Yan Yuan 12.11 Confucius said to him: "A king, a subject, a father, a son." ”

12.11 Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about government. Confucius said, "A king, a subject, a father, a son." Gong Yue: "Zenya! Faith is like a king who is not a king, a subject is not a subject, a father is not a father, a son is not a son, although there is millet, I have to eat it? ”

【Notes】

▲ Duke Jing of Qi: Jiang surname, Lü shi, name pestle [chǔ jiù], son of Duke Ling of Qi, brother of Duke Zhuang of Qi, monarch of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period. Qi Jinggong had both the grand ambition to govern the country fiercely and the desire for pleasure. Domestic security is relatively stable, and he is the longest-ruling monarch of the State of Qi. After the national situation improved, Qi Jinggong no longer followed the advice, but adopted the "dual use" of loyal and traitorous subjects. Before his death, Jing Gong deposed Chang Liyou, causing that shortly after Jing Gong's death, Chen Qi, taking advantage of the void, launched a coup d'état and seized the power of the Qi dynasty, kicking off the prelude to the "Tian Dynasty Qi".

▲ Junjun, courtiers, father, son: "Zuo Chuan Lu Zhaogong Twenty-six Years" records the dialogue between Qi Hou and Yan Zi, who said: "Etiquette can be a long time for the country. Merge with heaven and earth. Junling Subjects Gong (恭), Father's Kindness and Filial Piety, Brother's Love and Brother's Respect, Husband's wife's Softness, Aunt's Kindness and Wife's Listening, and Li Ye's. The king's decree is not violated, the subject is common but not second, the father is kind and teaches, the son is filial piety and proverbs; brothers love and friends, brothers are respectful and obedient; husbands are harmonious and righteous, wives are soft and righteous; sisters are kind and obedient, women listen and gentle: the good things of etiquette are also. ”

Yan Zi replied, "Etiquette has been governing the country for a long time, and it is equal to heaven and earth. It is in accordance with etiquette for the monarch to give orders, the subordinates to be respectful, the father to be loving, the son to be filial, the brother to be benevolent, the brother to be respectful, the husband to be kind, the wife to be gentle, the mother-in-law to be loving, and the daughter-in-law to be obedient. The monarch gives orders without disobeying etiquette, the subordinates are respectful and have no second heart, the father is loving and educates the son, the son is filial and advises the father, the brother is kind and friendly, the younger brother is respectful and obedient, the husband is kind and righteous, the wife is gentle and upright, the mother-in-law is loving and willing to obey the advice, and the daughter-in-law is obedient so that she can speak euphemistically, which is another good thing in the ceremony.

From the 25th to the 27th year of Lu Zhaogong (517-515 BC), Confucius Shiqi. Confucius said: "A king, a subject, a father, a son." The meaning is basically the same as that of Yanzi above, which shows that this sentence was a familiar phrase at that time.

【Translation】

Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about the way to govern. Confucius replied, "Fathers and sons of kings and subjects should keep their own ways, the king should act in accordance with propriety, the courtiers should act faithfully, the father should be loving, and the children should be filial." Jing Gong said, "It is really good to say, if the monarch behaves in a manner that does not conform to etiquette, if the courtiers act in a manner that is not loyal, if the father is not loving, and the children are not filial piety, then the country will be chaotic, although there is a lot of grain, I am afraid I will not be able to eat it, right?" ”

【Learning and Thinking】

Confucius said: "Monarchs, subjects, fathers, sons"; Mencius further put forward the "Five Luns" moral code of "father and son have relatives, kings and subjects have righteousness, husband and wife are different, elders and children are orderly, and friends have faith"; Dong Zhongshu of the Western Han Dynasty further developed the concept of Wulun in accordance with the theory of Yang dignity and yin inferiority of "Guiyang and Yin", and put forward the Three Principles and the Five Constants.

The "Three Principles" after the Qin and Han Dynasties (jun is the subject, the father is the son, and the husband is the wife) should not be confused with what Confucius said: "The king, the subject, the father, and the son" should not be confused, and the "king and the subject" is to mean that the king and the subject obey each other's way, the king makes the subject courteous, the subject is loyal, the king does not make the subject courteous, and the subject can be disloyal.

See the Eight Noble Passages 3.19 And the Emperor asks, "What about the king's envoys and ministers, the ministers' ministers?" Confucius said, ". ”

【Knowledge Expansion】

"Zizhi Tongjian Tang Ji 27 Tang Xuanzong Kaiyuan 4th Year (716 AD)": Leap Moon Jihai, Yao Chong's dismissal as Kaifu Yi Tongsan Division, Yuan Qianyao as Jing Zhaoyin and Xijing Liushou, Shangshu Song Jing as the Official Shangshu and Huangmen Supervisor, Ziwei Shilang Su Yong Tongping Zhangshi.

On the 28th of the leap month, Yao Chong was deposed as the Kaifu Yi Tongsan Division; Yuan Qianyao was deposed as Jing Zhaoyin and Xijing remained. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang appointed Shangshu Song Jing (宋璟) of the Punishment Department to temporarily assume the post of Shangshu of the Ministry of Punishment, and at the same time concurrently served as the Inspector of the Yellow Gate, and also appointed Su Yong (苏颋), the Ziwei attendant, as Tongping Zhangshi (同平章事).

When Song Jing was the prime minister, he devoted himself to selecting talents, and awarded corresponding official positions according to different talents, so that everyone in the civil and military ranks were competent; Song Jing did not show favoritism in rewarding and punishing, and also dared to violate the emperor's direct advice. Emperor Xuanzong was also in awe of him, and sometimes he played it right and did not agree with himself, and often preferred to adopt his own grievances.

The Turkic Silent Sip since the heavens were a plague for China, and the imperial court [gàn] ate food, and the power of the world could not be overcome; Hao Lingquan won his head and claimed to be an immortal achievement. Jing took the Heavenly Son's good martial arts, and those who feared the good deeds were happy and suppressed their rewards, and they began to teach Lang Generals over the years; Lingquan wept and died.

Since the time of Wu Zetian, the Turkic Khan Mo Si has always posed a great threat to the Tang Dynasty, and the imperial court has forgotten to sleep and forget to eat, exhausting the manpower and material resources of the whole country, but it has never been able to subdue him; so Hao Lingquan, a young general of the Great Wu Army, has received the first rank of Mo Si and thinks that he has established a Gestapo gong. Song Jing was worried that Tianzi's emphasis on those who had made meritorious achievements would make the good people deliberately ask for merit with a sense of luck, so he made up his mind to block the reward for Hao Lingquan, and only after a year did he give him an official of the Lang General, Hao Lingquan was extremely sad and cried and died.

Jing and Su Yong are very kind, and Jing is more than enough to let Yu Jing do things, and Jing helps every time he discusses things. Jing Taste said: "I and the Father and Son of the Su Clan live together in the Xiang Mansion, the servants are generous, the sincerity is the instrument of the country, but the sacrifice can be replaced, and the officials are sensitive, then the Yellow Gate passes his father." ”

Song Jing and Su Yong cooperated very well, and whenever the imperial court encountered a major event, Su Yong let Song Jing take the idea, and whenever Song Jing put forward any opinions, Su Yong also tried his best to help. Song Jing once said to people: "I and Su Yong's father and son have both served in the same palace, and Su Gong is a generous person, and he is really a rare talent in the country, but in terms of making specific suggestions to the government and handling daily affairs, Su Hao is obviously more sensitive than his father." ”

Yao and Song successively became ministers, reverence for goodness should become a matter of duty, Jing Shan abided by the law and was upright, the two people had different ambitions, but they cooperated to assist, so that the enlistment would be lenient, the punishment should be clean, and the people would be rich. Tang Shixianxiang, formerly known as Fang and Du, later known as Yao and Song, was modebi. Ziwei Sheren Gao Zhongshu Botong classics, Qi Shu practiced current affairs, Yao and Song sat with each of them with doubts, and sighed: "If you want to know the ancients, ask Gao Jun, want to know the present, ask Qi Jun, you can have no que government." ”

Yao Chong and Song Jing were each other, Yao Chong was good at coping with sudden events and successfully completing tasks, while Song Jing was good at upholding justice and enforcing the law impartially and strictly; the two men had different ambitions and morals, but they could all loyally and wisely assist Xuanzong, so that during this period, they were given leniency in military service, punished the province, and the people were rich and lived in peace. Among the sages of the Tang Dynasty, there were Fang Xuanling and Du Ruyi of the Zhenguan Dynasty, and then Yao Chong and Song Jing of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, and the others could not compare with these four people, and the Ziwei Sheren Gao Zhongshu Botong classics of this period, Qi Shu was able to understand the current affairs, Yao Chong and Song Jing had to ask Gao Zhongshu and Qi Shu for advice every time they had a difficult problem, and after receiving a satisfactory answer, they sighed: "If you want to understand the ancient system, you can ask Gao Jun for advice, and if you want to know today's affairs, you can ask Qi Jun for advice, so that you will not make a wrong decision!" ”

Shi Jie Zhi Pet State Call (Six Reverses and Six Shun)

"Shi Jie [què] Zhi Pet Zhou Wu [yù]" is selected from the "Three Years of Zuo Chuan Yin Gong", which tells the story of Shi Jie, the Grand Master of the Wei Dynasty, who gave advice to Gongzi Prefecture at that time to "have favors and be good soldiers, and the Gongfu is forbidden".

Duke Wei Zhuang married the sister of Qi Donggong's subjects, Known as Zhuang Jiang, beautiful and childless, Wei Ren also endowed "Shuo Ren". He also married Chen, known as Li Concubine (姒), born a filial piety, and died early. His concubine Was born Huan Gong, and Zhuang Jiang thought he was his son.

(Note: Li Ji [sì] is called in the Chronicle of History, and Li Fei [guī] is called in the Zuo Biography.) ）

Gongzi Zhou, the son of the Huan people, has a favor and a good soldier, Gongfu forbidden, Zhuang Jiang evil. Shi Wei said: "The subject hears of the beloved son, teaches him to be righteous, and is evil." Arrogance, extravagance, obscenity, and self-evil. The four came, spoiled also. It will be established that the state will be determined, and if it is not yet established, it will be a curse. Husbands are spoiled but not proud, proud and can descend, descend without regret, regret and can cherish the rare. And the husband is cheap and noble, the young ling is long, the distant relatives, the new and the old, the small increase, the adulterous and the righteous, the so-called six reversals. Junyi, Subjects, Fatherly Kindness, Filial Piety, Brotherly Love, Brother Respect, the so-called Six Shunye. Go with the flow, so quick misfortune also. The king will go away with the evil, and the speed, nothing can be done? "Listen, his son Hou and the state call for travel, forbidden, can not. Huan Gong, is old.

Duke Wei Zhuang married the younger sister of Prince Dechen of Qi, known as Zhuang Jiang. Zhuang Jiang was beautiful but did not have children, so Wei Guoren created the poem "Shuo Ren" for her. Duke Wei Zhuang then married another wife in Chen Guo, named Li Ji, who gave birth to Xiao Bo and died very early. Dai Jie, his sister dai who was married to Li Ji, gave birth to the Duke of Wei Huan, and Zhuang Jiang took him as his son.

Gongzi Zhouwu, the son of Wei Zhuang's favored concubine, was favored by Duke Zhuang, and Zhou Wu liked military weapons, and Zhuang Gong did not prohibit it. Zhuang Jiang hated him. Shi Bei advised Zhuang Gong, "I have heard that if I like my son, I should educate him morally and not lead him to the evil path." Pride, luxury, debauchery, pleasure, this is the beginning of the evil path. These four vices occur because they are too much to be spoiled and given. If you are ready to establish a state and call for being a prince, it should be fixed; if it is not decided, it will gradually lead to disaster. The kind of person who is favored and not proud, proud and able to rest on the decline of status, who declines in status without resentment, who is resentful and can be restrained, is rare. Moreover, the lowly hinder the noble, the young bully the elderly, the alienated and intimate, the new alienated the old, the less powerful surpass the powerful, and the adulterous undermine morality, these are the six anomalies. The monarch acts morally, the courtiers act according to orders, the father is loving, the son is filial, the elder brother is friendly, and the younger brother is respectful, these are the six normal phenomena. Remove the normal and imitate the abnormal, which will quickly invite disaster. As a monarch, we should try our best to remove the scourge, but now we are hastening its arrival. Zhuang Gong did not listen. Shi Hou's son Shi Hou and Zhou Wu traveled, Shi Hou forbade him, and Shi Hou did not listen. When Duke Wei Huan took the throne, Shi Wei told the old man to go home.

Shi Yiyi destroyed his relatives

"Four Years of The Left Transmission and Hidden Duke"

In the spring of the fourth year, WeiZhou called for the establishment of Huan Gong. ......

The state called for failure to reconcile with its people, and asked the king to be stoned. Shi Zi said: "Wang Xiao is possible." "Why?" say. "Duke Huan of Chen is favored by the king. Chen and Wei Fangmu, if you ask Chen to make an envoy, you will be able to get it. "Thick from the state as Chen". Paraffin envoys told Chen Yue: "Wei Guo is small, the old man is [mào], and he is powerless." These two people, who are really widows, dare to do what they want. "Chen Ren insisted, and asked Yu Wei [lì] to do so." In September, the Wei people made the Right Zai ugly kill [lì shā] Prefecture Yu Pu and Shi La, so that they slaughtered the sheep and killed Shi Hou yu Chen.

Gentleman: "Shi La, Pure Minister." Evil states are thick and thick. 'Great righteousness destroys relatives', it is called! ”

In the spring of the fourth year of Lu Yin's reign, Wei Guo's state called for the killing of Duke Huan of Wei and became the monarch himself.

Zhou Hou was unable to calm the hearts and minds of the people who defended the country, so Shi Hou asked Shi Jiao for advice on how to stabilize the throne. Shi Wei said, "If you can meet Zhou Tianzi, the throne will be stable." Shi Hou asked, "How can I meet Zhou Tianzi?" Shi Neng replied, "Chen Huangong is now being favored by Zhou Tianzi, and the relationship between Chen Guo and Wei Guo is harmonious, if you go to see Chen Huangong and ask him to ask Zhou Tianzi for his life, you will definitely be able to do it." Shi Hou followed Zhou Hu to Chen Guo. Shi Wei sent someone to tell Chen Guo: "The Weiguo area is small, I am old, and I have nothing to do. The two men who came were the murderers of our monarch, and they dared to take the opportunity to try to dispose of them. Chen Guoren seized Zhou Wu and Shi Hou and went to Wei Guo to ask someone to deal with it. In September of that year, Wei Guo sent Right Zai ugly forward and killed Zhou Wu in Puti. Shi Bei then sent his own vassals to kill Shi Hou at Chen Guo.

The gentleman said, "Shi Bei is really a giant of pure integrity. He hated Zhou And killed Shi Hou with him. 'Great righteousness and annihilation of relatives' is probably what it means to say this kind of thing! ”