Like the year of water flow - The Western Summer of China

Western Xia (1038–1227)

　　The Western Xia was a regime established in Chinese history by the Dang Xiang people in northwestern China, calling itself the State of Bang Ni Ding or the Great White Gao State and the Western Dynasty, which lasted for ten emperors and enjoyed 189 years of the country. Because it was in the west of the Song Dynasty, the Song people called it Western Xia.

　　The Dangxiang were a branch of the Qiang people, originating from the "Zhizhi" or "Zhizhi", which is the area around the Yellow River in the southeast of present-day Qinghai Province. During the Han Dynasty, the Qiang moved in large numbers to helong and Guanzhong. By the time of the Tang Dynasty, the party was gradually concentrated in eastern Gansu and northern Shaanxi.

　　At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion broke out, and the party leader Tuoba Sigong was given the title of Envoy of Xia Prefecture jiedushi for his meritorious efforts in suppressing rebellion, and was given the surname of Li and the Duke of Xia. After that, the Li family divided Xia Prefecture and passed on each other for generations. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the party was successively attached to the five generations of political powers. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the Tuoba Li clan chose to be attached.

　　In the seventh year of the Taiping Revival of the Northern Song Dynasty (982), Zhao Guangyi stripped the military power of the town, and its leader Li Jipeng was forced to take the initiative to make a pilgrimage to Kaifeng Province in Tokyo under pressure, abandoning hereditary division.

　　Li Jiqian's brother Li Jiqian was dissatisfied and turned to the Liao state, and was crowned king of Xia by the Khitans. During the battle against Pan Luozhi, the chief of the Tubo Liugu clan, Li Jiqian was shot in the body and died of his wounds, and his son Li Deming succeeded to the throne.

　　Li Deming pursued the strategy of "uniting the Liao and the Song Dynasty", and while declaring himself a vassal to the Song and Liao capitals, he expanded to the surrounding areas, attacking the Uighurs to the west and Tubo to the south.

　　In May of the sixth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1028), Li Yuanhao, son of Li Deming, conquered Ganzhou (present-day Zhangye, Gansu) and destroyed the Uighurs of Ganzhou.

　　In December of the ninth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (Liao Jingfu First Year, 1031), Li Yuanhao married Princess Xingping of the Liao State and strengthened the relationship between the two sides through marriage.

　　In November of the first year of the Ming Dynasty (1032) of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Deming died of illness and was succeeded by Li Yuanhao. In order to consolidate the rear, Li Yuanhao on the one hand attacked the remnants of the Tubo regime and the Ganzhou Uighurs who were attached to the Song Dynasty, while preparing for the title of emperor from the cultural aspect.

　　In the second year of the Ming Dynasty of the Northern Song Dynasty (1033), Li Yuanhao changed the Song Jianyuan Ming Dao to "Xiandao" to avoid his father's secrets.

　　In March, Li Yuanhao first abandoned the Surnames of Li and Zhao, which had been given to his ancestors by the Tang and Song Dynasties, and changed his surname to wéi míng, calling him "Wuzu" (meaning "Qing Tianzi"), and then issued a "Bald Hair Order" to the party tribes in the territory, limiting the people in the territory to baldness within three days and not killing those who did not obey. Li Yuanhao led by example, taking the lead in shaving the top of his head and wearing heavy ring decorations through his ears.

　　In May, Li Yuanhao promoted Xingzhou to Xingqing Prefecture (興庆府, in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia) and made it the capital. Li Yuanhao also planned and presided over the work of creating writing, and he ordered the chancellor Ye Li Renrong and others to sort out and interpret them and compile them into twelve volumes of Western Xia script (that is, the "Book of Fan" in the history books). These "de-Sinicization" initiatives are all preparations for its pursuit of self-reliance.

　　In October of the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1034), Wei Muxi, the leader of the maternal clan Wei Mushi, plotted to kill Li Yuanhao, and Li Yuanhao, after li Yuanhao realized it, drowned all the people of Shanxi in the river, and his birth mother Wei Mushi was also poisoned by him with medicinal liquor.

　　In the third year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1036), Li Yuanhao occupied Suzhou (present-day Jiuquan, Gansu), completely controlled the Hexi Corridor, and greatly increased his strength, and had formed a confrontation with the Song and Liao.

　　In April of the fifth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1038), Princess Xingping of the Liao State died of illness, and the relationship between Liao and Xia began to crack.

　　On October 11, 1038, Li Yuanhao, with the support of Ye LiRenrong, Yang Shousu and other trusted ministers, built an altar in the southern suburbs of Xingqing Province, officially ascending to the emperor's throne, and the country was known as Bactria .

　　Li Yuanhao (1038-1048), emperor of Xia Jingzong, reigned for eleven years and was the founding emperor of Western Xia.

　　Li Yuanhao's long-term dealings with the Liao and Song Dynasties can be said to be extraordinary achievements, but his ferocity, tyranny, greed and lust, and extremely poor character ultimately led to his inability to die.

　　In the first month of the second year of the Heavenly Conferment of Ceremonies (1039), Li Yuanhao sent an envoy to song to give Song Renzong a table, asking the Song dynasty to officially recognize his title of emperor. The Song Dynasty immediately refused and issued an edict to "cut off the official titles given to them" and also stopped mutual markets to carry out economic blockades, but the Song Dynasty's threat of "only listening to the sound of the stairs and not seeing people coming down" did not work for a while, and Li Yuanhao submitted a "letter of concubine" to the Song Dynasty to show contempt, and then pulled the banner to threaten the Song Dynasty with the power of the Liao Dynasty.

　　With the passage of time, the effect of the economic blockade began to appear, and Western Xia gradually felt that it was difficult to overcome, and Li Yuanhao decided to send troops to grab it. Yanzhou (present-day Yan'an) was both a military stronghold on the northwestern border of the Song Dynasty and a key point for the entry and exit of western Xia. Li Yuanhao first aimed his attack at this place.

　　In the third year of the Heavenly Gift law (1040), Li Yuanhao led an army of 100,000 to launch a war of aggression against the Song Dynasty. The Western Xia army completely annihilated the Song army in Yanzhou at Sanchuankou (三川口, in present-day Zaoyuan, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province), achieved a great victory, and then besieged Yanzhou. Due to heavy snowfall, lack of warm clothing, and the Song army's attacks in other places, Li Yuanhao withdrew, and Yanzhou was fortunate to be saved. The nascent Western Xia regime was extraordinary as soon as it struck.

　　In the fourth year of the Heavenly Gift law (1041), Li Yuanhao once again led a large army to attack the Song. Li Yuanhao set up an ambush at Haoshuichuan (haoshuichuan, northwest of present-day Longde, Ningxia) and raided with cavalry superiority, again winning a complete victory.

　　In the fifth year of the Tianzhi Li Fa Yanzuo (1042), Li Yuanhao's troops divided into two roads and attacked the Song Dynasty on a large scale for the third time. At Dingchuan Village (定川寨; northwest of present-day Guyuan, Ningxia), the Western Xia army cut off the Song army's grain route and return route, and won another great victory. When the news reached the Song Dynasty, the prime minister Lü Yijian exclaimed one after another, "One war is not as good as another war, but it is terrible!" Li Yuanhao was full of ambition and said, "I want to come to Weishui in person, and I want to go straight to Chang'an!" ”

　　However, just when Li Yuanhao was planning to make a big deal out of it, the Liao state, because it had gained benefits in negotiations with the Song (increasing the number of silver coins and 100,000 silk horses every year, known in history as "Chongxi coin increase"), came out to interfere in the war between Xia and Song, and in order to avoid being attacked on both sides, Li Yuanhao swallowed his anger and the Song and Xia sides ceased hostilities.

　　In February of the sixth year (1043) of the Heavenly Conferral Ceremony, Li Yuanhao ordered empress dowager's brothers Yeli Wangrong and Yeli Yuqi to join Song Yihe (said to be the empress's uncle).

　　In September, Li Yuanhao caught the Song general Zhong Shiheng's counter-plan and killed the Yeli brothers. Ye Li's wife, Wu Zang, was born beautiful, and was later appropriated by Li Yuanhao.

　　In June of the seventh year (1044) of the Heavenly Gift, after a year and a half of bargaining, Xia and Song reached an agreement. Song offered silver, silk, and tea to Western Xia and the restoration of the field in exchange for Li Yuanhao's submission to Song in the name of "Lord of Western Xia".

　　The warming of relations between Song and Xia obviously hindered the interests of both sides of the Liao state in taking advantage of the benefits, and Liao had long been dissatisfied with Li Yuanhao's instigation of the defection of the party members in Liao, so Emperor Yelü of Liaoxing decided to attack Li Yuanhao.

　　In October of that year, Yelü Zongzhen led 100,000 cavalry to cross the Yellow River in three ways and go deep into the summer realm. Intimidated by the strength of the Khitans, Li Yuanhao apologized for his sins and asked the Khitan to retreat, while fighting and retreating, and at the same time implementing the practice of clearing the wilderness, which made the logistics support of the Khitan army in trouble. Li Yuanhao then launched a fierce attack, defeating the Khitan army and capturing dozens of Khitan noble ministers, and Liao Xingzong himself barely escaped with dozens of horses, known in history as the "Battle of Hequ".

　　Li Yuanhao defeated the two strong enemies of the Song and Liao successively, and the reputation of the Western Xia was greatly enhanced, and the momentum of the Khitan and Northern Song dynasties was basically formed. With the success, Li Yuanhao's mind also began to heat up, indulging in eroticism all day long.

　　In February of the tenth year of the Heavenly Gifting Law (1047), the Wuzang clan gave birth to the crown prince Li Yuzuo. Soon, Li Yuanhao promoted Wuzang's brother Wuzang to the position of Minister of State.

　　In May, Li Yuanhao married the crown prince Ning Lingge to the brother-in-law, but when he saw the beauty of his daughter-in-law, he committed another problem of lustfulness, and immediately took it as the existing and established himself as the "new empress". Li Yuanhao then deposed Empress Yeli and planned to make Li Yuzuo the new crown prince.

Ning Lingge saw that lao tzu had robbed his wife, and now even the throne was gone, and the new hatred and the old hatred were in his heart. Without hiding Pang, he took the opportunity to instigate Ning Lingge to kill his father and succeed to the throne, and Ning Lingge believed that it was true and decided to take a desperate risk.

　　On the fifteenth day of the eleventh month of the eleventh year (1048) of the Heavenly Gift, Ning Lingge broke into the harem with a knife and cut off the nose of the drunken Li Yuanhao, and then fled. Subsequently, Ning Lingge was killed by Wuzang Pang for the crime of killing his father.

　　On the sixteenth day of the first month, Li Yuanhao, a generation of tyrants, died of excessive blood loss at the age of forty-six.

　　Emperor Yizong of Xia (1048-1067) reigned for twenty years and was the second emperor of Western Xia. Since Li Yuzuo was only one year old when he succeeded to the throne, he was the regent of Empress Dowager Wuzang, and the fact of power was controlled by Wuzang Bao pang.

In July of the first year of the Yan Dynasty (1049), Emperor Yelüzong of Liaoxing, ashamed of the defeat of the Snow Army in Nanbi, took advantage of the new lord of Western Xia, Li Yuzuo, to establish himself. Yelü Zongzhen had no way to deal with Li Yuanhao, but he had a very good way of bullying orphans and widows, and defeated the Xia army one after another.

　　In the second year of the State of Yansi (1050), Western Xia declared himself a vassal to Liao, and both sides withdrew.

　　In October of the fourth year (1056) of Fusheng Chengdao, the Wuzang clan had already gone on a hunting trip to Helan Mountain with her lover Bao Baoduo, and another of her lovers, Li Shougui, was already dissatisfied with "jealousy" and took the opportunity to kill the Wuzang clan and the "love enemy". Wuzang falsely ordered the destruction of Li Shou's nobles, and in order to consolidate his power, he gave his daughter to Li Yuzuo.

　　In the third year (1059) of duǒ dū, Li Yuzuo was twelve years old and made empress dowager. Because Li Yuzuo showed dissatisfaction with the dictatorship of Wuzang Andong, and Li Yuzuo's close associates Gao Huaichang and Mao Weizheng were shocked by the fact that Li Yuzuo's close associates Gao Huaichang and Mao Weizheng were killed, Li Yuzuo turned to woo the political enemy general Man Yao, who did not hide the favor.

　　In the fourth year of the capital (1060), Li Yuzuo met his cousin Liang Shi at the home of Wuzang Bao Pang, after which Liang Shi frequently entered the palace by visiting his sister-in-law Empress Wuzang, and the two soon fought fiercely.

　　In April of the fifth year of the reign of The Duke of Yan (1061), the Liang clan suddenly informed Li Yuzuo that the two men's private affair had been discovered by Wuzang Andi Pang, who secretly discussed with his son that he intended to kill Li Yuzuo and establish a new monarch. Li Yuzuo immediately contacted the general Man Jia, and took the opportunity of summoning him in the secret room to kill the father and son of Wuzang and then the entire clan of the Wuzang family.

　　Historians dispute this historical fact. First of all, there was no fear of revenge on Li Yuzuo, who had grown up, and planned to get rid of his opponents, but it was obviously easier to put the emperor under house arrest as his uncle and the abbot than to establish a new monarch, and if he wanted to launch a coup d'état, the first person to lose his head should be Liang Shi, how could he let her eavesdrop on the post so carelessly? How could both father and son easily go to the Forbidden Palace to see the Emperor? Another theory is that this is a play performed by Li Yuzuo in order to take power and "double-stay and double fly" with the Liang clan. There is also an extreme theory, that is, the radical measures taken by the Liang clan alone in order to ascend to the throne. In short, this has become a historical mystery that is not big or small.

　　In May of that year, he returned the cultivated land twenty miles west of the Quye River to the Song Dynasty and sent envoys to demarcate the border with the Song Dynasty, thus alleviating the tension between the Xia and Song dynasties.

　　In September, Li Yuzuo killed his cousin and empress Dowager Wuzang and made Liang empress, with empress dowager Liang's brother Liang Yiburi as his counterpart. Li Yuzuo himself was inclined to Sinicization, so he abolished the ritual and replaced it with Han Yi, and sent envoys to the Song Dynasty to pay tribute, and "asked Princess Shang" to help the Song Dynasty, but was not allowed by Emperor Renzong of Song.

　　In the first year of Gonghua (1063), Li Yuzuo changed the Han surname to "Li" and asked the Song Dynasty to resume the Trade of the Song Dynasty, which had previously cut off trade because of the continuous attacks on the Song Dynasty during the period of the Pang Dynasty, which was difficult for Xia. In the same year that Emperor Renzong of Song died, Li Yuzuo sent envoys to Song.

　　In the first month of the second year of Gonghua (1064), the Xia envoy Wuzong arrived in Songjing. This was supposed to be an opportunity for the two sides to ease relations, but Emperor Wuzong and the Song Dynasty led Gao Yi to quarrel over etiquette, and Gao Yi angrily said that "when a million soldiers should be expelled into Helan's lair", Emperor Yingzong of Song also issued an edict for Li Touzuo to punish Emperor Wu. The hot face pasted a cold ass, Li Yuzuo itched his teeth with hatred, and the relationship between the two sides that had just been somewhat warm was instantly beaten back to the freezing point.

　　In July of that year, Li Yuzuo led troops to attack the Song Qinfeng and Jingyuan prefectures. In the following years, Li Yuzuo kept harassing the Song Dynasty on the one hand, and on the other hand, he was limited to the national strength and constantly called the subjects and tributes, and the two sides talked about fighting.

　　In September of the fourth year of Gonghua (1066), Li Yuzuo was wounded in a near-front battle during an attack on the song city of Dashun (present-day northeast of Huachi, Gansu).

　　In December of that year, the Tubo tribe of Hezhou descended to xia, and the ruling power of the Xia kingdom was further extended.

　　In December of the fifth year of Gonghua (1067), Li Yizuo died at the age of twenty-one. With the death of Li Yuzuo, history gave the opportunity to Empress Liang, and she also firmly grasped this historical opportunity and began an eighteen-year reign.

　　Li Bingchang (1067-1086), emperor huizong of Xia, reigned for twenty years and was the third emperor of Western Xia.

　　Throughout his life, Li Bingchang lived in the shadow of his mother, Empress Liang, who held great power and formed a mother party clique with her brother Liang Yiburi as minister of state and Liang Yiburi's daughter as Li Bingchang's empress (Empress Xiaoliang).

　　The Han empress dowager ruled the party xiangren, which is inevitably controversial. To this end, Empress Dowager Liang tried her best to win over and please the party nobles, and the Liang clique changed the Han ritual changed during the Li Yuzuo period, restored the Ritual, and even launched a war against the Song. Only five months after Empress Liang came to power, the two countries began to clash against the Western Xia's attack on the Northern Song Dynasty's Yancheng.

　　In the sixth year of Da'an (1080), the sixteen-year-old Li Bingchang began to pro-government. Li Bingchang advocated Han law and ordered the restoration of the "restoration of the Han ceremony" and the abolition of the "Qiyi", a move that was dissuaded and vigorously opposed by Empress Liang and Liang Yiburi and the forces of the mother party, and the relationship between mother and son deteriorated.

　　In the seventh year of Da'an (1081), in order to resist the constraints of the mother party, Li Bingchang accepted the advice of the chancellor Li Qingce and decided to return the Henan region to the Song Dynasty. Unexpectedly, the secret was learned by Empress Liang, Li Qingce was booby-trapped, and Li Bingchang was imprisoned in Shuizhu, where the Western Emperor's Mausoleum was located five miles away from the Xingqing Palace. Li Bingchang was imprisoned, and Xia Chao was shocked.

　　In May, Yu Zanghuama, the leader of the "Baotai Supervision Army Division" and the tubo leader Yuzang Huama, who had always been dissatisfied with the dictatorship of Zhuliang, sent a letter to the Northern Song Dynasty requesting troops on the grounds that the lord of the Xia state had lost his position and the country was in turmoil. Emperor Shenzong of Song, Zhao Yan, followed The Suggestion of Zhongchen and launched the Five-Way Expedition against Xia with Li Xian, Zhongchen and other five-way armies. Under the crisis, Empress Liang followed the advice of the veteran general, implemented the practice of clearing the wilderness, and waited for the opportunity to cut off the song army's grain route.

　　In July of the eighth year of Da'an (1082), the Song Dynasty built Yongle City on the border of Xia, Yin, and Yu, posing a great threat to Western Xia.

　　In September, Empress Liang ordered an attack on Yongle City, and the Song army was defeated, known in history as the Battle of Yongle City. When Zhao Yan heard the news of the fiasco in Yongle City, he cried bitterly. Although Xia won, the national strength was far from song after all, and the two sides once again negotiated peace.

　　At the same time, dissatisfaction with the dictatorship of Liang's mother party in the Xia Dynasty was also intensifying, and calls for Li Bingchang's reinstatement continued.

　　In the leap June of the ninth year of Da'an (1083), forced by the situation, Empress Liang and Liang Yi buried Li Bingchang to restore the throne to ease the contradictions, but the power of the government was still in the hands of Empress Liang and Liang Yiburi.

　　In February of the eleventh year of Da'an (1085), Liang Yi, the minister of state, was buried, and Liang Yikui, the son of Liang Yiburi, was made minister of state, and Liang's aunt and nephew continued to control the government.

　　In October of that year, Empress Liang died of illness. The imperial family represented by Liang Yikui and Ren DuoBaozhong became increasingly fierce in their struggle for power.

　　On July 10, 1086, in the first year of the Tian'an Liding Dynasty, Emperor Huizong of Xia died in grief at the age of twenty-six. His three-year-old son Li Qianshun took the throne.

　　Li Qianshun (1086-1139), emperor of Xia Chongzong, reigned for fifty-four years and was the fourth emperor of Western Xia.

　　Early in Li Qianshun's reign, Empress Xiaoliang (daughter of Liang Yiburi) and Liang Yikui continued to control the dictatorship and constantly fought against song. As time passed, an infighting broke out between Empress Liang and Liang Yikui over power, and a disgruntled Liang Yikui decided to usurp power.

　　In October of the fifth year (1094), with the support of the imperial chancellors Awu and Renduo Baozhong, Empress Xiaoliang arrested and killed Liang Yidi and his family.

　　This Empress Xiaoliang, like her aunt, was as authoritarian and belligerent as she was, and in order to strengthen the war against the Song Dynasty, she repeatedly asked the Liao Dynasty for reinforcements. The Liao court was extremely disgusted with this Empress Xiaoliang and categorically refused her request, and Empress Xiaoliang was also annoyed by the rejection many times, and could not help but speak harshly.

　　In the second year of Yong'an (1099), the sixteen-year-old Li Qianshun was in power, but Empress Xiaoliang was still "arbitrary and did not allow the state to be in charge." Empress Xiaoliang's behavior made the Liao state as the suzerain intolerable, so the Liao Daozong Yelü Hongji sent envoys to Western Xia and designed to poison Empress Xiaoliang.

　　At this point, the thirty-two years of the history of the two Empress Liang empresses in charge of the Western Xia Dynasty came to an end. After that, Li Qianshun was completely dependent on the Liao, and repeatedly sent envoys to ask the Liao for marriage, while the Song Dynasty adopted a policy of reconciliation, and the war between the two sides was greatly reduced.

　　In March of the fourth year of Zhenguan (1104), Emperor Tianzuo of Liao enfeoffed His daughter Yelü Nanxian as Princess Cheng'an and married Li Qianshun, and Liao made Xiao Heda the Princess of Cheng'an's concubine Yi Cong, who also came to the Xia Kingdom.

　　Here I would like to say that xia's use of the "Zhenguan" era name is the same as the Tang Dynasty Li Shimin's "Zhenguan" name, perhaps to use this "auspicious" word to create a new situation, but its influence is not at all the same as that of Tang.

　　With the establishment of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, the situation in the Liao State began to deteriorate gradually, and in this situation, Li Qianshun repeatedly sent troops to support.

　　In the fifth year of Yuan De (1123), the Jin Dynasty promised to cede the territory around northwestern Liaoning to Xia. Seeing that the demise of the Liao Dynasty was a foregone conclusion, Li Qianshun agreed to Jin's terms.

　　In March of the sixth year of Yuan De (1124), Li Qianshun swore an oath to the Jin Dynasty, indicating his attachment to Jin.

　　In the seventh year of Yuan De (1125), the Liao Tianzuo Emperor Yelü Yanxi was captured and the Liao Dynasty fell.

　　In September of the same year, Li Ren'ai, the crown prince born to Yelü Nanxian, was sad about the destruction of the Liao kingdom and died of grief. The grief-stricken Yelü Nanxian was so sad that he committed suicide by hunger strike.

　　After that, with the jin dynasty destroying the Liao and Northern Song dynasties and engaging in war with the Southern Song Dynasty, Li Qianshun took the opportunity to continue to expand, and Xia formed an unprecedented vast territory.

　　In April of the third year of Dade (1137), the Song Dynasty's Xi'an Prefecture (Xi'an Prefecture in present-day Northwest Haiyuan County, Ningxia) ordered Ren Dejing to surrender to Western Xia and offer his seventeen-year-old daughter to Li Qianshun as a concubine. The following year, Concubine Ren was made empress.

　　On the fourth day of the first month of June in the fifth year of Dade (1139), Li Qianshun of Xia Chongzong died of illness at the age of fifty-six.

　　Li Renxiao (1139-1193), who reigned for fifty-five years, was the fifth emperor of Western Xia and the longest-reigning emperor among Western Xia emperors.

　　During The reign of Li Renxiao, the internal political power of the Xia State was stable, the external conditions were good due to the basic subsidence of the wars of the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, and the territory of the Xia reached the extreme, which can be called the heyday of the Western Xia.

　　In June and July of the first year of Daqing (1140), Xiao Heda, a Liao man who had already served as the governor of Xia Prefecture, after unsuccessfully sending people to the western region to search for Yelü Dashi, launched a rebellion in the city of Xiazhou, intending to restore the Liao Dynasty. Li Renxiao ordered Ren Jing to quell the rebellion, and by October the rebellion had been quickly quelled. Xiao Heda fled in defeat and ran north to the mouth of the Yellow River, where he was blocked and killed by Ren Dejing's army.

　　Li Renxiao admired Han culture, advocated ruling the country with Confucianism, and paid great attention to strengthening the construction of the legal system.

　　During the Tiansheng period (1149-1169), Li Renxiao specially organized personnel to compile the code, and on the basis of revising the old laws, the new revised code was named "Tiansheng Reform of the Old Law Order", a total of 20 volumes, which was the second time in Chinese history that the dynastic code was publicly engraved and promulgated, and it was also the first code printed in ethnic minority languages, providing valuable information for the study of Western Xia culture and military.

　　In the first year of Qianyou (1170), Ren Dejing, the minister of state and the crowned king of Chu, was so powerful that he threatened Li Renxiao to give Rendejing the southwest road and Lingzhou of the Western Xia Kingdom as a state. At the same time, Ren Dejing also coerced Li Renxiao to send envoys to the Jin Kingdom to request canonization, but after Jin refused, Ren Dejing secretly contacted the Southern Song Dynasty to attack the Jin Dynasty and overthrow Li Renxiao.

　　After receiving assurances from the Jin Dynasty, Li Renxiao deceived Ren Dejing and his brothers into entering the dynasty under the pretext of "Zen position", and easily eliminated them, and the Western Xia regime turned the situation into peace.

　　On September 20, 1193, the twenty-fourth year of Qianyou (1193), Li Renxiao of Xia Renzong died at the age of seventy. His son Li Chunyou ascended the throne.

　　Emperor Huanzong of Xia, Li Chunyou (1193-1206), reigned for fourteen years and was the sixth emperor of Western Xia.

　　Li Chunyou was a bad luck emperor, his grandfather and father ruled the Xia Empire for more than a hundred years, and by the time his generation, the good luck of his generation was basically used up. At this time, the Mongols had emerged in the desert north, seriously threatening the security of the Western Xia kingdom, and the power struggle within it became increasingly fierce, and the Xia began to decline.

　　In the tenth year of Tianqing (1203), the Mongol Kliebu, which had befriended the Western Xia, was annexed by Temujin, and Sangkun, the son of the leader of the Krie clan, Wang Khan, fled to the Western Xia, and Xia lost part of its buffer zone with the Mongols. Li Chunyou took in this ally, but since then he has berled bad luck.

　　In the twelfth year of Tianqing (1205), Temujin led an army to invade Western Xia for the first time, plundering the border cities. Li Chunyou, who felt a headache, changed the name of Xingqing Province to Zhongxing Province, which means Zhongxing in the Xia Kingdom.

　　In this year, Li Chunyou's uncle Li Renyou the Prince of Yue died, and his son Li Anshang asked for the title, but Li Chunyou did not allow it, but instead demoted Li An to the rank of king of the county. Li An was indignant and had the heart to usurp the throne.

　　In the first month of the thirteenth year of Tianqing (1206), Li An, with the support of Empress Luo, reactionarily put forward a coup d'état, deposed Li Chunyou's throne, and established himself as emperor, changing his era name to YingTian. Emperor Huanzong of Xia died violently after three months of seclusion, at the age of thirty.

　　Emperor Xiangzong of Xia (1206-1211) reigned for six years and was the seventh emperor of Western Xia.

　　When Li Safe succeeded to the throne, the situation in Western Xia became more and more unfortunate. In this year, the Mongols completed their integration, and Temujin, in order to isolate his sworn enemy, the Jin Dynasty, decided to first destroy the Jinxia alliance. War is on the verge of breaking out.

　　In the second year of Ying Tian (1207), the Mongol army attacked Xia for the second time, when the Mongols were still weak and returned after breaking the city of Wulahai (southwest of present-day Alxa Right Banner in Inner Mongolia).

　　In the fourth year of Yingtian (1209), the Mongols surrendered to the Gaochang Uighurs, which caused the Hexi region of Western Xia to lose the buffer between Mengxia and was completely exposed to the Mongols.

　　Temujin led the Mongol army on the third expedition to Xia, which began to invade from the Hexi region, out of Heishui City (in present-day Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia), attacked Huoluo and captured the Western Xia Taifu Xibi Yanda (also known as "Xianbei Zhenda", because "Xibi" and "Xianbei" are close). The Mongol army then conquered the key pass on the outskirts of Zhongxing Province, the Keyi Gate, captured Xia Tong and led the Ming Linggong, and directly arrived at Zhongxing Province.

　　The Mongolian army diverted the Yellow River to flood the city, the soldiers and civilians of the Xia kingdom suffered heavy casualties, and the city walls were about to collapse, so Li An sent envoys to the Jin kingdom for help in an emergency. At that time, the reigning King of the Jin Dynasty, Wei Shao, completed Yan Yongji, ignored the principle that the two countries of Jinxia and Xia were cold in the eyes of the courtiers, and actually said, "If the enemies attack each other, the blessings of our country will also be troubled." "Rejected Xixia's request.

　　Fortunately, the mongols themselves built a diversion dam, which also collapsed, and the water flooded themselves, so the Mongol army agreed to the surrender application of the Xia King, and after Li Safely sacrificed his daughter and a large amount of gold and silver treasures, livestock, and Mongol vajray, the Mongol army released the Song Ming Linggong and Xibi and retreated.

　　The death of the Jin state made Western Xia extremely resentful, and Li An ordered an attack on the Jin state of Ye Prefecture (葭州, in present-day Jia County, Shaanxi), and the Xia-Jin relationship broke down.

　　In the second year of Emperor Jian's reign (1211), Li Zunyan (李遵顼), the nephew of emperor of Western Xia, launched a palace coup d'état and deposed Li Safe as emperor. Xia Xiangzong Li died inexplicably a month later, at the age of forty-two.

　　Emperor Shenzong of Xia reigned for thirteen years and was the eighth emperor of Western Xia.

　　Li Zunyan was the only emperor in Chinese history who had passed the title of "Emperor Of the Imperial Household" (the first emperor of the Imperial Examination), but this "scholar" was obviously sorry for the title of "Zhuangyuan" (with great suspicion of water injection), and it was he who brought the Western Xia Dynasty to the grave.

　　Li Zunyan changed the era name to "Guangding" (first of all, the color head is not good, naturally it loses lightly), and then he continues the policy of self-destruction without a mind - relying on the Mongol Empire to fight against the Jin Kingdom, with the result that the two sides have accelerated their demise, but let the Mongols reap the benefits.

　　In the first year of Guangding (1211), Xia sent troops to besiege the Jin Dynasty's DongshengCheng (present-day Tokto, Inner Mongolia), and his former close comrades became enemies.

　　In the second year of Guangding (1212), the Jin Dynasty took the initiative to send envoys to crown Li Zunyan as the King of Xia. This was a good opportunity to ease relations between the two sides, but Li Zunyan was blinded by hatred and blinded by lard, and continued to attack the Jin Dynasty. Since then, there have been twenty-five major and minor battles between the two sides, an average of two times a year. Western Xia also frequently responded to Mongol conscription and served as a thug for conquest. However, Xia's flattery did not win the favor of the Mongols.

　　In the seventh year of Guangding (1217), Genghis Khan launched the Fourth Expedition to Xia, because western Xia had refused to assist Genghis Khan in his western expedition the previous year. Li Zunyan fled to Lingzhou, and the crown prince Li Deren remained in the capital City of Xingfu, only to be able to send envoys to seek peace.

　　In the thirteenth year of Guangding (1223), Li Zunyan ordered the crown prince Li Deren to fight against Jin, but Li Deren refused and proposed to make peace with Jin. Li Zunyan did not allow it, and Li Deren was indignant and proposed not to be a prince and to become a monk. Li Zunyan angrily deposed Li Deren as crown prince and imprisoned him in Lingzhou.

　　At this time, the domestic opposition to Li Zunyi's anti-Jin policy was growing, and the Mongols were also sharpening their swords and preparing to attack The Western Xia. In December of that year, Emperor Xia Shenzong Li Zunyan announced his abdication in internal and external difficulties, passed the throne to his second son Li Dewang, and proclaimed himself Emperor Taishang. Li Dewang changed the year name of that year to "Qianding".

　　Li Dewang (1223-1226), emperor of Xia Xianzong, reigned for less than four years and was the ninth emperor of Western Xia.

　　Li Dewang was wiser than his confused Lao Tzu, and he decided to adopt the strategy of joining forces with Jin to resist the Mongols, but at this time, the capital of the Jin Dynasty was also surrounded by Mongols, and it was difficult to protect himself.

　　In the second year of Qianding (1224), Li Dewang took advantage of Genghis Khan's western expedition to send envoys to unite the tribes of northern Mobei to resist Mongolia in order to consolidate the northern frontier of Western Xia. The Mongol general Polo (son of Muhua Li), who was in charge of Han China at the time, was aware of Western Xia's intentions. Bo Lu led his army into Western Xia from the east, captured Yinzhou, and the Xia general Tahai was captured. This was the fifth conquest of the Mongols.

　　Li Dewang accepted the suggestion of the right chancellor Gao Lianghui and sent an envoy in October to reconcile with the Jin Dynasty as a backup. After the Mongols besieged Shazhou, Li Dewang had to send envoys to the Mongol army to ask for surrender, and promised to "believe in protons", and the Mongol army withdrew the army surrounding Shazhou.

　　In March of the third year of Qianding (1225), Genghis Khan sent the minister Bo Bald to the Xia Kingdom to question him because Li Dewang did not send protons as promised, and decided to completely eliminate the Western Xia.

　　In February of the fourth year of Qianding (1226), Genghis Khan personally led a large army to invade the Xia kingdom for the sixth time, and the Mongol army was full of strength.

　　In May of that year, Emperor Taishang Li Zun died of illness at the age of sixty-four.

　　In July, Xia Xianzong Li Dewang also died of illness at the age of forty-six. Western Xia's vassals succeeded Li Dewang's nephew Li Wei (李睍) and changed his era name to Baoyi.

　　The late Xia Emperor Li Xi (xiàn 1226-1227) reigned for two years, the tenth emperor of Western Xia.

　　When Li Yi ascended the throne, he was facing the danger of subjugation, when the Mongol army formed a pincer-shaped offensive in the east and west, pointing directly at the Western Xia capitals of Chengxing and Lingzhou.

　　In November of the first year of Baoyi (1226), the Mongol army captured Lingzhou, and Li Deren, the former crown prince of the Western Xia Shenzong, was captured by the Mongol army and killed.

　　Li Deren's seven-year-old son, Li Weizhong, saw that the city was destroyed and his father died, and he had no fear and resolutely asked for death. The Mongols saw that such a small child had such courage, but they could not bear to kill him, and Li Weizhong was so lucky to avoid the Mongolian butcher's knife. Temujin's second brother, Hesar, adopted Li Weizhong as his adopted son and treated him very well. Later, when Li Weizhong became an adult, he served as Zichuan Daru Huachi, which was the local military and political leader of the ruling side.

　　In December of the same year, the Mongol army conquered the Yanzhou River. After Genghis Khan attacked the two prefectures of Ling and Yan, he sent the general Arushu Overseer to besiege Zhongxing Province.

　In June of the second year of Baoyi (1227), a strong earthquake occurred in Western Xia, the palace house collapsed, and the plague epidemic occurred. At this time, Zhongxing Province had been besieged for half a year, and the grain was exhausted, and the desperate Li Wei decided to ask the Mongol army to surrender, but made a request for a one-month grace, "in preparation for tribute, to move the households" and then relatives "came to the hajj".

　　Temujin, who was recuperating in the Liupan Mountains, had also reached the end of his life due to illness, and when he heard that The Western Xia would surrender the city, he made a will: after death, he would not mourn for the time being, in order to wait for Li Xiancheng to surrender.

　　In July of the second year of Baoyi (1227), Temujin died of illness at the palace in Qingshui County (present-day Qingshui, Gansu).

　　Li Wei surrendered the city as promised, and the imperial family accompanied the Mongol army to Jin, and when they reached the Sari River, they were all killed by Tuolei in accordance with Genghis Khan's will. The Mongol army entered Zhongxing Province.

　　At this point, the Western Xia perished.

　　Note: After the fall of the Western Xia, the descendants of the Dangxiang people were known as the Tang Wu people, who belonged to the Semu people, and gradually merged into the Han, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Hui ethnic groups through the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

　　The locals living in the Muya area of today's Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, their language is called "Muya" or "Daofu", which is close to the ancient Dangxiang language, that is, Xixia language, in pronunciation and basic vocabulary, and "Daofu" is the ancient pronunciation of "Great Xia", indicating that some Dangxiang people returned to their original homes after the fall of the Western Xia, lived with Tibetans, and gradually became Tibetan.