Remnants of the Spring and Autumn Warring States in Shaanxi Province

Shaanxi during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was the main area of activity for the Qin people to enter the historical stage and eventually unify China, and from the early Spring and Autumn Period to the establishment of the Qin Dynasty for more than 450 years, the capital was built in Pingyang, Yongcheng, Jingyang, Liyang and Xianyang. The eastern part of Guanzhong, the northern part of Shaanxi and southern Shaanxi were once under the jurisdiction of the Jin, Chu, Ba, and Shu states. At present, more than 860 remains have been found in the province, of which the Guanzhong area is the largest, accounting for about 50%, and the Baoji area in the central and western part of the Guanzhong is almost half; northern Shaanxi is second, accounting for about 42%; southern Shaanxi is the least, accounting for only 8%. These remains mainly include ruins such as cities, palaces, the Great Wall, water conservancy, transportation and other sites (about 69%), various tombs (about 24%), as well as cellars and cultural relics excavation sites. Since the 1930s, archaeological excavations and investigations in this period have mainly focused on Guanzhong, and the important ones are a large number of Eastern Zhou tombs in Baoji Fighting Terrace and other places, the ruins and mausoleums of Qinyongcheng, the ancient city of Liyang, the ruins of Qinxianyang City and the ruins of Zhiyang Mausoleum, the ruins of Zhengguoqu Qushou, etc., and have made important gains in the study of the capital city system, the Great Wall, water conservancy, the zongmiao and mausoleum system, and the establishment of tomb sequences.

　　In addition to the Capital City of Qin, a number of ancient cities such as Zhiyang, Xiayang, Yinjin, Ningqin, Pinyang, Haoqi, Shangyi, and Gaonu were also found at the site of the city in this period. The Qin capital Yongcheng was the political and economic center of the Qin state in the nearly 300 years from the year 677 BC to the second year of the Reign of the Emperor Xiangong (383 BC). The city is nearly square in plane, 3300 meters long from east to west, and 3200 meters wide from north to south; the rammed city wall is 1 to 7.9 meters high, and the maximum width is 15 meters, and 3 gate sites and artificial trenches outside the city have been found. In the city, excavations or drilling have excavated or drilled three major palace areas that may be the location of "Yongtai Bed", "Yong Gao Bed" and "Yong Shou Bed", as well as the Qinzong Temple, the ruins of the Chao Bed, and 8 trunk roads in a square layout. On the outskirts of the city, there are also "Pu Nian Palace", "Qiuquan Palace", "Nian Palace", and "Lai"

　　Palace" and other ruins and the grand Scale of the Qin Gong Cemetery and clan cemeteries. The existing area of Xianyang, the capital of Qin, is about 20 square kilometers. In Miyagi Castle, more than 10 palace sites have been discovered, and the base sites of the first, second and third palaces belonging to the high platform building have been excavated, two of which have unearthed a large number of fresco fragments. In the west and southwest of Miyagi, the remains of workshops such as cast iron, copper smelting and pottery have also been discovered, and more than 100 ash pits and more than 70 wells have been excavated. Very few sites have been excavated outside the capital, with their side lengths mostly within 1 km, and relics are common in tiles, tiles and pottery, and bronze, iron, currency and pottery containing the name of the city have also been found at some sites.

　　The Warring States period was the climax of the construction of the Great Wall by various countries. At present, the Great Wall of the Warring States has been confirmed in the territory, related to the Great Wall of Qin "Weiluo" in the central and eastern regions, the Great Wall of Wei, and the Great Wall of Qin Zhaowang in northern Shaanxi. The nature of the two sections of the Warring States Great Wall, located in Chengcheng, Heyang and Fuxian County in northern Shaanxi, needs to be further studied. Built at the end of the Warring States period, the Zhengguo Canal is a famous water diversion irrigation project in ancient China, and the rammed barrage dam that remains at the head of the canal is also the earliest and largest barrage dam in China so far in the era of discovery. The direction of the Ancient Road and the Wuguan Road that began in the Warring States is basically clear, and many relics of this period and its descendants have been found along the route.

　　In the archaeology of the tombs of the Qin State during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the most fruitful was the discovery of the Yongcheng Mausoleum Area and the Zhiyang Mausoleum Area. The total area of Yongcheng Mausoleum is about 36 square kilometers, and there are trenches on its west, south and north sides. Fourteen mausoleums have been excavated, and 49 large tombs with planes of "Feng" glyph, "Medium" glyph, "A" glyph, "convex" glyph, rectangle, knife handle and round shape have been excavated. Each cemetery sits on the west and east, slightly to the southeast, and is surrounded by a trench. The arrangement of the tombs in it is all on the right, the "middle" glyph-shaped tomb as the main tomb is on the right, and there are architectural relics and relics found on the tomb; the "A" glyph-shaped and knife-handle-shaped burial tombs are arranged in turn to the lower left; the rectangular or "convex" glyph tomb may be a carriage and horse burial pit, arranged in front of the right side of the main tomb. The excavated Qinjing Cemetery at the turn of the middle and late Spring and Autumn periods is a "Medium" shaped charcoal tomb, with a burial chamber of about 60 meters long, more than 38 meters wide and 24 meters deep. The heavy coffin, which buried a total of 186 people, is the largest excavation scale in China and has a "yellow intestine inscription" of the pre-Qin tomb. 4 cemeteries have been found in Zhiyang Mausoleum Area, including 2 "Ya" glyph and 2 "Medium" glyph tombs, 3 "A" glyph tombs, 3 funerary pits, 4 funerary burial areas, 7 ground architectural remains, and some cemeteries have also found trench facilities. These two mausoleum areas, together with the Qin Xiqi Cemetery of Dabaozi Mountain in Lixian County, Gansu Province, and the Mausoleum of The First Emperor of Qin, together constitute a complete and consistent system of Qin tombs.

　　So far, Shaanxi has excavated more than 1,000 small tombs of the Spring and Autumn Warring States, the main sites of which are Baoji Doujitai, Fulinbao, Yangping, Rujiazhuang, Xigaoquan, Chang'anke Provincial Zhuang, Xi'an Banpo, Dali Chaoyi, Huxian Songcun, Fengxiang Baqitun, Gaozhuang, Xicun, Dengjiaya, Xianyang Huangjiagou, Renjiazui, Changwu Shangmengcun, Tongchuan Zaomiao, Lantian Drainage Lake, Longxian Bianjiazhuang, as well as Qingjian Lijiaya in northern Shaanxi and Ziyang Baima Stone in southern Shaanxi. According to the excavation data of the Yongcheng Qin Tombs (a total of 174 tombs and 7 Chema Pits) with the longest continuation of the era, the Guanzhong Qin Tombs are generally divided into two categories: vertical pit tombs and earthen cave tombs, and the early, middle and late Spring and Autumn periods and the warring states early, middle and late periods. In the Spring and Autumn period, all of them were vertical pit tombs, and the early tombs were narrower, and the wider tombs appeared in the middle period. In the middle of the Warring States period, there were three forms of earthen cave tombs in which the burial chamber and the tomb passage were "parallel" (partial cave type), "vertical type" and "straight line", and in the late Warring States period, the "straight line" earth cave tomb was the main form. The tomb faces west or slightly north, and the burial style is mainly flexed limbs, and there are also some straight-limb burials. Tombs in the Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States period contained martyrdom. There are many types of burials, including copper, pottery, gold, jade, stone, iron, bone, mussels, material vessels, etc. The newly emerged utensils, in the early Warring States period, there were pottery and ox carts, and in the late Warring States period, there were copper hammers, pottery stoves, silkens, cocoon-shaped pots, etc.

　　Excavation data show that the Qin tombs in Xi'an, Xianyang, Dali, Tongchuan and other places are generally late in age and have a short duration, and there are certain temporal and spatial differences with the Qin tombs in Yongcheng, some of which may also have cultural differences. For example, the pottery amphora and amphora pots from the Tongchuan Qin Tomb should be related to the northern culture; the pottery three-legged urn produced is related to the ancient culture of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi centered on the Lüliang Mountain. In recent years, the Qin tombs of the late Spring and Autumn period of Baoji Yimenbao have been cleaned up, and more than 200 pieces of gold-handled iron swords with turquoise inlays, gold ring-headed iron knives, steel knives, gold, jade and bronze ware have been excavated. Some of them are exquisitely shaped, gorgeously decorated, and the level of craftsmanship is extremely high, of which more than 20 pieces of iron are used, and the total amount of gold is about 3,000 grams, which is extremely rare.

　　Fewer Jin, Chu and Bashu tombs in Shaanxi have been found. In northern Shaanxi, the early Qingjian Lijiaya Eastern Zhou Tomb may be the remnants of the Di people containing Jin cultural influences; the late period is more similar to the characteristics of the Three Jin Tombs, which is evidence that the Wei state ruled Shangjun in the early Warring States period. To its south, Luochuan, Yichuan and Wubao have also found the burial of the Jin culture in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Wei currency of the Warring States period. In Ansai, Zhidan, Wuqi, Yanchuan, Zizhou and other places, some Hu tombs or cultural relics excavation sites of the Warring States period have also been found, and their relics are most characteristic of copper jewelry, hooks and components in the shape of deer, tigers, sheep, donkeys, lizards and so on. A number of small vertical pit tombs in the Ziyang White Horse Stone in southern Shaanxi belong to the remnants of Bashu in the early stage of the middle warring states period, and the 10 characters on the copper ge produced have not yet been read.

　　More than 50 excavation sites of the Spring and Autumn Warring States have been discovered in the province. Baoji Yangjiagou bronze cellar, unearthed Qin Wugong cast 8 pieces of inscriptions, bells, the largest of which is 75 cm high, of which the Qin Gong bell is recognized as the standard instrument of the early Spring and Autumn Qin State.