How did Gu Yanwu, a remnant of the Ming Dynasty, become the "ancestor of Qingxue"?

Qin Xingguo

Gu Yanwu has always been regarded as the forerunner of Qing Dynasty research, Zhang Taiyan pointed out in the "Zhuzi Brief Commentary" that "Tinglin studied and ruled the history of the most profound, and also talked about the study of phonology and geography, and the Qing people pushed it as the ancestor of sinology", Liang Qichao pointed out in the "Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years", "On the ancestor of qing learning, there is no second person in Shetinglin", in the "Introduction to Qing Dynasty Scholarship", he pointed out that "the Confucians of the Qing Dynasty called themselves up to be simple learning to show that they were different from the literati, and Shiyan Wu Qizhi", and Hu Shi also pointed out in the article "Several Anti-Theoretic Thinkers" that "Reading the Nine Classics began with the examination text, "In the history of the development of these fundamental tools, Gu Yanwu is a pioneering master." Zhang, Liang, and Hu Zhuxian respected Gu Yanwu from the perspective of examination and study, and respectively titled him "the ancestor of Sinology", "the ancestor of Qingxue Kaishan", and "the master of Kaishan", and these names added to Gu Yanwu jointly pointed to one point, that is, Gu Yanwu was an initiating figure in Qing Dynasty scholarship and the ancestor of Qingxue. In fact, Gu Yanwu himself was a relic, and for the Qing Dynasty, he was a rather sensitive figure, but it was such a sensitive figure that was gradually shaped into the ancestor of Qingxue and the first person of Qingxue.

Gu Yanwu

Gu Yanwu's "Second Surname of Wu Shi"

Throughout his life, Gu Yanwu adhered to the idea of "no two surnames" and insisted on "honoring the king and yi", so he held an attitude of rejection and disgust towards the Qing people who entered the customs, and we can glimpse this kind of secret feelings from his poems and letters. In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), when the Qing soldiers went south to Changshu, Gu Yanwu's mother resisted with hunger strike and ordered him to "study and live in seclusion, without the second surname of Shi". Gu's poems often contain the theory of "honoring the king and destroying the king", revealing his dissatisfaction with the Qing regime and trying to resist. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Gu Yanwu wrote in the poem "Feelings":

Mu Su was called the First Emperor, and the Spring and Autumn Great Restoration. Tell the heavens to spread the jade, and cry the temple to see the princes. The edict ordered Tun Thunder to move, and Empor to dissolve the Ze Stream. It must be known that the Six Armies came out and swept away the Divine State.

In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), "Wen Zhao" Yun:

Smell the Road today, ZTE from Fuzhou. The two capitals are all blessed, and the four seas are willing to take revenge. Destroy the famous generals, honor the king and the marquis. The special square passed on the ruler one, and did not feel the frequent flow of tears.

Gu Shi called the "Spring and Autumn" great revenge righteousness in the "Sentimental Poems" in an attempt to "sweep away the Divine State", and in the "Wenzhao" poems, he called "destroying the captives" and "honoring the king", which runs through the idea of "honoring the king" in his "Spring and Autumn" scriptures, obviously for the purpose of opposing the Manchus and resisting the Qing.

In terms of calendar, Gu Yanwu still regarded Ming as Zhengshuo, and still regarded Yidi as clear. Shunzhi 6th year (1649), "Yuan Ri" Yun:

He was so overwhelmed that he fell into the dust. Dan up the crown, as if seeing the heavenly face kiss. The heavenly face is invisible, and the subject has no reason to extend. In the past five years, Wang Tao is collapsing. Dongyi disturbed the Heavenly Age, but instead took obscurity as the yuan. I am now righteous, but I see the spring of the heavenly king. Although Zheng Shuo was not the same, there was one person in The Transformation. As the years go by, the clouds are heavy. It is the beginning of the day, and the sunrise is like a wheel. Heaven has not been made of falsehood, and it has been destroyed for three years. When people do not grant Yi, Yi de violates the people. Leave these three first dynasties and belong to me, the Chinese King. May the Sixth Division sweep away the Qingmin. The southern suburbs answer providence, and the nine temples are congratulated. King Ofethaya, the old state has a new destiny. The young minister also thinks of He Si, thinks of my Emperor Zuren. The year is not yet over, and he is waiting for his great-grandson.

In the poem, Gu Shi euphemistically criticized the Qing people's act of correcting Shuo, accusing "Dongyi disturbing the Heavenly Discipline, but taking obscurity as the yuan", and trying to correct it, not adopting the Manchu calendar, and comparing the "Spring and Autumn" "Heavenly King Spring", thus expressing the strong concept of "Heaven is not false, Yixing is chaotic", "When people do not teach Yi, Yi de violates the people". In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (1661), the "Yuan Ri" cloud "Hao Xue Obscure Yi Chen, Li Ri Kai Hua began." Poor Yin BiJie, Fudan Linchu Ji", Xiao Zhuyun "Yi Calendar Yuan Day, First Great Unification Day", Gu Yanwu with "Yi Chen" and "Yi Calendar" as clear, with the Ming Dynasty 'Great Unification Calendar' as the correct Shuo.

Gu Yanwu also rebelled against the Qing court's practices in changing customs and customs. In the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), the Qing court officially issued a shaving order, "keeping hair without leaving head", until the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), Gu Yanwu shaved his hair, expressing his serious resistance in the poem "Circulation":

Where is my land? Ascend to Kyushu, and be reckless. Cold tide swings and sunsets, and fish and shrimp dance. Hunger and hunger do not inhabit the night, and the moon is still vomiting. In the morning, go to the North Solid Building, and feel like rain! Remove the sideburns a little and re-look as a businessman. But for five years, it has been hard to keep this. Afraid of the poor land and water, Qiu Yan is at the portal. The hometown can not be stayed, drifting away from its universe. Often through the guanliang, but do not avoid the city government. Husband Zhi Fang, a section also to take! Don't be a villain, but a hungry tiger. Haoran thought about zhongyuan and vowed to Jiang Hu. Meritorious names will advance, and the staff will pursue the light and martial arts.

Although he "removed his mane a little and changed his appearance to become a merchant", his determination to recover the Central Plains did not change, and he wanted to establish a meritorious name and emulate Guangwu. Gu Yanwu seems to have worn the crown of the Ming Dynasty all his life. The first page of Wang Yun's book "Gu Yanwu Annals School" is accompanied by a portrait of Gu Yanwu's clothes and crown, wearing a black yarn crown and wearing a robe, all of which are Ming Dynasty costumes, followed by the inscription "Small Portrait of Mr. Tinglin Before Middle Age", and Wang Yun also added a note "Mr. Gai does not forget his old king, and he wears such a crown for life".

In his later years, Gu Yanwu resisted death and refused the qing court's entrapment, in order to show that he had no ambition to change the dynasty. In the tenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1671), the Qing court's enlightened history museum, Xiong Zhilu invited Gu Yanwu to join, but was sternly refused. In the seventeenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1678), the Qing court set up the Erudite Hong ci section and recruited the famous Confucians in Hainei, Ye Fangcai and Han Zhen wanted to recommend Gu Yanwu, and Gu Shi said in a letter to Pan Cigeng that "I replied that if I had this fate, I would flee if I did not die" "Yuan Yi was sitting and hearing, and the people of the capital also had a lot of transmission, And Geng Geng's heart has never changed." The following year, Ye Fangcai became the president of the Ming History Museum, and then recruited Gu Yanwu into the curtain, and Gu Shi refused: "Everyone can come out and Yanwu must not be out" "What does the seventy-year-old man want?" If you owe a death, if you will be forced to do so, you will be martyred." It can be seen that Gu Yanwu is determined not to be a man of his career.

Gu Yanwu repeatedly expressed his antipathy to the Qing people, and categorically rejected all kinds of entrapments of the Qing court, and always strictly defended Yixia in his mind, which was naturally perceived by the Qing court. In fact, the contents of the Rizhilu that involve "Yi" and "Di" violating the text have all been deleted in the Siku Quanshu. For example, in volume 6 of the Rizhilu, there is an article entitled "Suyi Di Xing Hu Yi Di", which discusses the Yi Di issue, and the Siku Quanshu deletes this article and is not included in the inventory, volume 28 "Zuo Yuan" article, "Siku Quanshu" are all deleted, volume 29 "Migration" article, "Siku Quanshu" deletes it, there are still catalogs, volume 29 "Hu" and "Hu" two articles, "Siku Quanshu" is also completely deleted, volume 29 "Yidi" article, "Siku Quanshu" is changed to "foreign customs". To varying degrees, all direct or indirect contact with content is to be dealt with. The Siku Pavilion was very sensitive to the "Yidi" script, because the "Yi" and "Di" scripts could easily trigger various unfavorable associations of the Han people with the Manchu Qing as a foreign race, which posed a threat to the Qing court's rule, so it was a common thing to be cut and changed. Gu's anthology was also once listed as a banned book, and in the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), fan Qifeng's family was punished for collecting Gu Yanwu's collection.

The portrayal of Gu Yanwu in the "Outline of the Four Libraries"

The source of the image of the ancestor of Qingxue depicted by Zhang, Liang, and Hu on Gu Yanwu can be traced back to the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. Yan Ruoxuan, a beginner in the Qing Dynasty, recorded a lamentation to Huang Zongxi in the "Notes on Qianqiu": "Bo and Nengjing, five hundred years up and down, 10,000 miles, only three people, Qian Muzhai Zongboye, Gu Tinglin, and Mr. three." He also wrote in "With the Tang Dynasty" that Yun "this kind of research and analysis of the brothers is also a masterpiece among the ancients, regardless of the present." "The life of the beloved hand chaser, Qian Ye, Gu Ye, Huang Ye." Huang refers to Mr. Taichong, Gu refers to Mr. Ningren. "Yan Ruoxuan, in terms of the erudition of learning, combined Qian Qianyi, Gu Yanwu, and Huang Zongxi, and praised the kung fu of the three people's examination and analysis, but according to the rank of Yan's ranking, Qian Qianyi lived before Gu Yanwu, which is of course a personal opinion. During the Qianlong period, the officially revised "General Catalogue of the Four Libraries" (later known as the "General Catalogue of the Four Libraries") evaluated Gu Yanwu, and in evaluating his book "Zuo Chuan Du Zhuan Supplement", he said: "Yanwu is a Dai, a Zining person, a Kunshan person. Bo Jiqun book, proficient in research, the beginning of the country said that the learning has roots, with Yanwu as the most. The "General Catalogue" also praised Gu Yanwu from the perspective of examination, but his status had already advanced greatly compared with Yan Ruoxuan, and he suddenly rose to become "the best of the beginning of the country". In judging the Rizhilu, the General Catalogue also praises the kung fu of its research:

Yan Wuxue has its origins, is knowledgeable and can be thorough, and everything must be detailed about its beginning and end, and then it will be written in the book. Therefore, there are many quotations, and there are few people who are cunning, not like Yang Shen and Jiao Hu who accidentally dabble in it, and get the similarities and differences of one righteousness, knowing one and not knowing the two.

At the same time, he criticized Pan Qian's view that the Rizhilu was used for economic purposes:

Guan's "Preface to the Five Books of Phonology" written by Guan Said, to the point of saying that the saints have revived, they will take today's sound and return to the ancient times, is it possible? Pan Qianzuo is the preface of the book, which is called its economy, and the details of the examination are the last task, which is not a solid discussion.

In addition, the General Catalogue also evaluates other works based on the Zuo Chuan Du Annotation Supplement and the Rizhilu. Comparing the Qing Dynasty Zhang Erqi's "Artemisia Gossip" with Gu Yanwu's "Rizhilu", the "General Catalogue" praises the "Rizhilu" as "the original original, one matter is exhausted from its beginning and end, and one word is devoted to its similarities and differences", while the "Artemisia Gossip" "has a special occasional gain, with the meaning of the text, it has no intention of writing a book, it is said that it is fragmentary, but as for the four parts of the net, the casting of group words is not the ratio of the "Rizhilu". In evaluating Wang Daokun and Zhao Ruyuan's co-edited "Zuo Chuan Du Lin HeZhuo", he praised the "Zuo Chuan Du Zhuan Supplement": "Du Pre-annotated Zuo Shi, the number is precision. Although Sui Liu Xuan had already made some rules, Yuan Zhao, Ming Shaobao, Fu Xun, Lu Cang, Gu Yanwu, and Hui Dong of the State Dynasty made corrections, and the Honggang Giant Eventually crossed the families. When evaluating The Ming Dynasty Fu Xun's "Discernment of The Annotations of the Left Transmission", the "General Eye" Yun "all refuted the solution of Du Predestination, and there was some research, and there were many people who asked for it with intention." According to gu Yanwu and Hui Dong's order later, it was not able to be driven." When evaluating the Qing Dynasty Zhu Heling's "Reading Zuo Ri Banknotes", the "General Directory" Yun "Yanwu's "Du Xie Supplement" has three volumes, with a completeness, and this collection has not reached the tithe", "although flawed Yu and Chen, it is not as close as gu Yanwu and Hui Dong's secrets". In addition to quoting the contents of Gu Yanwu's Zuo Chuan Du Zhuan Correction and Rizhilu, the General Catalogue also quotes the contents of his other works such as phonology, epigraphy, geography, etc. Gu Yanwu's works cited in the summaries of the four books of the classics, history, zi, and collection are quite huge, especially the jingbu. The General Catalogue also juxtaposes Fang Yizhi, who was opened by the Ming Dynasty, with Gu Yanwu, Yan Ruoxuan, Zhu Yanzun, and others in the early Qing Dynasty:

However, in the rise of wisdom in Chongzhen, the essence of the examination is refined, and the atmosphere is open. At the beginning of the country, Gu Yanwu, Yan Ruoxuan, Zhu Yanzun, and others rose along the waves, and began to sweep away the empty talk of suspense. Although a thousand of them are lost, or inevitable, and the poor source is difficult, the words must be signed, which can be described as an outstanding independent among the Ming Dynasty examiners.

Judging from this order, Gu Yanwu is also listed as the first of the beginning of the country. In general, the "General Eye" pushed Gu Yanwu's kung fu of exhortation and examination, and tried to shape it into the best of the beginning of the country, which influenced Ruan Yuan later.

At the time of Jiaqing, Ruan Yuan compiled the "Biography of Ru Lin", and in the "Biography of Gu Yanwu", he talked about Gu's achievements in examination, and there was a sentence that commented that "the national dynasty claims that those who have roots in learning are the most important", which is specially noted to be from the "General Catalogue". Mr. Wang Fansen pointed out in the article "The Pantheism hall of Confucians in the Qing Dynasty - the biography of shi Rulin> in the < kingdom and the establishment of the Gu Ancestral Festival during the Daoguang years" that Ruan Yuan joined his own evaluation and changed Gu Yanwu from the first Confucian of the "beginning of the country" to the first confucian of the "national dynasty". This undoubtedly further elevated Gu Yanwu's status, and after that, the "Biography of Guoshi Rulin" attacked this statement. The "Biography of Gu Yanwu" in the Qing Dynasty official revision history book "Biography of the Qing Dynasty" also directly adopts the "General Catalogue", but changes the "Beginning of the State" to "Qing Dynasty", while the "Biography of Gu Yanwu" in the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" is changed back to "Early Qing", and the rest of the text is consistent with the "General Catalogue". What is even more interesting is that in the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), Yushi Zhao Qilin asked Wang Fuzhi, Huang Zongxi, and Gu Yanwu to be removed from the Temple of Confucius, and the group of ministers discussed with each other, and the supporters relied on the approval of the three people in the "Biography of Guoshi Rulin", and Gu Yanwu successfully entered the Temple of Confucius the following year, which was different from the situation in the early Qing Dynasty.

Gu Yanwu gradually became the first person of Qingxue from an anti-Qing sensitive figure to become the first person of Qingxue from being officially portrayed as the ancestor of Qingxue, which shows the changes in the political situation and the subtle influence of the exchange of fortunes on historical figures. The Wenxin Carved Dragon Chronology says that "the change of literature is stained with the circumstances of the world, and the rise and fall of the world depends on the chronology", in the great current of history, any humble character, even a figure who "rebelled" (in the early Qing Dynasty) like Gu Yanwu, may make new waves after the passage of time. In turn, we must always be vigilant that in the world of ideas and symbols, we are obscured by some habitual and familiar knowledge.

Editor-in-Charge: Zhong Yuan

Proofreader: Luan Meng