Today, the high-speed train from Shanghai to Nanjing is only an hour, but in the 1920s and 1930s, when the CCP was just born, from Shanghai to Nanjing, for the CCP, it was a door of life and death. Under the Nanjing Yuhuatai Martyrs Monument, 1517 martyrs with names and surnames are buried, and tens of thousands of unknown martyrs are buried. And the CCP members who once worked in Shanghai also have thousands of them collapsed in a pool of blood in Yuhuatai.
After more than two months, Chinese reportage writer He Jianming returned to the scene of the "He Jianming Red Starting Point Series Party History" in the picture above, this time it was the fourth lecture, he brought a heavy new work "Yuhuatai", the white background cover was engraved with dark lines on the names of 53 martyrs, and the three words "Yuhuatai" in red seemed to be a collection of the martyrs' resolute eyes. In his narration, those martyrs who are not well known to us, but who have done earth-shattering feats and their deeds surface - "From Shanghai Beach to Nanjing Yuhuatai", which is a "bloody road of Communist Party members", He Jianming wrote from 2014 to 2021, depicting more than 300 martyrs, he frankly said that this is a "difficult" creative process in more than 40 years, "trying to make little-known things appear", their "heavier than Mount Tai" "always becomes the driving force to inspire the nation to forge ahead", The earnest words in He Jianming's afterword were turned into simple words at the scene: "Today's people should doubly cherish the lives of martyrs." ”
He Jianming, vice chairman of the China Writers Association, has already talked about the fourth time in a series of party history classes at the Shanghai Library
Golden Buddha Zhuang (1877-1926): Martyr No. 1, a Communist Party member lurking around Chiang Kai-shek
In Yuhuatai, the Golden Buddha Zhuang, dressed in the uniform of the Northern Expedition, was handsome and free, and after many examinations, He Jianming confirmed that the "No. 1 Martyr" was an extraordinary figure. "Not only was he killed in 1926, the earliest in time, but also because he was one of the few high-ranking Kuomintang officials, Communists lurking around Chiang Kai-shek." He Jianming told the audience.
However, the Golden Buddha Village is not known to the public, nor to most scholars who study party history, or even to Dongyang County, Zhejiang Province, where he was born. He Jianming brought the Golden Buddha Village back into the public eye it deserved. "His story can be made into a movie, with twists and turns."
The Golden Buddha Village has a very high military talent.
After being admitted to the Baoding Army Officers' School in 1918, Jin Fozhuang, who dropped out of school and resumed school, wrote a monograph "The Psychology of Officers" during his schooling; after graduation, he served as a battalion commander in the Hangzhou Garrison. After the establishment of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924, the Party Central Committee sent him to serve as the leader of the third student team, and later served as the commander of the third battalion of the second regiment of the teaching regiment. After quelling the conspiracy of the merchant group, chen jiongming rebelled, and Chiang Kai-shek led the Huangpu "student army" to fight again. During the Battle of Tamsui Gate, the 6-meter-high city gate was too high to go up, and the first Golden Buddha Zhuang to sign up as a death squad immediately commanded the team to use the "stacking Luohan tactics" guided by Soviet experts in the officer school to build a ladder to conquer the city gate. After the Second Crusade, out of love for military talents and the co-optation of fellow countrymen, Jin Fozhuang was soon promoted to the rank of major general of the Guard Regiment of the General Headquarters, equivalent to Chiang Kai-shek's "Royal Forest Army" commander.
How big is this official title? He Jianming compares Ye Ting with Zhu De. Ye Ting was the vanguard of the Kuomintang Northern Expeditionary Army and the head of the independent regiment; Zhu De was the head of the Nanchang Cadre Regiment (Teaching Regiment) at the time of the Nanchang Uprising, and Jin Fozhuang was the regimental commander with the rank of major general
The Golden Buddha Village is the "Qian Zhuangfei" around Chiang Kai-shek.
In 1922, there were three Communist Party members in Hangzhou, and Jin Fozhuang was one of them. In the spring of 1924, the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communists, the Whampoa Military Academy was prepared to be established, and The Golden Buddha Zhuang and many key members of the Ccp were transferred to assist in its establishment. Chiang Kai-shek admired him very much, but he was not satisfied with his membership as a Communist Party member, and Jin Fozhuang said: Now that the Kuomintang and the Communist Party are cooperating, I am also a member of the Chinese Kuomintang, which makes Chiang Kai-shek very relieved. He attended the three major congresses of the Communist Party of China in Guangzhou, and Mao Zedong, who was then a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, talked to him and asked him to "go to war and try to preserve his strength when fighting." "If he doesn't sacrifice himself, he may be able to do the same and how much he will contribute to our party." He Jianming sighed.
Jin Fozhuang died at the hands of Sun Chuanfang because of spy betrayal.
Golden Buddha Trang Martyrs Monument
The Northern Expeditionary Army began to break through the bamboo, and when it conquered Nanchang City in 1926, it was lost and lost, and the guard regiment of Jinfozhuang made a meritorious contribution to capturing Nanchang City. At that time, the warlord Sun Chuanfang's troops were entrenched in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui, making it difficult for the Northern Expeditionary Army to continue northward. Jin Fozhuang put forward the tactic of "inline secret attack", believing that there were many students in Sun Chuanfang's troops at the Baoding Army School, and it was better to plot an uprising against the Zhejiang army troops himself, one was that he had a friendship with his classmates, and the other was that he was also a close associate of Chiang Kai-shek, which was approved by Bai Chongxi, chief of staff of the General Headquarters, and Chiang Kai-shek, commander-in-chief of the Northern Expedition. On December 9, 1926, Jin Fozhuang, who was in charge of the Communist Party, took Gu Mingshi, a graduate of the Whampoa Military Academy, disguised himself as a comprador of the Shanghai Ocean Line, left Nanchang, took the official cabin of the British merchant "Swire" from Jiujiang, and went down the river. Unexpectedly, As soon as Nanjing landed, he was arrested, and Chiang Kai-shek proposed to replace his guard regiment leader with a military commander, and Sun Chuanfang was even more angry when he heard the news, and did not stop for two years, and on December 12 the next night, he shot two people. Afterwards, it was learned that there were foreign spies on the British merchant ship, so the Golden Buddha Zhuang was stared at as soon as he boarded the ship.
"The Flower of Doctrine, The Fragrance of the Day": The Mystery of Identity.
On December 21, 1926, the Whampoa Military Academy magazine "Whampoa Daily" published an article to mourn. On New Year's Day 1927, the "Declaration" published a telegram from the Revolutionary Government of Guangzhou informing the armies of the death of The Golden Buddha Village. Wuhan's "National Daily" also published reports praising the revolutionary spirit of Golden Buddha Village. In the name of the commander-in-chief, Chiang Kai-shek donated a huge plaque depicting gold and red paint depicting "sacrificing his life for the country" and sent it to his hometown in Dongyang. "Such a military genius, a staunch revolutionary, was a great loss to the Communist Party and also dealt a heavy blow to the Kuomintang." He Jianming evaluation.
Because of the 1927 Kuomintang-Communist break and the long-term confrontation that followed, the true situation of the Golden Buddha Village was rarely known. In 1956, The mother of the Golden Buddha Zhuang wrote to Zhou Enlai about the matter, and the Golden Buddha Zhuang often came to Shanghai on behalf of the Zhejiang Party organization to meet Zhou Enlai, and later worked together at the Whampoa Military Academy, and in 1963, the civil affairs department posthumously recognized the Golden Buddha Zhuang as a revolutionary martyr.
"The flower of doctrine, the fragrance of the day", the comrades-in-arms of the Eastern Crusade once wrote such a poem, is this not a portrayal of the Golden Buddha Village? He was a Communist Party member who died for the National Revolution and a veritable "Martyr No. 1" of Yuhuatai.
Nine members of the "Nanjing Municipal Party Committee" sent from Shanghai were collectively thrown into the Qinhuai River
The first major rupture of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was marked by the "April 12" counter-revolutionary coup d'état launched by Chiang Kai-shek in Shanghai in 1927, but Chiang Kai-shek's counter-revolutionary behavior was revealed earlier in Nanjing, known in history as the "April 10" massacre. In March 1927, the success of the 3rd armed uprising of the Shanghai workers accelerated Chiang Kai-shek's determination to break with the CCP, and he frequently intervened to sabotage it. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has long been vigilant about this, and on March 20, it sent backbone cadres to Nanjing to lead the citizens to hold "anti-Chiang" and "strike Chiang" activities. On April 10, nine members of the Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China sent by Shanghai were all arrested at the meeting, and after the Kuomintang reactionaries shot them to death, they brutally cut their throats and tongues and put them into sacks, and threw them into the Qinhuai River in the early morning to avoid people's eyes and ears. "It wasn't until after liberation that the remains of the martyrs were found." He Jianming was extremely shocked when he learned about this historical fact.
At that time, Shanghai was a city under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province, and the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China was responsible for the work of Shanghai Municipality, and Chen Yannian, Zhao Shiyan, and several other secretaries of the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee were brutally killed by the enemy. After the establishment of Chiang Kai-shek's National Government in Nanjing, Shanghai was elevated to a municipality directly under the central government. The leading body of the Nanjing Municipal CPC Committee is "a sharp knife inserted in the heart of the enemy," and all kinds of protests have made the Kuomintang's reactionary behavior suspicious.
Hou Shaoqiu, a native of Songjiang, Shanghai, graduated from Nanyang College and was then the secretary of the Communist Party of China in jiangsu province of the Kuomintang. He was also the head of the Party in Suzhou. At that time, Songjiang belonged to the management of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province. Together with Zhu Jike, he opened the famous Songjiang Jingxian School and founded the Songjiang Review, and his introducer to the party was Yun Daiying.
Xie Wenjin, then secretary of the Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, was 33 years old when he died. He was a graduate of the Zhejiang First Division, the cradle of the revolution, and Chen Wangdao, Shi Cuntong, and Yu Xiusong, the initiators of the early party, all came out of the revolutionary school of the Zhejiang First Division and later stayed abroad to spread Marxist ideas. After hearing about the establishment of the Communist Party in Shanghai, he rushed to Shanghai to join his brothers in Shanghai, who was running a school in his hometown. In 1921, after attending a Russian cram school in Shanghai with Liu Shaoqi and Ren Bishi, he came to the Eastern University in Moscow, the Soviet Union, after difficulties and twists and turns. After returning to Shanghai in 1922, he was responsible for the student movement and the workers' movement.
Seven of these nine people are
Chen Junqi, then a women's commissar of the Nanjing Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China, was 44 years old when he died
Liang Yong, then a member of the Nanjing Municipal Federation of Trade Unions, was 23 years old when he died
Liu Chongmin, then a member of the Nanjing Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China, was 25 years old when he died
Wen Wenzhen, then secretary of the Nanjing Prefectural Committee of the Communist Youth League, was 25 years old when he died
Xu Jinyuan, then a member of the Provincial Committee of the Kuomintang, was 21 years old when he died
Zhang Yingchun, then the executive committee member of the Kuomintang provincial ministry and minister of women, was 26 years old at the time of his death
Zhong Tianjiao, then a member of the Nanjing Federation of Trade Unions, was 22 years old when he died
Remember their names.
Shi Di (1900-1934): Tsinghua's earliest ccp member, the Communist Party of the United States set up "Shi Di Day" for him
Originally from Yunnan, Shi Di was a Bai and elder of the Central Te kori Translation Department, who worked in Shanghai for three years from 1930 to 1933.
Shi Di's short life traveled to many countries. In 1917, he entered Tsinghua University until he studied at Tsinghua University for seven years, and was the president of the Tsinghua University Student Union. Before going to the United States to study, he admired the name of Sun Yat-sen and wrote a letter to talk to Sun Yat-sen in order to find out how the Chinese revolution should change. In 1923, he took a detour from Hong Kong to Guangzhou, waited for a month, and talked with Dr. Sun Yat-sen for 3 hours.
This conversation deeply affected the trajectory of Shi Di's future life. He studied Oriental History at Stanford University in the United States, his doctoral dissertation was "The Commentary of Sun Yat-sen", and the newspaper he organized caused great repercussions among Chinese Americans. In March 1927, he joined the Communist Party of the United States. In 1929, after connecting with the Communist Party of China, the organization sent him to study at the Moscow University of the East, and returned to Shanghai in the autumn of 1930. At this time, the Central Special Branch had been established to defend the central organ of the Party, under the jurisdiction of the Intelligence Section under which Chen Geng was responsible, the Action Section under Gu Shunzhang's charge, also known as the Red Team or the Assassination Team, and the Communications Section under which Li Qiang was responsible. After Shi Di arrived, he created the translation department.
In 1933, he went to Beijing to serve as the head of the Propaganda Department of Hebei Province, and after March he was promoted to secretary of the Hebei Provincial Party Committee. But in 1934 he mysteriously disappeared. It was not known until after liberation that Shi Di was captured by Kuomintang agents and secretly killed at Yuhuatai. Shi di has both ccp and U.S. party membership.
He was tsinghua's earliest red seed and the highest-ranking ccp member of Tsinghua who was killed so far. He Jianming introduced that after hearing the news, the Communist Party of the United States will set up a committee on January 1 every year to commemorate the "Shi Di Day." And next to his statue in the Tsinghua Library is engraved with the following words:
He was the most honorable son of Tsinghua
He was one of the earliest Communists at Tsinghua
He gave his life to the cause of liberation
Shi Di's revolutionary spirit is immortal
He Baozhen (1902-1934): Liu Shaoqi's first wife, resisted temptation and torture, and was generous and righteous
In 1933, He Baozhen, who was the head of the rescue department of the All-China Mutual Aid Federation under the leadership of Song Qingling, was betrayed by traitors for rescuing Liao Chengzhi, who was arrested, and sentenced to 15 years, and was taken from Shanghai to Nanjing Prison. There, everyone called her "Little Miss He", and soon, her identity as Liu Shaoqi's wife was recognized by the enemy. The Kuomintang tried every possible trick to get her to leave the party in order to strike at the CCP, which was in the process of counter-encirclement and suppression in Jiangxi. But He Baozhen righteously said: to confess, no, to die, there is one, the revolutionaries cannot be killed. In the autumn of 1934, he was killed by the Kuomintang in Yuhuatai.
He Jianming analyzed that He Baozhen was an underground party member of the CPC, and his task was to rescue the captured communists and take care of the families of the martyred communists. "It's also inevitable that such work will be exposed."
In 1923, He Baozhen and Liu Shaoqi, who had just returned from Moscow, met Mao Zedong's family. He Baozhen was Yang Kaihui's girlfriend, and Liu Shaoqi was Mao Zedong's closest friend, Liu Shaoqi and He Baozhen were assigned by Mao Zedong, the head of hunan province of the Communist Party of China, to engage in the workers' movement together in the Anyuan Road Mine. Since then, they have gone to Guangzhou, Wuhan, North China, Northeast China and Shanghai to engage in revolutionary work, and He Baozhen has a wealth of underground work experience. The two raised three children, the youngest Mao Mao was born in Shanghai, a 2-year-old child who escaped the disaster because He Baozhen gave it to a neighbor before he was arrested. Later, it took a lot of effort for the underground party to find Mao Mao, who had grown up begging on The Beach in the 1940s. Liu Shaoqi did not get the news that his beloved wife had died until he was in Yan'an after the Long March, and he was single for a long time.
Gong Changrong (1903-1935): Teko "dog fighter" who makes the enemy feel frightened at Shanghai Beach
If two martial arts masters with extraordinary skills fight each other, and in the bustling city of Shanghai, will you be surprised? At the scene, He Jianming described two scenes of confrontation between Gong Changrong, a special branch sharpshooter in the CCP, and Shi Jimei, a top kuomintang master. In the first, Shi Jimei chased and killed Gong Changrong, who was pursuing the agent, and Gong Changrong quickly jumped several tables in a row to escape; in the second, Gong Changrong chased and killed Shi Jimei. However, Sheng Zhongliang, secretary of the Shanghai Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, defected and betrayed this "dog fighter" who made the whole Shanghai Kuomintang and even the Green Gang fearful, and Gong Changrong was arrested at his residence with three partners.
"Although Gu Shunzhang, the first captain of the red team, defected, Gong Changrong was neither bribed by Chiang Kai-shek nor intimidated by the torture of torture." He Jianming pointed out in particular that the Kuomintang hated this iron man to the bone, and finally used an extremely rare hanging to mutilate him. "This is an ordinary Communist Party member, but he defended a lot of senior party cadres."
This legendary figure, whose real name is Kwong Hui'an and Kwong Fu'an, is a sharpshooter from Guangdong. The action team of the Special Branch, also known as the Red Team, is also known as the Assassination Team, which is one of the three major departments of the Central Special Branch established by Zhou Enlai after countless high-ranking cadres were betrayed and sacrificed by traitors, and it erected a security line for the high-ranking central cadres, especially so that the shameful traitors and spies can get their due fate. In many film and television shots, you can feel the magical prototype created by Gong Changrong:
The red killer was drinking water in front of the tiger stove, when he saw a traitor tracking the underground party comrades at the bridge, the sharpshooter broke through the crowd, crossed five or six people, shot the traitor, the traitor was injured, but the sharpshooter disappeared into the crowd and disappeared; and the traitor was killed in the hospital a few days later.
This is the ordinary party member who defended the Guangdong and Shanghai party organizations and the party Central Committee who made great achievements in battle, Gong Changrong, the captain of the red team, who died in Yuhuatai in 1935.
Yuan Zhitong (1914-1930): The 16-year-old martyr was arrested three times, but he still did not change his original intention
He Jianming, the youngest martyr in Yuhuatai, who had been to the home three times before and after, was born in Tucheng, Xishui County, where the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army crossed Chishui in four directions. His father, an enlightened and visionary landlord, sent his three sons to the home of Huang Qisheng, an educator in Guiyang City. Mr. Huang's son, who was two years younger than Yuan Zhitong, unfortunately died, and the filial Yuan Zhitong became a righteous son. Soon after, he traveled to Shanghai with his righteous father, and later came to Nanjing to settle down, and Yuan Zhitong entered the Xiaozhuang Normal School founded by Mr. Tao Xingzhi and believed in communist ideas.
On April 5, 1930, nanjing university and middle school students and citizens demonstrated in solidarity with the anti-imperialist struggle of nanjing Hutchison workers. From July to October of that year, Xiaozhuang's young students were wanted in a frenzy. Yuan Zhitong was arrested for the third time. Gu Zhenglun, commander of the Nanjing government's gendarmerie, and his wife were from Guizhou, and Huang Qisheng was his wife's teacher, and both times he released Yuan Zhitong. The third time, Gu Zhenglun personally did ideological work, "I will shoot you tomorrow, are you still a Communist Party?" "Teenagers don't squeak." Well, I'll send you to study in Japan, and you won't come back. I don't want you to sign either. "The teenager still doesn't follow.
Therefore, the Kuomintang shot Yuan Zhitong, because he was only 16 years old, afraid of provoking public indignation, the Kuomintang secretly changed the 6 character to 8.
From "Loyalty and Betrayal" 11 years ago to "Revolutionaries" in 2019 to "Rain Flower Terrace" in May 2021, passion and faith weave a "revolutionary trilogy"
These stories of the martyrs of Yuhuatai from Shanghai, which are not known to the general public, are the results of He Jianming's many visits to Yuhuatai, research and then visits and verifications. From April 1927 to August 1934, 8 groups of party members were sent from Shanghai to establish the "Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China", which was destroyed by the enemy and spilled the blood of hundreds of outstanding party members in Jinling. Every time he walked to the long steps and slopes of the Yuhuatai Martyrs' Monument, He Jianming said to himself: The legs will be a little heavy, and the heart will be heavier, but the sacred and solemn heart has been replaced by responsibility and mission, allowing him to work tirelessly, from "Loyalty and Betrayal" 11 years ago to "Revolutionaries" in 2019 to "Yuhuatai" in May 2021, passion and faith have woven a "revolutionary trilogy".
He Jianming's series of party histories restores, praises and disseminates more unknown stories of martyrs, and the people in the writer's perspective are capitalized, which makes the listener moved every time and ponders after listening
The He Jianming series of party histories stationed in the Shanghai Library will also restore, praise and disseminate more unknown stories of martyrs, and the people in the writer's perspective are capitalized, which makes the listener moved every time and meditates after listening. "Through people, understand the city, understand the temperament of the city", He Jianming sighed, standing on the bank of the Huangpu River, looking down, the rushing water, its color is red, "that is the blood of the martyrs"; looking up, it is a brilliant and colorful Huangpu Riverside light show - the only thing that today's people can do is to cherish everything that is hard-won and continue to write the tomorrow left by the martyrs.
Author: Li Nian
Editor: Qian Yichen