Text/Wen Jin
The author originally prepared to write the history of Taipei, but found that Taiwan is not very long because the overall documented history is not long, it is very difficult to write about a city, and it is easy to write about the whole island with one hand. It can be said that whether in ancient times or in modern times, Taiwan Island is an important place in the Pacific Ocean.
Taiwan, located in the southeast waters of China, although it is not far across the sea from Fujian, but the history of the real detailed record of it is not very long, and even the name "Taiwan" only appeared in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
In the eighth year of Chongzhen, the Dutch occupied Taiwan, and He Kai mentioned in the "Jing Hai Shu" that "Taiwan is vast and plump, and it is beneficial to have more fish and salt." Later, the name "Taiwan" was widely used, such as Chongzhen's twelfth year, fu Yuanchu asked for a ban on the outside world, mentioning: "The people of the seashore, only profit is to see, the crane went to Taiwan, and the red hair is the city." In the sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Shi Lang said in "Border Troubles And YijingShu": "The Fusi Thieves Party occupies Taiwan, and the fertile wilderness is thousands of miles, and there is a shortage of grain bandits. In the twenty-third year of the Kangxi Dynasty, he set up the Taiwan Prefecture, which was subordinate to the Fujian Provincial Department of Political Envoys, and since then the name "Taiwan" has been used ever since.
Regarding the origin of the name "Taiwan", there are roughly the following theories in the academic circles at present.
One is that it is transliterated and transformed from ancient names such as "Da Yuan", "Da Wan", and "Tai Yuan". The reason is that these names were once the names of Taiwan. Gu Yanwu mentioned in the "Book of National Interests and Diseases of Tianxia County": "Hongyi sneaked back to Dawan, deliberately made a guess, conscripted and transferred troops, and paid special expenses. Chen Di of the Ming Dynasty described the "Great Member" in the "Book of Eastern Fan" as "a small island outside chikan, the gateway to the Fan Society, and there are many Han people on the island." This "Big Bay" and "Big Member" are Taiwan. Regarding transliteration, Mr. Lian Heng also has a saying that Taiwan's original name was Buried, "Those who entered Taiwan in the Ming Dynasty, Zhangzhang, Quan, and Taiwan, every time they were abused by the weather, the residents died of illness and could not return", so the name was buried, and later because the name was ominous, it was renamed Taiwan.
The first theory is that it originated from the Taiwowan ethnic group, an indigenous population in the former Anping area, and later used "Taiwowan" as a place name, which was simplified and transliterated as "Taiwan". This claim originates from the article "The Theory of Taiwan's Names" written by the Japanese scholar Motohara Tan after his field investigation and argumentation. Taiwanese scholar Gao Xianzhi also held this view in his book "Three Hundred Years of Taiwan's History" after investigation and examination.
It is said that after the Dutch occupied Taiwan in 1642, the construction of the building was caused by the entrance of the sea bay, so it was named "Taiwan". In the "Taiwan Chronicle" written by Li Yuanchun during the Daoguang years of the Qing Dynasty, it is recorded: "At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Netherlands set up a city here, built a brick city, and made a chongtai. The seashore sand rings the water curve bay, and the boat is roughly called the bay; this Taiwan is also named after it. However, examining the relevant accounts in Dutch books, this statement should be untrue.
Regarding the origin of The name of Taiwan, each statement is a masterpiece, and there are relevant scholars to analyze and argue, interested friends can consult themselves, this article is not focused on this, so it is not detailed.
The starting point of The Hundred Yue Conquest of the Pacific Ocean
1
The General Chronicle of Taiwan Province begins with the following: "When this province began to be recorded, the literature is unknown. "Our country is vast, Taiwan and the mainland across the sea, except for a few provinces close to Taiwan, people in other provinces are still very unfamiliar with the history of Taiwan, especially the ancient history of Taiwan."
In 1964, archaeologists found the ruins of daqu pit dating from 5,000 to 2,500 years old in Bali Township, Taipei, which unearthed ground stone axes, stone shovels, clay pots, urns, bowls and other utensils, which shows that in the Neolithic Age, there were ancient humans who could collect, fish and hunt in Taiwan, which was quite related to the Neolithic culture in Fujian.
Although it is said that "Taiwan has no history", thousands of years of history can always allow people to dig out some scraps. The Shang Shu Yu Gong records: "The island Yi Huifu, its weaving shells, its wrapped oranges, pomelo Xigong." Among them, "Island Yi" should be the southeastern islands including Taiwan. In addition, according to the "Records of History", Qin Shi Huang also ordered Xu Fu to take boys and girls overseas to find the three sacred mountains of Penglai, Yingzhou and Abbot, and Penglai was also said to be Taiwanese. In the Han Dynasty, it is also said that "there are Dongyi people overseas, divided into more than 20 countries", and the Eastern Anchovies here may also be Taiwan.
According to archaeological dating, a large number of stone tools, pottery, jade and a small number of bronzes excavated by Taiwan's Yuanshan culture have a mobile age between 2560 BC and 50 AD, and among the small number of bronzes, there is a two-winged bronze arrow, which is exactly the same size and shape as the bronze hammer excavated from Yin Ruins, which is enough to confirm that Taiwan must have been related to the mainland during the Yin Shang period.
"In the second year of Sun Quan's reign, he sent the generals Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhifu to seek Yizhou and Qizhou." This is the well-known story of Sun Quan sending Wei Wen to Taiwan mentioned in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", but wei Wen's work in Taiwan is not so glorious, "he wants to capture his people to benefit the people", but "the army has been through the ages, and the soldiers and soldiers have died of disease and disease eighteen or nineteen", and the result is that "The continent is far away, the pawns are not reached, and thousands of people in Yizhou are returned." ”
One of the people who accompanied the army was Shen Ying, who wrote a book called "The Chronicle of Foreign Objects in linhai water and soil" after arriving in Yizhou, which should be the earliest record of Taiwan that has been found so far.
Shen Ying commanded the Eastern Wu elite Danyang Qingjian
He was killed in the Battle of Jin and Wu
People here "wear ears with their hairs, women do not wear ears", although people "can make tenant cloth, but also as a banwen cloth, portray its inside, there are articles, think that the decoration is also good", but its level of civilization is still relatively slow, people do not have a strong sense of shame. "Uncles and aunts, women and men, lie down in a large bed. When it comes to meeting, each does not shy away from each other. And its unique marriage customs are also surprising. Shen Ying recorded it this way: "There are women in the A family and a man in the B family, and they still entrust their parents to live in the same place, and they are married and eat together in prison." Women are married, and they all lack the previous tooth. "When a woman gets married, she removes one of her front teeth, which is consistent with the custom of the Baiyue people to extract teeth.
At this time, people will also carry out some rough processing of food, "take raw fish and meat, mixed storage in large vessels, to marinate it, the calendar day and moon is to eat it, thinking that it is a dish." At the same time, he also likes to eat monkey brains, "(the people of the family) are good monkey head soup, with vegetables and middle, to sober up wine."
In the Sui Dynasty, there were more materials about Taiwan. The Book of Sui records that in the third year of Daye, the Sui Emperor sent the yu knight Zhu Kuan into the sea, Zhu Kuan arrived at Liuqiu, did not understand the words, and "plundered one person and returned", after which Zhu Kuan was again ordered to go to sea, but he also returned without success. The Sui Emperor was very angry at Liu Qiu's uncooperative behavior, and in the sixth year of Daye, he sent Hu Benlang to lead Chen Ling's army of 10,000 people into Liu Qiu.
The "Haiphong Examination" records: "In the Sui Kai Emperor, he tried to dispatch the tiger Ben Chen Ling slightly Penghu Land. The Sui Shu Chen Ling Biography describes this activity in detail. In short, the final result was that the two sides went to war, and Chen Ling won a complete victory, "burning his palace, capturing thousands of men and women, and returning with the army." ”
After the fall of the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty did not have the idea of running Taiwan, and perhaps in the prosperous maritime trade exchanges of the Tang Dynasty, when ships traveling to and from the port of Guangzhou shuttled through the Taiwan Strait, the boatmen would have some reverie about the small island of Taiwan.
In the Song Dynasty, the development of maritime trade began to make the imperial court consider the issue of maritime border defense, and Zhao Rushi of Quanzhou City mentioned in the "Zhufan Zhi" that "quan has islands, known as penghu islands, and belongs to Jinjiang County." This shows that Penghu was included in the territory of the Song Dynasty.
During the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan sent people to Yao to ask for help, but the result was fruitless. During the later Yuan Chengzong period, Zhang Haozheng of the capital Town was sent to seek revenge and capture more than 130 people and returned. From the first year of Shunzong to the first year, the Penghu Inspection Department was set up to "hold salt classes at the age of one year", which should be regarded as the first time that the Penghu area was truly administratively administered.
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty and began to ban the sea, cutting off the development of maritime trade. In 1372, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the residents of Penghu to move to Fujian, and in the following years, there were measures to suppress the development of maritime trade, such as abolishing the Penghu Inspection Department and issuing a ban on the sea.
In the following period of time, there were no major events in Taiwan, and it is worth mentioning only that in the first year of Longqing, after the Fujian Inspector asked for the opening of some sea bans was approved, although the ocean-going cause was developed to a certain extent, but at the same time the problem of piracy was also exposed.
In 1567, the recruited pirates launched a large-scale rebellion, which was soon quelled, but the piracy incident intensified since then. The pirate Lin Daoqian, who absconded to Taiwan during the Jiajing years, made a comeback again, and after a series of operations such as engagement, pacification, mutiny, and re-absconding, the Lin Daoqian incident finally came to an end.
At this time, the legendary pirate Lin Feng, who was passed down by word of mouth, began to appear, Lin Feng, a Guangdong Chaozhou native, often harassed the coastal area in the early days, and was driven to the Penghu area, taking Penghu as a stronghold, and in the second year of the Wanli Calendar, he set out from Penghu to attack Manila from the south, at this time just in time for the Spanish invasion of Manila, so Lin Feng led the army to help, the Spaniards could not resist, under the guidance of the principle that the enemy of the enemy is a friend, the Spaniards united with the Ming army to jointly block Lin Feng, after the fight, Lin Feng was defeated, retreated to Taiwan, and his whereabouts were unknown.
The great pirate Lin Feng
Under the frequent harassment of pirates, in the thirtieth year of the Wanli Calendar, shen Yourong, the general of Huanyu County, led an army to the sea to suppress thieves, and one of the people in the army was named Chen Di, who traveled with the troops in the southeast sea.
According to records, at this time, Taiwan "did not have a day and a moon, did not have an official, did not grow, and was naked and knotted", "and it was in the sea but not fishing, mixed and not widowed, male and female translocations, coexistence of paralysis, and poor years of deer hunting, deer hunting, deer are not exhausted." Judging from the records of the "Book of Eastern Fan", after more than a thousand years of development, Taiwan's development is still very slow, and from the perspective of the process of civilization, Chen Di saw this time that "winter and summer do not wear clothes, women tie grass skirts, and slightly cover their lower bodies", "no crowns and no shoes, naked in and out, thinking that it is easy to be simple and cloudy." ”
A multi-party game in the Age of Discovery
2
Although the imperial court has issued three orders to ban the sea, but maritime trade is the lifeline of the coastal people, where it can be banned, there are still many people engaged in foreign trade in private, zheng Zhilong is one of them.
When Zheng Zhilong was a teenager, he followed his family to do business in Macao, the Philippines, Japan and other places, especially after arriving in Japan, he met the sea merchants Li Dan and Yan Siqi, and followed them to accumulate capital and develop contacts in Japan.
Overseas during the same period, the Netherlands replaced Spain as the maritime hegemon. In the thirty-fifth year of the Wanli Calendar, taking advantage of the fact that "the island was undefended", the Dutchman Wei Malang led an army to Penghu and "cut down wood and build a house for a long time", although the imperial court did not attach importance to this land of Suier, but this naked provocation still caused dissatisfaction in the Ming Dynasty.
At first, Wei Malang wanted to bribe the imperial court officials through money, but later, there was no movement, and he sent out "jingli armor on the side" to threaten with force, at this time the officials in the coastal area panicked, whether it was peace or war, and argued endlessly.
According to the routine, important people will generally appear at this time. Sure enough, Shen Yourong angrily rebuked the courtiers, and Dayi said awe-inspiringly: "Yi Yi is in the city?" However, the suspension baited me, fortunately sold, will snore on the side, heel the story of Xiangshan Ao, and look at the middle turk. "This means that you brainless, the Dutch are obviously drunk and do not want to drink, want to bribe me, and then slowly take root in Taiwan to achieve the purpose of encroaching on Taiwan." So he went through many rounds with Wei Malang and finally succeeded in retiring the Dutch. Today, there are still stone tablets in the Penghu Tianhou Palace during the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, such as "Shen Yourong's Resignation of Red Hair Fan Wei MaLang and So on".
In the second year of the apocalypse, Gu En, the governor of Batavia, ordered Ryelson to lead 12 ships and 1,024 soldiers to sneak into Macau, but without success, so he went north to Penghu and landed at Magong Port, because it was June, during the period of the withdrawal of Penghu rangers, so there was no resistance, and the Dutch successfully occupied Taiwan and built a fortified city here.
After occupying Taiwan, the Dutch wantonly abused the fortified city and labored, killing more than 1,300 people, while selling more than 1,000 people to Batavia (present-day Jakarta) as slaves, and colluding with pirates to plunder the coastal areas of Fujian when trade with the mainland was not successful.
In the fourth year of the apocalypse, the Ming government could not bear it any longer and ordered Wang Mengxiong to attack Penghu to expel the Dutch, and under the favorable deployment of Inspector Nan juyi in Fujian, the situation of the Ming army was superior. At this time, the Ming army had more than 10,000 people and 200 ships, while the Dutch army had only more than 900 people, and there were many wounds and illnesses. In the face of the disparity in strength, the Dutch raised a white flag to show their surrender, and agreed to the Ming court's request to "demolish the city and move to Taiwan", and since then Taiwan has begun the history of Dutch colonization.
After occupying Taiwan, the Dutch began to build the "City of Zeelandia", and in the following years successfully expelled the Spaniards, and in the fourteenth year of Chongzhen (1641) monopolized Taiwan.
In two ways, Zheng Zhilong became popular with the big guys in Japan, and successfully replaced Yan Siqi after his death, and ran his own business in the Taiwan Strait region by plundering and annexing everywhere. With the growth of Zheng Zhilong, the imperial court began to recruit security, and in the first year of Chongzhen, Zheng Zhilong accepted the invitation and left Taiwan to return to Fujian.
In 1644, the Ming Dynasty capital division Suncheonfu fell, and Hongguang crossed south for the Southern Ming. In 1645, the Hongguang Emperor Zhu Yousong was captured and executed, and with the support of Zheng Zhilong and others, Zhu Yujian ascended the throne and changed his name to Yuan Longwu, and in the same year Zheng Zhilong's son Zheng Sen was appreciated by the Longwu Emperor Zhu Yujian, gave the country surname, and changed his name to "Chenggong", that is, "Guoshi Ye" Zheng Chenggong.
After that, Zheng successfully carried the banner of anti-Qing. However, the following year, when his son was enthusiastically resisting the Qing, Lao Tzu Zheng Zhilong led his troops to surrender to the Qing, and in the same year, Emperor Longwu was captured and died of hunger strike.
Under these circumstances, Zheng Chenggong strengthened his determination to oppose the Qing, so he stepped up recruitment and training soldiers to accumulate strength for the resistance to the Qing. In 1659, Zheng Chenggong's army defeated Nanjing, and some of the defeated officers and soldiers fled to Taiwan, and the rumor that Zheng Chenggong wanted to attack Taiwan attracted the attention of the Dutch.
Portrait of Zheng Chenggong of Gulangyu Island in Xiamen
At this critical moment, a man named He Bin appeared, He Bin, who was serving as a general secretary in Taiwan, and said that he was originally from Zheng Zhilong's old department, which is unknown, in short, He Bin and the Dutch had a conflict and ran to Zheng Chenggong to lure him to attack Taiwan.
In the face of wind, the Dutch appealed to the Governor of Batavia for support. During this period, the news that Zheng Chenggong wanted to attack Taiwan was repeatedly reported, causing panic among the Dutch, and strengthening the control of the Han people in Taiwan to prevent cooperation with Zheng Shili.
On April 21, 1661, after preliminary recruitment and careful planning, Zheng Chenggong defied the consensus of the people, personally led an army of 17,000, and 300 warships set sail from Kinmen Zhiluo Bay, marched from Penghu to Taiwan, and arrived at Luermen Overseas on the 30th. Led by He Bin, Zheng successfully landed at Lu'er Gate.
At this time, the Dutch garrison was no more than 2,000 people, stationed in the cities of Zeelandia and Provenchy. On May 1, the Dutch saw the landing of the Zheng army, sent 250 men and 3 warships to attack the Zheng army, under the crushing strength, the provincia defender Cat Nanshi surrendered, and the Dutch army retreated and concentrated on defending the city of Zeelandia. After taking the city of Provincja, Zheng Chenggong tried to persuade the Dutch governor stationed in Taiwan to surrender yi yi, but he did not obey.
On May 5, Zheng Chenggong led an army to attack the city of Zeelandia, and under the defense of the Dutch army, failed to capture the city of Zeelandia, at this time Zheng Chenggong was worried that the army was unstable, so he sent people to besiege the city, "surrender himself", and at the same time sent people to reclaim the fields in Taiwan.
On June 24, after the Batavian authorities learned of Zheng's successful attack on Taiwan, they hurriedly sent commander Gao Ya to gather 725 soldiers and 9 warships to support. On the way to support, due to the wind and waves at sea, the fleet was blown to Penghu, and when Gao Gao rushed from Penghu to Taiwan, it was already September, and it happened to meet zheng jun overseas in Tainan, the two sides fought, the Dutch warships were sunk 5, more than 300 casualties, and Gao Gao hurriedly docked at The city of Zeelandia.
In October, the Dutch troops stationed in Tamsui and Keelung went south to support, but unfortunately they were blown to the Fujian coast by the wind and waves, taking this opportunity, the Dutch wanted to combine the Qing army to encircle and suppress Zheng Chenggong, the Qing army asked the Dutch to attack Xiamen first, and then they were willing to help the end, and as a result, the supporting Dutch army took advantage of the bad weather to flee back to Batavia when attacking Xiamen. At this time, the Dutch army stationed in Taiwan was already in the wind, the army was scattered, and there were constantly Dutch defenders who defected to the Zheng army, and Zheng Chenggong learned the weakness of the city of Zeelandia and the intelligence of the Dutch army from the surrendering army. At this time, in view of the embarrassing situation of er's father in The Ming Dynasty, the Qing government also became more and more suspicious of Zheng Zhilong, and abandoned Zheng Zhilong in November after unsuccessfully appeasing Zheng Zhilong.
On January 25, 1662, Zheng Chenggong's army attacked and shelled the Utrecht Round Fort, the Dutch army collapsed in an instant, zheng Chenggong sent people to tell Yu Yi, "This place is the ancestors' relics, now I want to get the ear of the earth, Yu Xi yi gui'er", yi Yi'er, seeing that the general trend has gone, and negotiated with the Zheng clan. On February 1, the two sides signed a peace treaty, and on the 17th, the Dutch army withdrew from Taiwan, thus ending Dutch colonial rule in Taiwan. Shortly after ruling Taiwan, Zheng Chenggongyu died of illness on June 23 at the age of 39.
Portrait of Zheng Chenggong in front of the Chi Chi Building
After Zheng Chenggong's death, his son Zheng Jingping succeeded to the Yanping King Jinyin after the disaster of Xiao Wall, and at the same time moved to Taiwan in 1664 under the blockade and siege of the Qing government, and for some time thereafter, the Ming Zheng regime and the Qing government remained in a state of hostility.
In the twentieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, that is, in 1681 AD, Zheng Jing died of illness, and at the end of the same year, the San Francisco Rebellion that had plagued the Qing government for many years was put down, and Kangxi began to focus on solving the Taiwan problem.
In 1683, after unsuccessful negotiations with Ming Zheng, Shi Lang, the admiral of the Fujian Marine Division, personally led an army of 20,000 people and 300 warships to Penghu on July 8.
On the 10th, Ling Tibiao's right battalion guerrilla Lan Li led his army north to Penghu Bay, at this time the commander of the Zheng army, Liu Guoxuan, had lined up to meet each other, the two sides fought fiercely, Lan Li won the first battle, but Shi Lang was "wounded by arrows and blood overflowed in Pa", so he ordered the fleet to return to Ba Pao Island to dock. On the 16th, Shi Lang "divided the east and west by a hundred ships", dispatched the general soldiers Chen Bo and Wei Ming to lead the troops to the east to point to Jilongyu and Sijiaoshan, Dong Yi, Kang Yu and other troops to the west to Niuxin Bay, and at the same time divided the 56 warships into 8 shares, each share of 7 ships", and he and seven other people divided one share, directly pounding the Niangma Palace, and at the same time, they followed by 80 ships divided into two shares and served as a backup.
With the help of Shi Lang's meticulous deployment and weather, the Qing army attacked fiercely, and after a melee, Liu Guoxuan knew that the general trend was gone, and led the remnants back to Taiwan. After some arguments, Zheng Ketuan decided to surrender, and on September 17, he handed over the Golden Seal of Yanping, and on October 1, Shi Lang ascended to the throne and surrendered, and the Ming Dynasty was completely destroyed.
After the seizure of Taiwan, the Qing Dynasty had controversy over Taiwan's "abandonment," and at the crucial moment, Shi Lang wrote in "Gong Chen Taiwan's Abandonment and Neglect," pointing out that "although Taiwan is a place with many islands, it is the key to the four provinces." At the insistence of Shi Lang, Yao Qisheng and others, Kangxi established the Taiwan Prefecture in 1684, which was subordinate to the Fujian Provincial Cloth Envoy Department, and the island of Taiwan was officially included in the territory of the Qing government.
The following year, under the auspices of Ling Ji Qiguang of Zhuluo (now Chiayi, Taiwan), Taiwan founded the first poetry society in local history, the Dong Yin Society, and opened the style of the poetry club. Most of the members of the early poetry society were ming dynasty widows, such as Shen Guangwen, who opened the era of Taiwanese culture and religion.
Shen Guangwen (沈光文), Ziwen Kai (字文開), Was born in the 40th year of the Wanli Dynasty, was admitted to the Throne through scientific examinations, was awarded the Title of Doctor Taichang, and successively accompanied the Fu Wang, the Yongli Regime, and the Qing Army into Fujian, "Secretly dispatched envoys to recruit them with books and coins", and Shen "burned his books and returned his coins". Later, Shen Guangwen wanted to return to Quanzhou from Kinmen, but he encountered wind and waves, and the ship drifted to Taiwan, "subject to a house." After arriving in Taiwan, Shen Guangwen joined forces with several literati in Taiwan to spread literature and education in Taiwan, which not only opened up Taiwan's cultural era, but also greatly promoted the cultural prosperity of the Taiwan region.
At the time of the establishment of the Dongyin Society, Shen Guangwen, who was 74 years old at the time, personally wrote a "Preface to the Dongyin Society", and the establishment of the poetry society "made the remaining forty years suppress the unsettling breath, the depressed chest, and the arrogance could not help itself." As a relic of the former dynasty, after decades of wandering and turmoil, how many people can understand and understand the state of mind of "hating hunger and not dying, and wanting to add a long life".
In 1688, Shen Guangwen died in Taiwan, and in order to commemorate it, the descendants built the "Wenkai Academy" to show his achievements, and enshrined it with Zhu Xi, and its influence can be seen. Ji Qiguang commented: "There has never been anyone in Taiwan, and there have always been people in Si'an. Taiwan has no literature, and Si'an has always had literature", Lian Heng's evaluation of it is "In the past three hundred years in Taiwan, those who have sung the sea with literature have not been counted." At the time of the Zheng clan, Shen Guangwen, the secretary of the Taibu Temple, began with poetry. ”
The epitome of the glory and disgrace of the recent world
3
In the 19th century, the corruption problem of the Qing government became more and more serious, and social contradictions became more and more acute, not only the peasant uprisings in the interior were frequent, but also in Taiwan.
For example, the Lin Shuangwen incident. Lin Shuangwen was originally the leader of the Tiandihui North Road, and he used the Taiwanese officials to rule corruption and gather crowds to riot, but in the end, because of the support of the people, the Qing army quelled the rebellion, and the Qianlong Emperor changed "Zhuluo" to "Chiayi" in order to reward the righteous deeds of the people in the Zhuluo area.
Another example is the Dai Chaochun incident in Taiwan, which lasted for nearly four years. In 1862, Dai Chaochun, the leader of the Heaven and Earth Society, besieged the county seat of Changhua, and then various forces in Taiwan rebelled, at that time, because there was a Taiping Rebellion in the mainland, the Qing court could not immediately pacify, but in the end, under the encirclement and suppression of the Qing army, the civil revolt ended in failure.
After the Opium War in 1840, the island of Taiwan was coveted by the great powers.
In 1871, the fleet of the Ryukyu Kingdom, a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty, encountered a storm, and 66 people on board landed on the shore for help and mistakenly entered the local indigenous area, of which 54 people were killed, and the rest were rescued by the local Han people and sent to Fuzhou. It is for the "Peony Society Incident".
In 1873, the Japanese army sent troops to Taiwan under the pretext of the "Peony Society Incident". The Qing government hastily sent Shen Baozhen, the minister of shipping, to lead troops into Taiwan, and under the resistance of the local residents, the Japanese army failed to achieve its wishes. Under the intervention of common law and law, the Qing government and Japan signed the "Sino-Japanese Taiwan Incident Treaty" in September 1874, which stipulated that the Japanese army would withdraw from the army, and the Qing government would compensate the Japanese side with 500,000 taels of silver, and recognized the Japanese invasion as a "righteous act to protect the people". Leave a pretext for Japan's future invasion of Taiwan.
In 1883, after the French invaded Vietnam, they also wanted to bully the Qing government. The Qing court lost the Battle of Shanxi, and the two sides signed the Concise Treaty of the Sino-French Conference, which recognized France's right to protect Vietnam. Later, the French army created the "Northern Li Conflict" (that is, the "Guanyin Bridge Incident"), shelled the Qing positions for no reason, and the two sides clashed, and the Qing army suffered heavy casualties. In this case, the French army demanded compensation of 250 million francs for military expenses, which could be ceded to Taiwan Keelung as collateral for reparations. Liu Mingchuan, who was idle at home at the time, was appointed by the Qing government as the minister of Taiwan affairs.
In mid-July 1884, Liu Mingchuan led his troops to Keelung and inspected the fortress forts to strengthen defenses. At the beginning of August, the commander of the French Far East Fleet, Gu Ba, led his army to approach Keelung and demanded that the Qing army hand over the fort, the two sides fought fiercely, the French army destroyed the Qing fort, the defenders stationed in Taiwan were forced to retreat, and the French army landed and occupied the port of Keelung. On 6 August, French Marines searched the streets of Keelung and attacked nearby heights in an attempt to annihilate the defenders. Under the command of Liu Mingchuan, the defenders fought back bravely, and after several hours of fierce fighting, repelled the French army.
The French army failed to invade Keelung, so they negotiated peace with the Qing army, but the Qing government refused. On August 23, the French launched a surprise attack on the Nanyang Fleet, and the incident suddenly destroyed the Nanyang Marine Division. On the 26th, the Qing court officially declared war on France.
On October 1, Liu Mingchuan led an army to meet the enemy, due to the disparity in strength, and at the same time, Huwei was in a hurry, so Liu Mingchuan moved to Huwei, and Keelung fell. On the 8th, the French attacked Huwei, and under the cover of the fleet, successfully landed and advanced in several ways.
After the French landed, they were defeated by the Qing army that had been ambushed in advance, and fled back to the ship in a hurry. On the 23rd, the French army began to blockade Taiwan, in this case, the entire Taiwan military and civilians fought with the enemy, and finally crushed the French army's intentions. Since then, there have been many frictions between the two sides.
In March 1885, the French army was defeated at Zhennanguan, the Qing court decided to "take advantage of the victory and reap the victory", the two sides signed the Sino-French Treaty of Vietnam, the Qing court recognized Vietnam as a French protectorate, and at the same time opened up The Mongolian self and Longzhou places to trade with France, the French army withdrew from Keelung and Penghu, and revoked the blockade of the Chinese sea.
In the same year, Taiwan Province was upgraded to Taiwan Province, and Liu Mingchuan was appointed as the first inspector of Taiwan to comfort his outstanding contributions in the Sino-French War. After taking office, Liu Mingchuan actively developed modern industry in Taiwan, building railways, opening coal mines, founding telecommunications, and developing shipping, which greatly promoted the development of modern industry and education in Taiwan Province.
Liu Mingchuan, the first governor of Taiwan
In 1894, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War broke out, and finally the Beiyang Marine Division was completely destroyed, and China was defeated. As is customary, land cession is compensated.
In February 1895, Li Hongzhang went to Japan to negotiate, and at the same time asked for support from the embassies of various countries. Although Li Zhongtang, a framemaker during the negotiations, strongly refuted the cession of Taiwan, he pointed out: "Taiwan is a land that has not been invaded by the Japanese army, and it is quite unreasonable for Japan to cut it up, so it cannot cede Taiwan." But in the face of strength, the weak did not have much say, and the two sides signed the Treaty of Maguan on April 17, 1895, which stipulated that the entire island of Taiwan and all the affiliated islands belonged to Japan.
After the signing of the treaty, there was an uproar in the government and the public, and both the cabinet, the six ministers, the local governors, and even the people of Taiwan expressed strong opposition to the cession of Taiwan. At the same time, under the collegial discussion of Taiwan Governor Tang Jingsong and others, the Qing court established a "Taiwan Democracy State" to preserve Taiwan, elected Tang Jingsong as the president of the Democratic State, took the "Yellow Tiger Flag" as the national flag, and the founding name was "Yongqing", hoping that Taiwan, as an independent country, would let European countries interfere in Japan's invasion of Taiwan.
However, in the face of the current situation, Neither Li Zhongtang nor the so-called "Taiwan Democracy" could resist Japan's wolf ambitions. In October 1895, with the defeat of Liu Yongfu's anti-Japanese army, the city of Tainan Province fell, and the "Taiwan Democratic State" collapsed, followed by tens of thousands of heroic anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians who defended Taiwan.
After the Japanese occupied Taiwan, they began to implement colonial rule, and in the time since, the armed resistance of the Taiwanese people has been going on, such as the most representative Wushe Uprising, which was so tragic that the entire tribe was almost destroyed.
The film "SaidekBale" reflecting the "Fog Society".
In 1943, Chiang Kai-shek was invited to attend the Trilateral Summit of China, Britain and the United States and adopted the Cairo Declaration, indicating that the territory stolen by Japan in China would be returned to the Republic of China. On August 15, 1945, Japan announced its unconditional surrender. On October 25, the surrender ceremony was held at the Taipei City Public Hall, and Chen Yi, commander-in-chief of the Taiwan Provincial Guard, was ordered to take over Taiwan in a unified manner.
Taiwan, a small island that everyone is unfamiliar and familiar with, has gone from being barbaric to being coveted by foreign enemies, especially since the end of the Ming Dynasty, with smoke and smoke and flames, not only witnessing history, but also witnessing China's glory and disgrace.
In addition, due to historical reasons, while retaining the traditional cultural heritage, Taiwan has absorbed a large number of Japanese culture and Western culture, making the traditional and modern on this small island of Taiwan intertwined, and the classic and popular integration. In particular, the songs, films and televisions in Taiwan in the 1980s carried the youth of many people in that era.
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