Shang Martingale (c. 395 BC – 338 BC), surnamed Ji (姬), Gongsun (公孙氏), courtesy name Martingale, was a Weiguo man. Politicians, reformers, thinkers, military figures, representative figures of the Legalists, and descendants of the Wei monarchs during the Warring States period.
Shang Martin assisted Qin Xiaogong and actively implemented the change law, making the Qin state a rich and powerful country, known in history as the "Shang Martingale Transformation Law". Politically, he reformed the Qin household registration, military titles, land system, administrative divisions, taxes, weights and measures, and folk customs, and formulated harsh laws; economically, he advocated heavy agriculture and suppression of commerce, rewarding farming wars; militarily, he commanded the Qin army to recover the land of Hexi, and was given the title of Shang in the Fifteen Yis by the Duke of Qin Xiao, with the title of "Shang Jun", known in history as Shang Martin.
In 338 BC, after the death of Duke Xiao of Qin, Shang Martin was falsely accused of rebellion by Gongzi Qian, and died in battle at Tongdi (present-day southwest of Huazhou District, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province). The body was transported to Xianyang and the whole family was killed.
The name Shang Martingale alias Wei Martingale, Gongsun Martingale, Shang Jun in the era of the Warring States Period (Wei Guo→ Wei State → Qin State) ethnic group Born in Wei Guo (in present-day Henan Province) Birth date about 395 BC Death Date 338 BC The main works "Book of Shang Jun" and "Qin Law" The main achievements of the implementation of the Shang Martingale Transformation Law led the Qin army to retake Hexi
Early life
Shang Martin was born into the Weiguo clan, and some scholars speculate that he was a person from the Weiguo capital Diqiu, but the corresponding place names of the place are still controversial, mainly in Huang County, Anyang City, and Puyang County, Puyang City.
When Shang Martin was young, he liked the study of criminal name magic, and was greatly influenced by Li Wu and Wu Qi, and it is said that when he later defected to the Qin State, he carried the "Book of Law" written by Li Wu, and later served the Wei State Minister Gong Gong as a Zhongshuzi. When his uncle was seriously ill, he recommended Shang Martin to King Hui of Wei, saying: "Shang Martin is young and talented, and can serve as the minister of state to govern the country", and then said to King Wei Hui: "If the lord does not use Shang Martin, he must kill him and do not let him defect to other countries." King Hui of Wei thought that Uncle Gong was already terminally ill and incoherent, so he did not accept it. Uncle Gongxuan turned to Shang Martin to leave the State of Wei quickly, and Shang Martin understood that King Hui of Wei would not adopt Uncle Huan's words of using him, nor would he adopt the words of killing him, so he did not leave the State of Wei immediately.
Defected to the Qin State
In 362 BC, Duke Xiao of Qin succeeded to the throne. At that time, the Warring States Liuxiong east of the Yellow River and the Kunshan Mountains had already formed, and there were more than ten small countries between the Huai River and Surabaya. The power of the Zhou royal family declined, and the princes used force to conquer and annex each other. The State of Qin was located in the remote Yongzhou, did not participate in the alliances of the princes of the Central Plains, was alienated by the princes, and treated like Yidi. After Succeeding to the throne, Duke Xiao of Qin took it as his duty to restore the hegemony of the Qin MuGong period, and issued a famous order to seek merit in the country, ordering the people and ministers of the country to offer the strategy of enriching the country and strengthening the army.
After his uncle's death, Shang Martin heard that Duke Xiao of Qin had issued an edict to seek merit in the country, so he defected to the State of Qin and met Xiao Gong through Jing Jian, a favorite of Qin Xiao Gong. Shang Martingale used the imperial path to persuade Qin Xiaogong for the first time, and after hearing this, Xiaogong didzed off and accused Shang Martin through Jingjian of being an arrogant person who could not be appointed. Five days later, Shang Martin met with Qin Xiaogong again and used the art of royal way to persuade him that Xiao Gong could not accept it and once again rebuked Shang Martin through JingJian. When Shang Martin met with Qin Xiaogong for the third time, he used hegemonic techniques to lobby, and won the affirmation of Xiaogong but was not adopted, but Shang Martin had already understood the intention in Xiaogong's heart at this time. In the end, when Shang Martin saw Xiao Gong, he talked freely about the strategy of a rich country and a strong army, and Xiao Gong was very fascinated when he listened, and his knees unconsciously moved to Shang Martin, and the two talked freely for several days without tiredness. Jing Jian could not understand it and asked Shang Martin for the reason. Shang Martin said that Qin Xiaogong intended to dominate the world, so he was not interested in the imperial and wang dao doctrines that took too long to achieve results.
Brewing variations
Portrait of a martingale
In 359 BC, Duke Xiao of Qin planned to change the law in the Qin state, and he was afraid that the people of the country would talk about it, so he hesitated. Qin Xiaogong convened a court meeting to order his ministers to discuss the matter.
The representatives of the old nobles, Gan Long and Du Zhi, rose up against the change of law. They believe that the law of profit is not immutable, and the merit is not easy. "The Fa is innocent, and the etiquette is innocent." Shang Martin pointed out tit-for-tat: "In past lives, different religions, what ancient method? The emperor does not reciprocate, how to follow the etiquette? "If the world is not governed together, the country will not be lawless." The king of Tang and Wu also did not follow the ancients; the destruction of Yin Xia was not easy to die. However, the anti-anti-anti-ancient is not necessarily wrong, and the conformist is not enough. Thus advocating that "legislation was enacted at that time, and ceremonies were made according to events" (from the Book of Shangjun and the Book of The Law of Shangjun and the Chronicle of Shangjun). This is to refute the retro propositions of the old aristocracy's so-called "fagu" and "ritualistic" with the idea of historical evolution, and to prepare public opinion for the implementation of the law change.
Cast the variations
Promulgation of the Ordinance on The Reclamation of Grass
Main entry: Order of Reclamation
After the end of the dispute over the change of law, In 359 BC, Duke Xiao of Qin ordered Shang Martin to promulgate the Order of Reclamation of Grass in the Qin State as a prelude to a comprehensive change of law. Its main contents include: stimulating agricultural production, inhibiting commercial development, reshaping social values, improving the social awareness of agriculture, weakening the privileges of nobles and officials, allowing domestic nobles to join agricultural production, and implementing a unified tax and rent system [16].
The first change
Main entry: Martingale transformation
Martingale statue
After the successful implementation of the Order of Reclamation in the Qin State, Duke Xiao of Qin appointed Shang Martin as the Commander of Zuo Shu in 356 BC and implemented the first change of law in the Qin State. Its main contents are: Reforming the Household Registration System, Implementing the Shiwu Lian Sitting Law, Explicitly Ordering Military Law to Reward Military Meritorious Service, Abolishing the Shiqing Shilu System, Establishing the Twentieth Rank Knighthood System, Severely Punishing Private Struggles, Rewarding Farming and Weaving heavy farming and suppressing commerce, changing the law to the law to formulate the Qin Law, and promoting the small family system.
Second variation
Xianyang (northeast of present-day Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) is located in the middle of the Guanzhong Plain, north of the plateau, south of the Wei River, down the Wei River can be directly into the Yellow River, between the South Mountain and the Wei River can be directly connected to Hangu Pass. In order to facilitate the development east of Hangu Pass, in 350 BC, Duke Xiao of Qin ordered Shang Martingale to build the Jique court according to the scale of the capitals of the Lu and Wei states, to create a new capital, and in the following year moved the capital from Liyang (in present-day southeast of Fuping County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province) to Xianyang, and ordered Shang Martin to carry out a second transformation in the Qin state [23]. Its main contents include: opening up the territory of The Strange Seal [24], abolishing the well field, making the land, allowing the private ownership and sale of land [25], implementing the county system, the initial endowment [26], unifying the weights and measures, the edict of burning poetry and writing, the request to plug the private door, the prohibition of the eunuchs [27], and the implementation of the household separation decree to prohibit the people from living in the same room with fathers and sons [28].
When Shang Martin first changed the law for a year, Qin Min said that the law was inconvenient, and the prince even violated the law, and Shang Martin said: "The law does not work, and it is broken from above." "Originally, I wanted to punish the prince, but considering the prince's honorable status, I punished the prince's master Gongzi Qian and Gongsun Jia. Qin Min had to obey the new law. Ten years later, Qin Mindu adapted to the new law, and there was "the Tao is not left behind, the mountain is free of thieves, and the home is enough." The people are brave in public war, timid in private fighting, and the situation of great rule in the countryside" situation. Some of the people who said that the new law was inconvenient before said that the new law was convenient, and Shang Martin said: "These are all chaotic people." "They were moved to the frontier, and the people did not dare to argue about the law. Later, Gongzi Qian violated the law and was sentenced to death. [68]
Expand the frontier
Recovering the lost land in Hexi and restoring the hegemony of the Qin Mugong period was the wish of the two generations of monarchs of Qin Xiangong and Qin Xiaogong. After Qin Xiaogong succeeded to the throne, he regarded the recovery of lost land in Hexi as one of the country's top priorities. In 354 BC, the State of Zhao attacked Wei's ally Wei and seized both Qi and Fuqiu (both in present-day Changyuan County, Henan), a move that led to the intervention of the State of Wei: the State of Wei sent troops to besiege the capital of the State of Zhao, Handan (present-day Handan, Hebei). Taking advantage of the main attack of the Wei army, Qin Xiaogong sent an army to sneak into the State of Wei and attack Yuanli (元里, in modern Chengcheng County, Shaanxi Province), an important stronghold of the Great Wall west of the Wei River (in present-day chengcheng County, Shaanxi Province), defeating the Wei army, annihilating 7,000 defenders and occupying Shaoliang (southwest of present-day Hancheng, Shaanxi).
In 353 BC, Marquis Chenghou of Zhao sent emissaries to the State of Qi for help, and the King of Qi Wei sent troops to rescue the State of Zhao in two ways, along the way the Qi army joined forces led by the Song state Jing and the Wei state Gongsun Cang to besiege the Wei state of Xiangling (襄陵, in present-day Sui County, Henan Province). In the same year, the main Force of the Wei Army attacked the Capital of the Zhao State of Handan, but was defeated at the Battle of Guiling by another Qi army led by Tian Ji and Sun Bing. King Xuan of Chu also sent the general Jing She to lead troops to rescue the State of Zhao and seize the land between Suishui and Shuishui of the State of Wei. Taking advantage of the emptiness in the State of Wei, Duke Xiao of Qin appointed Shang Martin as Daliangzao in 352 BC, led his troops to march straight in, surrounded the State of Wei, and occupied an old capital of the State of Wei, Anyi (in present-day northwest of Xia County, Shanxi Province). [33] King Hui of Wei hurriedly sent an army to block the Qin attack by building the Great Wall of Kunshan (from Kunshan in the southeast to the Yellow River in the northwest) east of Guyang (定阳, in present-day eastern Yan'an, Shaanxi) east of the Shangjun stronghold. In 351 BC, Shang Martin led his troops to besiege and occupy Guyang.
In 341 BC, the State of Qin united with Qi and Zhao to attack the State of Wei. In September of the same year, Qin Xiaogong sent Shang Martin to attack Wei Hedong, and Wei sent Gongzi Jie to meet the battle. When the two armies confronted each other, Shang Martin sent an emissary to deliver a letter to Gongzi Jie, saying: "I was very happy with Gongzi at the beginning, and now that you and I have become generals of the two enemies, I can't bear to attack each other, I can meet Gongzi face to face, make a covenant, drink a few drinks and then withdraw their troops, so that Qin and Wei can be at peace." When Gongzi Wei went to the meeting, he was captured by the Jia soldiers who were ambushed by Shang Martin, and Shang Martin took the opportunity to attack the Wei army, and the Wei army was defeated. King Hui of Wei was forced to cede part of the land in Hexi for peace, at which time King Hui of Wei said: "The widow really regrets not listening to uncle Gong's words. "Shang Martin was enfeoffed in Shang Wuyi for his military exploits, and was given the title of Shang Jun.
Defeated and killed
In 338 BC, Duke Xiao of Qin died, and Crown Prince Si ascended the throne, that is, King Hui of Qin.
The Shang martingale transformation law involved the redistribution of interests, and "rewarding farming and implementing the military merit system" opened up a passage for civilians to enter the upper echelons, making the Qin state prosperous and increasingly powerful. However, it broke the hereditary system of nobility that had lasted for hundreds of years, and thus offended the aristocratic forces. During the period when Qin Xiaogong was seriously ill, Shang Martin monopolized military and political power, which intensified the power struggle within the Qin state.
Therefore, after the death of Qin Xiaogong, Gongzi Qian and other aristocratic forces fabricated charges and falsely accused him of rebellion. King Huiwen of Qin ordered a pursuit. Shang Martin fled to the border pass, wanting to stay in the guest house, the owner of the guest house did not know that he was a Shang Jun, saw that he did not bring a certificate, and told the Shang Jun's law, staying in the guest without a voucher is punishable. Shang Martin wanted to go to wei, but Wei refused to enter the country because he had deceived Gongzi Jiao.
After returning to Qin, Shang Martin was forced to sneak back to Fengyi Shangyu and launch an attack on Zheng County (郑县, in present-day Huazhou District, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province). Qin Huiwenjun sent troops to conquest, but as a result Shang Martin was defeated and killed in Battle at Tongdi (present-day southwest of Huazhou District (formerly Hua County), Weinan City, Shaanxi Province). His body was brought back to Xianyang and paraded to the public after the car was split. At the same time, Qin Huiwenjun ordered the destruction of Shang Martin's entire family.
Although Shang Martin was killed, the new law was not repealed.
Major impact
Dharma Thought
Shang Martin's mention of "the sage Gou can strengthen the country, but he can do it illegally; Gou can benefit the people and not follow his etiquette" has become the guiding principle of The politics of the Qin State, making the Qin State ahead of the Six Kingdoms of Shandong. Secondly, Shang Martin's law enforcement does not shy away from the powerful and the criminal doctor shows that he resolutely implements this proposition of the legal family. Finally, another commonality of the Legalists is that the Shang Martingale holds the attitude and spirit of the Legalists to carry out political reforms and let the people know the law.
Shangjun School
A stone carving that records the scene of farming after the martingale transformation method
The influence of shangmartin's independent thought is mainly manifested in three aspects. First of all, Shang Martin advocated the economic policy of the whole peasants, for which he promulgated the "Order on The Reclamation of Grass", which formulated twenty methods of heavy agriculture and reclamation of wasteland. On the one hand, it directly or indirectly stimulates the development of agriculture, and on the other hand, it suppresses industry and commerce. Second, Shang Martin advocated heavy punishment and generous rewards. Shang Martin believed that human nature is to seek profit and fear sin, and as long as the punishment is heavy and rewarded, it can govern the people well and make the country stable. To this end, shangmartin on the one hand formulated a harsh criminal law to govern the people, on the other hand, it rewarded LiXin. Third, Shang Martin advocated heavy warfare and martial arts, and had militaristic ideas. Finally, Shang Martin advocated that the state should unify the minds of the people, formulate a unified system, and achieve the goal of unification.
After the death of Shang Martingale, Shang Martin's thought gradually developed into a school called the Shang School. After five stages of establishment, development, development, stereotyping and staying power, the Shang school, in conjunction with the history of Qin, gradually became the mainstream of thought that dominated the Qin state and even the Qin Dynasty.
Anecdotal allusions
Migration
When the martingale had drafted a new law and had not yet promulgated it, fearing that the people would not believe it, he erected a three-foot-tall piece of wood at the south gate of the national capital market, recruited people who could move it to the north gate, and promised a reward of ten gold. The people felt strange that no one dared to apply for the recruitment, and Shang Martin raised the bounty to fifty gold, and one person applied, and Shang Martin did give him fifty gold, and then promulgated the new law, which was an allusion to The Migration of Mu Lixin.
A gentleman
Shang Martin assisted Qin Xiaogong for ten years, the nobles resented him, and a man named Zhao Liang advised Shang Martin to resign from the official Nadi, and the rapids retreated bravely, and mentioned that "the promise of a thousand people is not as good as the praise of a soldier", but Shang Martin did not listen.
Major works
Main entry: Book of Shangjun
The Book of Han and Yiwenzhi records that Shang Martin wrote 29 articles of Shang Jun, and 27 of the Treatise on the Power of the Bing Family included 27 articles of Gongsun Martingale. Among them, the "Gongsun Martingale" has been lost, and there are 24 extant "Books of the Shang Jun", of which the 16th criminal covenant and the 21st imperial theft content have been lost.
The Book of Shang Jun, also known as the Shang Zi, is a compilation of Shang Martin's words and deeds and thoughts and the works of the Later Scholars of the Law, and is one of the representative works of the School of Law. The book advocates governing the country according to law, emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business, emphasizing war and martial arts, and heavy punishment and light reward, and denounces Confucianism, Zonghengjia and Rangers.
In addition, the Book of Han and Yiwen zhi recorded twenty shennong in the peasant treatises, and Yan Shigu quoted Liu Xiang's "Seven Sketches and Beilu" as the suspected author of li wu and Shang martingale.
Historical evaluation
Positive reviews
Cai Ze: Husband Shangjun for Qin Filial Piety Gongming Decree, Prohibition of Adultery, Honorable Lords Must Be Rewarded, Guilt Must Be Punished, Weighed Equally, Measured Positively, Adjusted the Weight, Broken Up the Strange, Quietly Living the People's Cause and Taking The Customs, Persuading the People to Cultivate the Peasants and Profitable Soil, Nothing In One Room, Li Tian Ji, Xi Zhan Chen's Affairs, It is a matter of soldiers moving and the land is wide, the soldiers are resting and the country is rich, so Qin is invincible in the world, establishing the princes of Wei, and becoming the cause of the Qin Kingdom.
Li Si: Filial piety is the law of public merchant martingale, changing customs and customs, the people are rich, the country is rich and strong, the people are happy to use, and the princes are close to each other.
"Tai Shi Gong Self-Order": Martingale to Wei Shi Qin, can understand its skills, strong hegemony and filial piety, and obey its laws in later generations.
Sang Hongyang: Former Shang Junxiang Qinye, internal legislation, strict punishment, political and religious, adultery and hypocrisy are intolerable. The benefits of a hundred times the external facilities, the tax of the mountains and zeals, the wealth of the country and the strength of the people, the completion of the equipment, the accumulation of surplus, the husband and merchant jun from the cloth, from Wei into the Qin, the period of the year and the other, the reform of the law and the Ming religion, and the Qin people rule. Therefore, the soldiers move and cut the ground, the soldiers rest and the country is rich... The merit is like a hilly mountain, and the name is passed down to future generations. 、
Liu Xin: Husband Shangjun was extremely worried, and did his best to do public and selfless, so that the people's rapid cultivation and weaving industry would enrich the country, and the reward of heavy war and cutting outside would persuade the warriors. The law must be carried out, the inside is not selfish, the outside is not alienated. It is forbidden by order, and the law is outright adulterous.
Bangu: Filial piety to the public merchant jun, zhiyuan tian, Kai Qianbo, Dongxiong princes
Zhuge Liang: Shang martingale is good at reason and cannot be enlightened.
Sima Zhen: (1) "Li Xi Zhiba, Wei Martin Ren ke." (2) "Wei Martingale entered Qin, and Jingjian was the cause." The king's way is not used, and the hegemony is seen. The government must be reformed, and the etiquette will be followed. He deceived the Wei generals and complained about the Qin people. How to do it, against the traveler! ”
Du You: The purpose of the production of the calendar is not easy to meet others. Zhou Zhixing was also too gong, Qi Zhiba also had to manage Zhong, Wei Zhifu also had Li Wu, Qin Zhiqiang also had Shang Martingale, Later Zhou had Su Qi, Sui Shi had Gao Jiao, these six sages, the upper to become the king, xingbatu, the second to rich countries and strong soldiers, the establishment of the law. [50]
Wang Anshi: Since ancient times, driving the people in good faith, one word is heavy and a hundred gold is light. Today's people can not be non-martingale, and shangmartin can make the government necessary.
Chen Qitian: The giant of legal science and the hero of the politician. 、
Mao Zedong: Shang Martin's leading statesman who benefited the country and enriched the people, and was an idealist with religious sincerity and enthusiasm. The law of shang martingale punishes adultery to protect the rights of the people, cultivates and weaves to enhance the welfare of the people, and still has military merit to build national prestige, and greed and slackness to eliminate consumption. This is a policy that our country has never had before. Shang Martin can be called the first truly thorough reformer in Chinese history, and his reforms were not limited to the time, but also affected China for thousands of years.
Negative reviews
Shang Martin enforced the law harshly, and once executed 700 prisoners in a day by the Wei River, which turned the river red and the cries were earth-shattering. Shang martingale's strict law enforcement and abuse of torture caused widespread resentment, and the virtuous literature of the Han Zhao Emperor also believed that Shangmartin's strict torture method was an important reason for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty, and the Old Book of Tang even referred to Shang Martin as a cool official.
Sima Qian: Shang Jun, whose talent is mean and mean. It is not his quality to want to do filial piety and use imperial techniques to hold the floating theory hostage. And because of the courtiers, and to use, the criminal prince is pious, the bully Wei will be ang, and the words of Zhao Liang are not taught, and it is enough to invent the little grace of the merchant Jun. Yu yu read the Shangjun Kaisai Cultivation War Book, which is similar to the behavior of others. Notorious for Qin, there is YiYefu!
Old Book of Tang: The punishment of Wei has declined, and the cool officials are used, so Shang Martin and Li Sichen are deceitful.
Jia Yi: Shang Jun violated etiquette, abandoned ethics, and was determined to make progress, and at the age of two, Qin customs were defeated.
Zhao Rui: A disciple of Husband Shang Martingale, Shen, and Han, Gui Shang is deceitful and harsh. Abolish the religion of etiquette and righteousness, appoint the number of criminal names, do not teach the ancients, and begin to defeat the vulgar and hurt. This is also the sinner of Yi Yin and Zhou Zhao.
Posthumous commemoration
Shang martingale tomb
Shang martingale tomb, also known as Shang jun tomb. After Shang Martin was split by a car, the hou scholars of the Fa family collected the bones of Shang Martin and prepared to smuggle them back to Shang Martin's hometown Wei Guo for burial, and were intercepted by the Qin defenders at the Defeng Ferry of the Yellow River, and the local people and defenders buried the bones of Shang Martin in the nearby Qin Yi Mountain, and later the later scholars of the Fa family visited here and erected a tombstone for Shang Martin. Write "Tomb of the Shang King". The tomb of Shangjun is located at the foot of Qinyi Mountain, a scenic spot in Qiachuan Town, 23 kilometers east of the present-day county seat of Heyang County, Shaanxi Province, with a height of more than three meters and a diameter of more than ten meters. In 1970, when a unit of the People's Liberation Army built a barracks here, it razed the tomb of Shang Jun to the ground.
Martingale Plaza
Martingale statue
Shangluo City (shang martingale square), the largest square in Shangluo City (due to the excavation of wadang with the word "Shang", it is confirmed that it is the fengyi that Qin sealed to Shangmartin in 340 BC), and the large-scale thematic urban sculpture "Shangmartin" located in the center of the square has also become the city's iconic sculpture. [60]
The Shang martingale sculpture in the center of the square is 9 meters high, the "Shang martingale" holds Jane in his left hand, wears a sword, is resolute and resolute, solemn and majestic, behind the sculpture is a relief cultural wall with a total length of 33.8 meters, mainly telling the historical situation before and after the Shang martingale transformation method. [60]
History records edited phonetically
History of Qin Benji
Chronicles of the Shang Emperors
Artistic image editing voice
Literary imagery
Wang Zhifei version of the martingale
In the long historical novel "Chronicles of the States of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty", Shang Martin appeared in the eighty-seventh "Saying Qin Junwei Martingale Transformation Method Ci Ghost Valley Sun Bing Descending the Mountain", and the eighty-ninth "Maling Dao Ten Thousand Crossbow Shooting Pang Juan Xianyang City Five Bull Branch Merchant Martingale" is recorded in detail.
There are also a number of long historical novels with Shang Martin as the protagonist and his life as the prototype, such as the modern writers Jiang Lai and Xiao Fen's "Shang Martingale" and Sun Haohui's "Great Qin Empire • The First Part : Black Fission".
Film and television image
Shang Martin in the TV series "Great Qin Empire"
1999 TV series "Eastern Zhou Kingdoms and Warring States": Wen Haibo played Shang Martingale
2009 TV series "The Fission of the Great Qin Empire": Wang Zhifei played Shang Martingale
In addition, Shang Martin also appeared in the Peking Opera repertoire "Xingqin Tu".