabilize Lin Xiang's mood. The image of Lin Xiang in the painting is mighty and indomitable, highlighting his awe-inspiring righteousness and unworthy of his mission.
Warring States in the Chronicles of History
The Warring States period, which began in 475 BC and lasted until Qin Shi Huang unified the country in 221 AD, was a period of division and turmoil in Chinese history, as well as a period of great social change. In the meantime, many influential figures have emerged, who have stirred up the storm in the chaotic world, staged a scene of songs and weeping stories, and left their names in history.
● Warring States chaos, Seven Heroes appeared
The Warring States period was a period of long-term division and turmoil in Chinese history. The Zhou royal family continued to decline when it entered the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and some powerful princely states no longer regarded the Zhou royal family in their eyes, and successively dominated and usurped the royal power.
In order to compete for more land and population, the princely states actively waged wars to annex small countries to achieve expansion. Within the princely states, in the process of developing production and annexation wars, the Qing Dynasty constantly accumulated strength and became a political force that could compete with the princes, and they interfered in the government and turned the monarch into a puppet of their control of the country. The phenomenon of "government out of private doors" is most prominently manifested in the Jin and Qi states.
The State of Jin was once one of the "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period" and was powerful, but at this time, the power of the domestic Qing Dafu posed a serious threat to the status of the monarch, and the six Qing Dafus of the Fan, Zhongxing, Zhi, Han, Zhao, and Wei clan controlled the military and political power of the Jin State, forming a situation of "six secretaries are strong, and the office is inferior". Liuqing fell in love with each other, and by 453 BC, the three families of Wei, Zhao, and Han jointly defeated the Zhi clan, and laughed to the end in the political game of Liuqing, and the three of them divided the territory of the Jin state, which was the "three families divided into Jin".
The State of Qi was originally a fiefdom given to Jiang Shang at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, and had always been under the administration of the Jiang clan, but by the Warring States period, its strength declined, and its authority gradually fell into the hands of the Xiangguo Tian clan. In 391 BC, Tian He expelled the monarch Qi Kang and usurped power. In 386 BC, Zhou Tianzi was forced to officially list him as a prince. In 379 BC, Duke Qi Kang died, and the Tian clan still used "Qi" as the national name, which was "Tian Shi Dai Qi".
These two important historical events announced that the seven protagonists of the Warring States period had ascended the historical stage (Tian Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Han), and were known in history as the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States". Other weak and small countries can only survive in the cracks between the seven countries, and the seven heroes have one more goal given by the times, that is, reunification.
● The wave of law change, the rise of the Qin state
In order to satisfy the desire for expansion, Qixiong strives to enrich the country and strengthen the army, and successively changes the law. In 445 BC, Marquis Wen of Wei of the State of Wei ascended the throne. Soon after, he appointed Li Wu as his chancellor. With the support of Marquis Wenhou of Wei, Li Wu took the lead in changing the law in the State of Wei, making the State of Wei a powerful country in the early Warring States period. The State of Wei launched several wars to test the results of the transformation of the law, and gained a lot, not only expanding its territory, but also establishing prestige among the princes.
Other countries saw the good effect of the Wei state's change of law and followed suit. The Wuqi change law of the Chu State, the Korean Shen non-harmful change law, and the Zhao Wuling King's implementation of the Hu costume riding and shooting, especially the Qin State's Shang Martingale Transformation Law, pushed the originally weak Qin State onto the fast track of development, making the Qin State a powerful country among the seven heroes.
Among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, the national strength of the Qin State is still far from that of the various countries, and it is invaded by neighboring countries from time to time. After Duke Xiao of Qin ascended the throne, he was not willing to accept the annexation of the State of Qin by other countries, and was determined to change the law and become stronger. Under the auspices of Shang Martin, the State of Qin successively changed the law twice, abolished the old system, and implemented a new political, economic, and military system suited to the social development of the State of Qin. What is even more valuable is that although after the death of Qin Xiaogong, Shang Martin was sentenced to the punishment of car splitting for touching the interests of the old nobles in the change of law, the monarch of the Qin State still unswervingly carried out Shang Martin's reform measures.
● Jing Ke thorn Qin, the song of the heroes
In the midst of these two hundred years of turmoil, many legendary figures have successively stepped onto the great stage of the Warring States, and sima Qian, the great historian of the Western Han Dynasty, vividly described their deeds when he wrote China's first general history of the Chronicle of History, so that they could leave their names in history in a unique way.
● Wu Li's "Character Story Map" book of "Easy Water Farewell Map"
The painter chose the scene of Yishui's farewell when creating, and the environment of the cold smoke and fading grass on the yishui side further set off the desolate and tragic atmosphere.
"Yi Shui Farewell Map" is based on the story of "Jing Ke Thorn Qin" in the "Chronicle of assassins". Sima Qian had sympathy and respect for the Assassins who had the spirit of renxia, and specially wrote a message for them. Jing Ke was listed as the first of the four great assassins of the Warring States, and he was inspired by the grace of Dan, the prince of the Yan kingdom, to assassinate the Qin king Yingzheng, and eventually died in the qin kingdom hall.
After the rise of the State of Qin, it began to annex the Six Kingdoms one by one, destroyed Korea and the State of Zhao successively, and attacked the State of Yan. At this time, Prince Dan, who was in charge of the Yan State, wanted to force the King of Qin to retreat by assassinating him. Someone recommended to him the brave and resourceful warrior Jing Ke. Crown Prince Dan treated Jing Ke with courtesy and asked him to assassinate the King of Qin. Jing Ke was grateful to Prince Dan for his kindness, knew that he could not do it, and agreed to assassinate the King of Qin.
In order to get close to the King of Qin, Jing Ke proposed that the State of Yan pretend to sacrifice the anointed land of Tuo Kang (in present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei) to seek peace, and Jing Ke would carry the map of Tuo Kang into the Qin King to get the opportunity to assassinate. At the same time, in order to gain the trust of the King of Qin, Jing Ke suggested that Prince Dan sacrifice Fan Yu's head. Fan Yu was a Qin general who fled to the State of Yan for offending the King of Qin, and Prince Dan took him in. Crown Prince Dan could not bear to kill Fan Yu Period, and Jing Ke had no choice but to find Fan Yu Period, and he knew great righteousness to him, and Fan Yu Drew His Sword and Killed Himself. Jing Ke then took the map of Du Kang and the head of Fan Yu period and embarked on the road to the Qin state for assassination. Prince Dan and his protégés, dressed in white clothes and white hats, went to the yishui river to send off Jing Ke. The musician Gao Wei, who is also a chivalrous man, gradually left to drink with wine and jing ke to build for it, and Jing Ke looked at the rushing yi shui and sang with indignation: "The wind is xiao xiao and the water is cold, and the strong man will not return once he is gone." ”
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Jing Ke and his assistant Qin Wuyang met with the King of Qin, and Jing Ke presented him with a map of Dou Kang, and as the scroll slowly unfolded, a dagger quenched with poison was revealed. Jing Ke took the dagger and stabbed at the King of Qin, but unfortunately did not stab it, and was killed by the Qin King's bodyguards.
Whether the ancients were poets or painters, these artistic literati expressed their views on current affairs in a different way, through poetry and songs or their clever pens, showing the emotional transmission of the characters portrayed by the portrayal of the author, so that future generations can understand and understand from them, the benevolent see the benevolent, the wise see the wise, and you comment on the storm...
Wu Calendar (1632–1718)
Famous painter of the Qing Dynasty. His real name is Qi Li, yushan and taoxi residents. Because there is a Yanzi Ink Well where he lives, he is also called the Ink Well Road Person. Jiangsu Changshu people. It is one of the "Six Houses of the Early Qing Dynasty". Learn to paint at an early age, learn the piano a little longer. In his early years, he interacted with Western priests and priests. In 1681, Wu Li decided to accompany Father Bo Yingli to Rome to see the Pope, and originally wanted to go to Europe by Dutch ship through Macao, but he had already arrived in Macau, but he could not make the trip, so he stayed in Macao for about 5 months. In 1682, he joined the Society of Jesus in Macau, was baptized as Simon Xavier, and followed the custom to take the Portuguese name Yaguna. He lives in St. Paul's Church, sings and paints, and has works such as "Yushan Pocket Album", "Bai Chuan Xiangjiang Picture Scroll", "Autumn Mountain Autumn Leaf Map" and so on. At this time, his paintings obviously had a place to absorb the art of Western painting. At the same time, he also wrote the "Sam Ba Ji", which is named after the transliteration of st. Paul's Church in Macao, and his 30 "Macao Miscellaneous Songs", all related to Macao, are actually important literary historical materials in early Macao. He left Australia in 1682 and preached in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Died in Shanghai.
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