"The Biography of the Painter" ~ 300th article
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="2" > Wu Li's painting, "Six Houses of the Early Qing Dynasty". He was one of the first native Catholic missionaries. </h1>
Text/Lu Xiuhui
Wu Li (1632-1718), whose real name was Qi Li, was a resident of Yushan and Taoxi. Because of the Yanzi Mojing where he lived, he was also known as the Mojing Daoren, a native of Changshu, Jiangnan (now part of Jiangsu).
Wu Li's father, Wu Shijie, had three sons, Wu Li was the least, and he was still in his infancy, and his father Wu Shijie died of illness on the way to Hebei to serve and transport grain. His mother, Wang Xiaoren, observed the festival and raised three children alone, and her mother could be described as hardworking, devoted herself to the upbringing and education of Wu Li, so that Wu Li's deep attachment to her mother rippled throughout his life, and his mother became the protector of his childhood. Wu Li was able to learn poetry by worshipping Qian Qianyi and learning painting from Wang Jian and Wang Shimin. At that time, these people were well-known throughout the country, and they were giants in literary and artistic thought. When Wu Li was a teenager, it was the eventful autumn of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the Ming Dynasty, the Qing people went south, the rain and blood were ochre, the Hongguang regime, the Longwu regime, the Lu wang jianguo, the Shaowu regime and the Yongli regime lasted 18 years, all like ephemeral flowers. When the city of Yangzhou was destroyed, the Qing army carried out the appalling "Ten Days of Yangzhou" massacre, killing 800,000 soldiers and civilians; after the destruction of Jiading City in Jiangnan Province, the Qing army repeatedly slaughtered the city three times, known in history as the "Three Massacres of Jiading"; and Jiangyin, after 81 days of defending the city, was also slaughtered by the Qing army in retaliation, killing as many as 180,000 officials and civilians, and only 53 people outside the city became living mouths; Changshu also broke out an anti-Qing uprising, Wu Lishi said:
God exclaimed in the soul of the dream,
Hasty ascents are accompanied by wind.
The frost moon invades the body,
The peaks are dangerous and obstructive.
Gu Feng Lao Ma looked for a lost word,
Sneak to the mercy and ask for the holy bow.
At this time, the desolation is unspeakable,
The green mountains are hidden in the east of the white clouds.
Wu Li's two brothers ran to resist the Qing, and the widowed mother had to be taken care of by the young Wu Li. After Qian Qianyi returned to Changshu from Suzhou, he lived in Hongdou Mountain Villa, and secretly contacted the anti-Qing and Restoration forces in the southwest and southeast seas. Zheng Chenggong and Zhang Huangyan led the water master. When he reached Nanjing, Wu Li was also excited, but Zheng Chenggong's water division was quickly defeated, and the Yongli imperial court was eventually destroyed. The hardships of friends and friends are sad, and the desolation caused by the war and the hopelessness of regaining sight are even more disheartening. Under the shroud of the emotion of failure, Wu Li chose to go into hiding, and the remnants who had the ambition to regain their sight fell into despair again. In his poem, he writes:
Ten years of Ping traces are always unprovoked,
The weeping Xitai tears did not dry.
Everywhere desolate new first house,
How many people are worried about old clothes?
Riverside spring to poetry in,
The snow outside the seychelles is cold.
Today the dust of war continues,
Who indulges in the old fishing rod?
As a relict, Wu Li did not cooperate with the Manchu Qing after entering the Qing Dynasty, and embarked on a path of selling paintings and serving his mother, and he began to make a conscious religious choice as a Confucian. Wu Li's teacher, Chen Hu, was an orthodox Confucian scholar, and Chen Hu's study of the scriptures and his views on retreat did not affect Wu Li. Chen Hu, along with Tongli Lu Shiyi, Jiang Shishao, and Sheng Jing, was collectively known as "Mr. Taicang Four", a beginner in the late Ming and Qing dynasties. He came to Changshu,
It was because Mao Zi promoted him to be a disciple teacher, so he moved to the Hidden Lake Caotang and stayed in the Mao Family Sheng Hall for six years. Chen Hu's thoughts and remarks had a profound impact on Wu Li, and his Daoist doctrine of abstinence led Wu Li to have the idea of "in the chaotic times, Mingzhe protects himself", "No."
Fortunately in a chaotic world, but also hidden in the way of the body". At that time, the wind of "DaoYin" made Chen Hu's thought have a wide soil for survival, and Chen Hu's student Li Qiusun wanted to become a hermit in the mountains, and Chen Hu gathered his colleagues to donate money to help him. Confucianism is generally a philosophy of joining the world, and Chen Hu does not approve of the "Daoyin" way of life of escaping from the world and avoiding people and not producing anything. Helpless to current events, what can he do? Chen Hu wrote a poem to send to Li Qiusun:
Blue sky obliquely inserted green hibiscus,
Bu Zhugan is a Shido farmer.
The room has Lai's wife who can hide,
No bucket is compatible.
Cervy can be from the lone bamboo,
The valley is not Guan Mu Chi Song.
May the old good be with one heart,
Borrow 30,000 yuan to buy Qingfeng.
Wu Li's attitude toward Buddhism, like most orthodox Confucian intellectuals at that time, was shared outside of Confucianism. At the age of fifteen, Wu Li began to follow King Shimin of Taicang to begin his painting career. He was known for his paintings at the time and sold them for a living. Wu Li once went to Yangzhou, Wuxing, Liangxi and other places to sell paintings, the concept of "painting" at that time was professionalized with the market as the only purpose of painting and literati painting with the aesthetic taste and lifestyle of scholars as the core, literati painting is for art's sake, "poetry to reach my heart, painting to suit my will." "It's a kind of eroticism, an outpouring of temperament in a personal, intimate space, not something that serves someone else or the market." Wu Li's idea of "swimming in art" exceeds the aesthetic function of art, and even has the meaning of aesthetic redemption: "Using pen and ink is not a trivial matter." There must be no thought of the world, the algae snow chest hit, and then the pen. Nature and heaven and earth are full of anger, smoke and clouds are together, spitting out everything, all unsatisfactory. Wu Li said in the poem "Xikou":
Night dream hanging lonely boat, morning cooking soaked short diamond.
There are many leaks at the head of the bed, and the day is near.
I moved to the mouth of the stream, and the old man was white.
Every year there is a bitter spring rain, and this year is even more obscene.
The old house is in decline, and the voice is blocked.
There was no fire in the surroundings, and the wet clouds glanced at the color of the trees.
The short bed frog seat chirps, and the nest of the broken turtle is hidden.
How many more lu yan are stored, shall I sleep and eat?
Feng Huai bao Tiange? The Nine Heavy Thresholds of the King's Gate.
With the increase of age and the rapid changes in society, wu li came into contact with Catholicism after middle age and joined the Catholic Church. In the twentieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1681), Wu Li followed Priest Bai Yingli to Macau and planned to study in Europe. Bo Yingli is a Belgian and famous sinologist. He traveled back and forth between China and Europe, communicating with Eastern and Western cultures, importing Western religions and philosophies into China, introducing Chinese culture to European countries, and introducing religious knowledge to Chinese through his literary works. However, Wu Li's westward journey was unsuccessful and he joined the Jesuits in Macau in 1682.
In order to observe Catholic monogamy, Wu Li returned to the mainland, arranged the life of his second wife, and returned to Macau. I did two years of junior high school in Macau as a "beginner monk" and received rigorous training from the Jesuits. Every day except Sunday, the Constitution of the Society of Jesus, the methods of the Jesuits, the history of the Society of Jesus are practiced. In the morning, do meditation and recall by yourself, do introspection at noon, prepare meditation questions for the next day, and recite the Rosary. In the first year, to do a month's retreat exercise of Lord HuizuYi, except for the prescribed distraction time and lunch and dinner break, it is necessary to observe silence. Every morning after meditating, immediately after meditation, go to the church for Mass. I have to see my teacher several times a day to talk about spiritual practice and sacred learning. In addition, he visits patients and prisoners in hospitals or prisons, explains the essentials to children, practices speeches and studies Latin. After the tense and serious cultivation, Wu Li began to make three desperate wishes, absolute wealth, absolute beauty, obedience, and became a "reading monk".
At that time, in order to appease other ethnic groups and various religious beliefs and achieve the purpose of serving realpolitik, the Kangxi Emperor implemented a "Huairou policy" for religion, until around the death of Wu Li, the Holy See forbade Chinese believers to worship their ancestors and pay homage to Kong, which triggered a "dispute over etiquette", contradictions always broke out, and many years of strife and missionaryism were ordered by the Kangxi Emperor to prohibit foreigners from preaching in China. Later, this prohibition was inherited and strictly enforced by the later Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang emperors. As one of the three Chinese priests of the early Qing Dynasty, Wu Li, although he had died by this time, could not but have an impact on his death. Three or four years after his death, the Yongzheng Emperor, who had recently reigned, again ordered a strict ban on Catholicism, and churches and priests' cemeteries everywhere were also unceremonized, including the priests' cemeteries on the south bank of Lujiabang outside the Great South Gate of Shanghai.
After joining the Catholic Jesuits, Wu Li devoted himself to the work of the church, and for about 20 years he rarely painted. Therefore, in the history of art, it is generally believed that the peak of Wu Li's life's creation was between the ages of 40 and 50, and many of his masterpieces were written during this period. In 1684, Nanjing established the "Seminary for the Elderly" to teach the philosophy and theology of the nationality of the elderly who were preparing to be promoted to the priesthood. After completing his first studies at the Jesuits in Macau and making his first wishes, Wu Li returned to Nanjing to study theology and philosophy at the "Convent for the Elderly", where he studied for four years, and his spiritual teacher was Father Bijia. On August 1, 25, the Kangxi Dynasty, Bishop Luo Wenzao was promoted to the throne of Wu Li. Luo Wenzao was the first Chinese bishop and an attempt to train Chinese priests for the church. After Luo Wenzao's death, Wu Lijinduo wrote a poem to teach Mr. Luo a poem, Shiyun:
The obituary is still believed to death,
Mr. Ao Fork begins with DongDuo.
From the west to Qimin Township,
The bearded sideburns are called Qingwei.
Suitable for controversy,
The rutted ring is all over the place.
Moving glory supernatural bishop,
There are only three sons.
Naruto worked hard from afar,
But I have been following it for a long time.
In his early years, Wu Li studied painting with Wang Jian and was also a student of Wang Shimin. His early paintings resemble Wang Jian's style, with fine dyeing and beautiful beauty. In middle age, on the basis of the Song and Yuan families, he focused on absorbing wang Meng and Wu Zhen's chiefs and formed his own style. The layout of the work is more realistic, the placement is appropriate, but also rich in the sense of distance and proximity, with the pen calm and rigorous, good use of heavy ink, ink accumulation, mountain stone is rich in three-dimensional sense, the style is simple and thick. Wu Li is also good at painting bamboo stones, taking the town of Wu, which also has its own characteristics.
Wu Li imitated the ancients without confining the ancients, could integrate the strengths of the families, innovated on their own ideas, and absorbed the Western law to a certain extent, such as layout, light and shade, etc., so the history of the legend said: "Every time the Western method is used in painting, the clouds are slim and the clouds are different from usual times." His landscape pays attention to taking nature, which makes the works rich in a certain sense of reality. As he said: "Do not take the powder as a rule, and the creation comes with the bottom of his pen." These are all very different from the "Four Kings". What is even more different from the "Four Kings" is that Wu shi can paint characters, which is extraordinary.
Wu Li preached in Jiading, Shanghai and other places for thirty years. He is the author of "Ink Well Poetry Banknote", "Sanba Collection", "Taoxi Collection", and "Ink Well Painting".
Lu Xiuhui has a poem "Fishing Mountain Song for Wu Li", which reads:
Only the moon is accompanied by turbid wine, and the stars are beautiful and beautiful.
Through the forest every day, Saga scattered the end of the world.
The long sky waits for the night to be quiet, and I want to sing.
Scholars fall into ignorance, and they forget to look at the sand.
Oh to the late call of virtue, begging for a lot of late.
Phase and scatter like smoke, Ender and Iris.
The color of the pen is good, and the heart is bold.
The sound of books has become a different sound.
It is fun to draw, and it is a chaotic song.
Prejudice was ashamed, and the peeping leopard sighed at him.
Under the lamp of flipping books, Hu Yue provoked a horizontal wave.
Chizai passed away, and xiushi was drunk.
Knowing the rain and the waves, how can the misfortune be endured?