In 1949, with the smooth liberation of Nanjing, the Kuomintang's rule on the mainland also collapsed. Chiang Kai-shek did not expect in any way that in just a few years, the Kuomintang regime that he had run for more than 20 years would be beaten to nothing.
When Chiang Kai-shek was recalled in 1945, when Japan declared defeat, it was like a day in the sky. Coupled with Chiang Kai-shek's big hand, he spared Japan's defeat reparations and left an excellent reputation for repaying grievances with virtue.
And in 1943, Chiang Kai-shek attended the Cairo Conference organized by Roosevelt and Churchill, officially sitting on an equal footing with the United States and Britain, and China's international status was also rising. At this time, the prestige of China's official leader, Chiang Kai-shek, at home and abroad could be said to have reached its peak. Even the United States expressed goodwill to Chiang Kai-shek, and China and the United States signed the Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Mutual Assistance. With these battles, Chiang Kai-shek also had the courage to launch a civil war.
In 1946, Chiang Kai-shek resolutely and resolutely launched a civil war in spite of the war-weariness and opposition of the people of the whole country. The Kuomintang, with the support of the United States, began a large-scale attack on the Liberated Areas of the Central Plains, and the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was officially broken at this time. The move also led to a loss of confidence in the Chinese people in the supreme commander of the government, and the people complained bitterly.
In addition, the Kuomintang is dead set on not changing, and still wantsonly amasses wealth. In particular, the four major families of the Kuomintang, the Jiang, Song, Kong, and Chen, constantly encroached on the interests of the people. They indiscriminately issued paper money, causing prices to soar in the nationalist areas, and workers' wages were even difficult to solve.
At this time, the Communist Party showed its thriving vitality. They carried out a large-scale land movement in the Liberated Areas, and a large number of peasants finally obtained their own land after nearly a hundred years of exploitation and oppression.
In order to protect their land, they actively participated in the ranks of the liberation war and strengthened the strength of the Communist Party. Moreover, the Communist Party was also extremely tolerant of the Kuomintang troops, and after it surrendered, it could either join the ranks of the People's Liberation Army or go home, and the Communist Party not only did not blame the past, but also gave travel expenses.
In contrast, the KMT is clearly at a disadvantage. After Liu Deng's army advanced into Dabie Mountain, the prelude to the PLA counteroffensive began. Immediately after that, under the command of Lin Biao and other outstanding generals of the People's Liberation Army, the Liaoshen Campaign, the Pingjin Campaign, and the Huaihai Campaign broke out one after another. In these three battles, millions of Kuomintang troops were wiped out and completely lost the initiative in the war. Victory in the War of Liberation is only a matter of time.
In April 1949, the People's Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River and liberated nanjing, the capital of the Kuomintang. At this time, Chiang Kai-shek was long gone to Nanjing, and in January 1949, Chiang Kai-shek had already stepped down for the third time, resigning from his position as president of the Kuomintang and replacing him with Li Zongren. Chiang Kai-shek had already quietly gone to Fenghua, Zhejiang, and began to plan where the Kuomintang would go.
At this time, Chiang Kai-shek's idea was to retreat to the Yunnan-Guichuan region. Because at this time, the southwest region of China was still firmly in the hands of Chiang Kai-shek, and there was also a warlord Long Yun in the Yunnan region. Coupled with the advantages of the large rear area in Sichuan, with the terrain and logistical supplies, the Kuomintang could still compete with the Communists. Once the United States gives a helping hand, then the victory or defeat between the Kuomintang and the Communists is not known whose hand will die.
But at this time, a man stepped forward, and he proposed to Chiang Kai-shek a plan to abandon the mainland and retreat to Taiwan. This person is Zhang Qiyun.
Zhang Qiyun was born on September 29, 1900 in Ningbo, Zhejiang. In 1919, at the age of 19, Zhang Qiyun graduated from Zhejiang No. 4 Middle School and entered the Department of History and Geography of Nanjing Higher Normal School. At that time, Nanjing Higher Normal College was the first college recognized in the south. And his historical geography is his trump card major. At that time, there was a historian Liu Yihui, and a geological scholar Zhu Kezhen taught at him.
After graduating from university, Zhang Qiyun entered the Shanghai Commercial Press and edited The Geography of China in High School. The book became a textbook for the Kuomintang middle schools thereafter, which greatly promoted the cause of education in China. In 1935, Zhang Qiyun was elected as a member of the first Central Council of the Academia Sinica. In 1936, Zhang Qiyun entered Zhejiang University as a teacher and served as the dean of the Faculty of Letters. In 1941, he was elected as a professor of the Ministry of Education of the Kuomintang and served as the director general of the Geographical Society of China.
In 1949, in the face of the complete collapse of The Kuomintang rule and the uncertain future of the Kuomintang, Zhang Qiyun stood up. Zhang Qiyun only said one sentence: "The best policy is to retreat to Taiwan." This made Chiang Kai-shek's eyes light up, and Chiang Kai-shek immediately summoned Zhang Qiyun for a detailed discussion, and Zhang Qiyun described to Chiang Kai-shek one by one about Taiwan's superiority.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="17" > geographic location</h1>
The island of Taiwan is located in the southeastern waters of China, and the Taiwan Strait is straddling the mainland. The Taiwan Strait is 200 kilometers wide, has an average depth of 60 meters, and is constantly windy and stormy. Once the Kuomintang army occupied the island of Taiwan, it could use the Taiwan Strait as a natural barrier to block the Communists' attack. Coupled with the fact that there are many islands scattered around Taiwan, this is also the front position of the Kuomintang against the People's Liberation Army.
In addition, the Communist Party's naval air force is already weak, and it can even be said that there is no naval air force construction. For the Communist Party at this time, Taiwan was a strong fortress.
Chiang Kai-shek could rely on the Zhoushan Islands and the Kinmen To build a maritime defense line, and the People's Liberation Army could be used outside the strait. Moreover, Taiwan and the Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions are separated by the sea, so the materials in the region can be greatly transferred. Once the strength of the Kuomintang and the Communists was reversed, the Kuomintang army could also directly occupy Jiangsu, Zhejiang, shanghai and occupy the economic hinterland of China. Provide material support for subsequent wars.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="21" > natural condition</h1>
The Tropic of Cancer passes through Chiayi, Hualien and other places in the south-central part of Taiwan Island, dividing Taiwan into two climatic zones, north and south. Taiwan has a subtropical monsoon climate in the north and a tropical monsoon climate in the south. Overall, Taiwan's climate is relatively warm and full of heat. The precipitation in Taiwan is also extremely abundant, with an average rainfall of more than 2500ml, which is more than twice the precipitation of the mainland.
The abundance of heat and precipitation directly guarantees that the agricultural conditions in Taiwan are excellent, and even reach three crops a year. Once the Kuomintang troops began to retreat from the mainland, they poured into the Taiwan area. With good hydrothermal conditions, the food problem can be solved smoothly. The avoidance of large-scale grain imports not only reduces fiscal expenditures, but also greatly guarantees Taiwan's food security. This could also provide sufficient supplies for the subsequent counter-offensive continent.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="24" > historical status</h1>
First of all, let's take a look at the historical relationship between Taiwan and the mainland. Chinese mainland as far back as the Three Kingdoms period, the Central Plains regime arrived on the island of Taiwan. And brought back nearly a thousand Taiwanese soldiers from Taiwan, which was the earliest contact between the mainland and Taiwan.
At the end of the 12th century, China's Great Song Dynasty directly sent troops to Taiwan and was directly included in the jurisdiction of the Central Plains Dynasty. In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, there was an inspection department in Taiwan. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng successfully recaptured Taiwan from the Dutch, and established a political power here to confront the Qing government on the mainland, which was the first experiment to use Taiwan to resist the mainland.
In 1684, the Qing government successfully eliminated the Zheng forces and brought Taiwan back into the map of China. In 1885, the "Sub-Patrol Of Taixia Bingbei Road" and the Taiwan Prefecture were set up in the area, and Taiwan officially became an independent province, with Liu Mingchuan as the first inspector. Until 1894, the Qing government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War and signed the Treaty of Maguan with Japan. In the treaty, Taiwan was ceded to Japan. Japan operated the Taiwan region for a long time thereafter.
Japan wants to use Taiwan as a springboard to contain China and seize Southeast Asia. In the construction of Taiwan, it is natural to spare no effort, not only to establish many modern enterprises, but even the predecessor of the current National Taiwan University, Taipei Imperial University, was founded by Japan. Therefore, Taiwan also has a very considerable industrial base.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="29" > political factors</h1>
Another important reason for the failure of the Kuomintang's rule on the mainland was the strength of the Communist Party. The Communists' ability to infiltrate was outstanding, ranging from soldiers on the battlefield to battlefields of top commanders of theaters like Fu Zuoyi. None of them could escape the communist infiltration. In the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communists, the Kuomintang's combat orders often arrived at the hands of the Communists before they even reached the front line from the central government. The Communist Party also took the Kuomintang one step ahead of the Kuomintang and made adjustments to the war situation, which directly led to the rapid rout of the Kuomintang on the battlefield.
Chiang Kai-shek naturally knew the seriousness of the problem, but he was helpless. After Chiang Kai-shek came to power, he established the Qingbai League and the CC Department within the Party as the concubines of the Kuomintang in order to enhance the cohesion of the Kuomintang. But it still had little effect. Therefore, the first step for the Kuomintang to gain a firm foothold is to purge the Communist forces within the party.
Taiwan, on the other hand, is extremely advantageous, having been controlled by Japan for half a century. Naturally, it was difficult for the Communist Party to touch this place. Even the parties on the island of Taiwan can be described as clear and clear.
Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek could use the island of Taiwan to prevent communist infiltration and find out what was mixed up in the Kuomintang Communist Party.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="34" > strategic location</h1>
The island of Taiwan is located in the northern pacific ocean, across the Ryukyu Islands from Japan. After World War II, the United States divided its sphere of influence, which just included Taiwan in the western Pacific defense line of the US military. Once Taiwan is lost, then the us military's power in Southeast Asia and even Asia will be hit. The U.S. military needs to use Taiwan to resist communist forces, so Taiwan can also use the strength of the United States to resist the mainland.
After careful consideration, Chiang Kai-shek began to be moved by Taiwan. In fact, before that, Sun Yat-sen had made judgments on the situation in China. Sun Yat-sen once said: Externally, he will retreat to the Sichuan-Chongqing region, and internally he will retreat to Penghu and Taiwan. Compared with Sichuan, Taiwan is located in the middle of the ocean, and it can obtain a steady stream of assistance from the US military through the sea. This is also extremely beneficial to the Kuomintang's economic construction.
Let's take a look at the situation in Taiwan at that time. As early as the Cairo Conference, Roosevelt had made it clear that after the defeat of the Japanese army, Taiwan would be returned to Chinese jurisdiction. After Japan announced its unconditional surrender in 1945, China's recovery of Taiwan was on the agenda.
On August 24, 1949, Chiang Kai-shek said that if Taiwan could not return to the embrace of the motherland, then there would be no way to talk about the independence and freedom of the country, and the purpose of the War of Resistance would not be completed.
Chiang Kai-shek personally appointed Chen Yi as Taiwan's supreme chief executive and taiwan's chief of police. Even the personnel of the Kuomintang government have not even arrived in Taiwan, and the people of Taiwan have already hoisted the flag of the Republic of China. In October 1946, Chiang Kai-shek also personally set foot on Taiwan Island to see the treasure island.
On December 10, 1949, PLA troops had completely surrounded Chengdu. It was at this time that Chiang Kai-shek boarded a plane bound for Taiwan. Before leaving, Chiang Kai-shek looked at the sky and fell into pity, standing quietly in the same place. Then bending down, he held a handful of mainland dirt, and then very reluctantly stepped on the plane to Taiwan.
In 1950, the remnants of the Kuomintang on the mainland were also wiped out. The liberation of Taiwan and the reunification of China are also on the agenda. At that time, the CPC Central Committee sent Su Yu, the head of the general, to lead a million male divisions to display on the other side of the strait. But at this time, Zhang Qiyun's words were also fulfilled.
The Taiwan Strait is no better than the Yangtze River, and it is no difficult to rely on tools such as bamboo rafts to cross the sea. Not to mention the wind and waves that are enough to tear the bamboo raft to pieces, even the distance of 200 kilometers is helpless. Once they arrived near Taiwan, they would be waiting for the coastal guns of the Kuomintang troops. At this time, the United States had also participated, directly sending its Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent the mainland from liberating Taiwan. At this time, the northeast direction of China changed again, and the Korean War broke out. The Weapons and ammunition that the Soviet government had promised to Give China were given priority to North Korea. Moreover, after the Korean War, U.S. bombers began bombing border cities in northeast China. The Chinese nation was facing a serious national crisis and had to devote all its energies to the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, so the war to liberate Taiwan was stranded.
For a long time after that, sporadic battles broke out between the two sides. It was not until 1979 that the central government ordered the shelling of Kinmen to stop, and then Deng Xiaoping put forward the principle of one country, two systems on the Taiwan issue. In 1992 Chinese mainland reached the 1992 Consensus with Taiwan, and cross-strait relations also greatly eased.
The people on both sides of the strait were originally one family, but they were separated from each other due to political influence, but they all flowed with the blood of the sons and daughters of China. With a bright future for socialism, I believe that reunification is in the near future.