Selected from Archaeology, No. 01, 1983, Shanxi Task Force, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Linfen Regional Bureau of Culture.
The excavation of the Tao Temple site in Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province, began in the spring of 1978, and according to the cultural outlook reflected in the connotation of the site, it was initially considered to be a regional variant of the Longshan culture in the Central Plains, and was named "Tao Temple Type" (1).
The cemetery is located in the southeast corner of the site (Figure 1),
According to the current survey, the area is more than 30,000 square meters. Excavations of the cemetery began in the fall of 1978 (2) and by the end of 1980 five quarters of fieldwork had been underway.
For the convenience of work, we divided the cemetery into three excavation areas, from east to west, in order of I, II, III. areas, each excavated area with an east-west width of about 100 meters. By the end of 1980, 1,084 square metres had been uncovered in the northern part of Zone I and the middle of Zone III, 637 tombs had been discovered and 405 had been excavated. There are also 32 ash pits.
In the process of work, it has received active support from party and government departments at all levels in Linfen District and Xiangfen County. Zhang Zhiheng, Dai Ningru of the Department of Archaeology of the Department of History of Nanjing University and 12 students of the 77th grade participated in the excavation work in the spring of 1980.
First, the stratigraphic relationship and the distribution characteristics of tombs
The cemetery was originally on a slope in the western foothills of Ta'er Mountain, which sloped slowly from east to west, due to the results of the renovation of terraces and the interception of slopes over the years, the surface here is no longer the original appearance, the ancient cultural accumulation has been seriously damaged, the terraced section has exposed a large number of destroyed tombs, and most of the preserved tombs have lost their original tombs. The northwestern part of the cemetery is connected to the edge of the residential site, with cultural layers and a small number of ash pits; The southeastern part of the cemetery is relatively simple, with only a few ash pits, no cultural layers have been found, and the tombs are directly pressed under the cultivated soil and the modern terraced mat soil.
Regarding the hierarchical relationship in the northwest of the cemetery, the accumulation of the middle of T 3001 is taken as an example, and it is briefly introduced as follows (Figure 2):
The first layer of cultivated soil, yellow-brown, loose soil, thickness of 0.20--0.40 meters.
The second layer of terraced mat soil, yellow, fine soil, large hardness, 0.20-0.40 deep from the surface, thickness 0.50-0.65 meters, including pottery temple type longshan culture late pottery pieces, as well as modern and modern black and white porcelain pieces, iron nails and so on. It is a disturbance layer formed when leveling terraces in recent and modern times. Such a layer of cushion soil is widespread within the confines of the cemetery.
The third layer is the cultural layer. According to the soil quality and soil color, it can be divided into two small layers
Layer 3A black brown soil, 0.70-1.00 meters deep and 0.10-0.50 meters thick from the surface, excavated fragments of pottery bristles, circle foot pots, and striped flat pots.
Layer 3B Red-yellow soil, 0.70-1.10 meters deep from the surface and 0.10-0.30 meters thick, excavated fragments of pottery such as straight-mouthed fat-footed mane, checkered single-whiskered mane, striped folding pot, checkered circle foot jar, and striped flat pot were unearthed. Judging from the relics contained, it belongs to the late accumulation of the Tao Temple type Longshan culture along with the 3A layer.
There are 4 superimposed tombs and 1 ash pit under the 3A layer. Two of the tombs (M3001, M3013) broke the 3B floor, and the other two: M3027 broke the M3028. M3027 and ash pit H3006 break M3016 under layer 3B (a small portion of M3016 is superimposed under layer 3B, and this profile is not shown).
The H3005 under layer 3B breaks M3015, and M3015 breaks M3014.
Four units, M3015, M3016, H3005 and H3006, can be identified from the excavated relics. The large area under the 3B floor is close to the M3015 and M3016, quite the ruins of the Tao Temple in the early days (under the ocean); Ash pit H3005 and H3006 excavated pottery pieces are similar, mainly Jomon gray pottery, less stripes, the main shape of the vessel is Jomon folded along the bristle, folded along the jar, circle foot jar, striped shoulder jar, etc., but did not see the straight-mouth fat foot mane and checkered single bristle, from the pottery tire quality, ornamentation and vessel shape characteristics, its age should be slightly earlier than the 3B layer.
The dense burial is one of the distinctive features of this curtain, especially in the northern half of the cemetery. Of the 544 square metres uncovered in the northern part of Zone I, 462 tombs were found, with an average of 0.85 burials per square metre; Within 50 square meters of the northern half of the T1201, there are 71 tombs, an average of 1.42 per square meter. C The density of tombs is so large, and as a result of long-term repeated burials in the same place, there has been a complicated overlap between tomb groups and broken relationships. Post-burial tombs often destroy several previous tombs, such as ml228 destroying seven tombs such as the M1266. Many of the first burial tombs were destroyed by later tombs) Such as M1315 was broken by four tombs such as M1234. There are individual tombs, such as the M1240, which are located entirely in the earlier M1270 tomb (Fig. 3).
Within the scope of excavations in Area I, more than 98% of tombs have broken relationships. — Groups break the relationship, as few as two tombs, as many as a dozen, dozens of tombs, the largest group according to the current statistics of 168 tombs. In addition, the tomb columns are also difficult to distinguish.
Judging from the situation that has been revealed, the density of tombs in the middle of District III is slightly less than that in the north of District 1, and large tombs are mostly found here, large and medium-sized tombs and some small tombs are arranged more regularly, and the breaking relationship between tombs is also relatively simple (Figure 4).
Large tombs are generally found under the 3B floor, mostly destroyed by the late ash pit of the Tao Temple type, some (M1111) are broken by the early ash pit of the Tao Temple type, and some tombs (M3016) have been damaged by the ash pit without a seat, and the disturbance situation is quite serious. There is a mutual break between large tombs and small tombs; Between the tomb and the tomb, there is no broken relationship. Large tombs are often flanked by medium-sized families of the same period, such as M3002 with M3009 and M3084 on both sides; The M3016 is flanked by M3017 and M3018.
The soil filled by the dry tomb is often turned over many times, and the soil and soil color of the filled soil in each tomb are similar, and the staggered tombs are difficult to identify, which greatly increases the difficulty of excavation.
2. Tomb shape system
The tombs are all rectangular earthen pit vertical cave tombs, but the size and depth of the tombs are quite different, which can be roughly divided into three categories;
Large tombs have been excavated 6, five in area III. the tomb is wide, but not too deep, generally 2.90-3.20 long, 2-2.75 meters wide, the remaining depth of the tomb 0.70-2.10 meters ranges, mostly more than 1 meter.
There are forty to fifty medium-sized tombs, about one-eighth of the total. Can be divided into two types; A kind of grave is deeper, generally 2.20-2.50 long, 0.80-1.00 meters wide, the longest 3.12, the widest 1.34 meters, the pit depth is more than 2 meters, the deepest 3.55 meters; The other is a wide and shallow medium-sized tomb, often distributed on both sides of and near large tombs, the width of the tomb is between 1-1.58 meters, two to three times that of common small tombs, and the pit depth is often tens of centimeters to one meter, generally not exceeding the depth of the nearby large tomb. The former is more common in cemetery area I, and the latter is mainly distributed in cemetery area III.
The small tombs are mostly 2 meters long, 0.40-0.60 wide and 0.50-1 meters deep, the shortest 1.60 meters (individual secondary burial pits are only 0.80 meters long), the narrowest 0.35 meters, and the shallowest residue depth of 0.05 meters, and the disturbing layer under the cultivated soil is removed to see the skeleton that was cut when the land was leveled.
The soil is filled with red and yellow flower soil with purple-brown spots. Medium-sized tombs with deeper pits often have niches dug into the head end, or see foot sockets.
Burial tools Most of the traces of burial tools are found in medium-sized tombs, and the cover of the wooden coffin, the bottom plate, the two side wall panels and the front and rear baffles can be seen from the plate ash, but the handover structure of the wooden board can no longer be identified. There are several tombs with more complex burial tools or special structures, as exemplified below;
The M1650 tomb is 2.45 meters long, 0.96–1.18 wide and 3.35 m deep. The bottom of the tomb is made of burnt earth and broken pottery pieces to form a hard surface, 1 cm thick, and the coffin is placed on it. The traces of the wooden coffin are trapezoidal rectangular in cross-section, 1.90 long, 0.50 wide cover, 0.65 wide bottom, 0.56 head high, and 0.37 meters high foot end. At excavation, the siding and cover plates on both sides are slightly inclined to the left. The inner base plate of the coffin is covered with a layer of mesh hemp knots, about 1 cm thick. The deceased was an adult male, with straight limbs on his back and flat on a knot. The skeleton is intact, wrapped in plain fabric, the head and upper body are white, the lower body is gray, and the feet are orange-yellow. The fabric is covered with gravel sand — a layer about 0.5 cm thick. The skeleton is covered with hemp braid and repeatedly folded into 10-12 layers until the lid of the box is covered. The lid of the coffin is covered with a layer of hemp braid, 0.4 cm thick, and the sides are vertical to the bottom of the coffin. Outside, the hemp rope of the coffin was found. The top of the coffin lid and around the coffin are sprinkled with a layer of charcoal slag, about 0.5 cm thick, and then filled with soil.
M3106 and M3135, the plan of the tomb is slightly like a "worker" shape, the burial tools of the previous tomb, the front and rear transverse baffles are wide out of the two sides of the wall plate, as an "II." shape; The latter tomb has a log in each of the four corners, and between the four corner columns is connected with wooden planks, the plane is °C-shaped, and only traces of wood ash remain, and the method of handing over the plates and columns is unknown.
Several large tombs were damaged by late ash pits, and the burial tools are not well known, and some traces of plate ash and carbon sand remain at the bottom of the tombs. Small tombs generally do not have funerary tools, and some such as M1680 are rolled up in curtain foil woven only from plant stems.
It is common to bury the body with hemp woven fabrics, and some of them are too tightly bandaged, resulting in the skeleton shrugging their shoulders and arms, and their legs are together.
Burial style Almost all tombs are buried on their backs and straight limbs, most of them head southeast, and the most common is between 120 ° and 140 °. Only three cases of flexion burial were found, with micro-sides, slight flexion of lower limbs, and flexion angles greater than 120°. There are 9 secondary burials, the bones are incomplete, and the skulls and limb bones are often stacked together, so some secondary burial pits are only 80 centimeters long. Individual empty graves, perhaps bones have been relocated.
A small number of graves have been found to be covered with gravel or painted with vermilion, including some without burial tools. Some are scattered all over the body, some are scattered on the chest or feet, and only the top of the skull or the brow bone and jaw are smeared.
"Of the 280 tombs identified, about three-fifths are males and two-fifths are females. Except for one case of a teenager aged 8-10, Yu was an adult. In addition, there were three or four cases of bones from young children or juveniles, which were found in the filling of graves.
4. Funeral goods
For example, M3015 unearthed 178 pieces of various burial utensils, including 14 pieces of pottery, 23 pieces of wood, 130 pieces of jade and stone tools (111 pieces of inner stone hammers), and 11 pieces of bone tools. Another 30 burial items were disturbed and found in the ash pit H3005, so the total number of burial items in the tomb should be more than 200. The burial items were found around the traces of plate ash, and their approximate position was that the deceased (judging from the relative position of the remaining spine, pelvic bone, and femur, the original head to the southeast), the right side was mainly placed with cooking utensils and eating utensils, there were wooden tricks, wooden boxes, stone knives, and stone hammers in the lower right, pottery stoves, pottery axes, and clay pots in the middle of the right, and there were wooden beans, large wooden plates and wooden buckets in the upper right; The left side mainly places musical instruments, tools, weapons and other jade, stone tools, wooden tools, etc., the lower left side has drums, stone chimes, stone grinding discs and grinding rods, the middle left side has bundles of stone hammers and bone hammers, and the upper left side has jade, stone tools, bone tools, wooden beans, wooden "barn-shaped instruments" and a variety of painted wooden tools that do not distinguish the shape of instruments; There is a skeleton of a pig near the tomb wall at the end of the foot, and the pig's head is cut off and placed in the pottery on the right side of the tomb (Figure 5).
Most medium-sized tombs have funerary items, usually one, two to five, six pieces, up to a dozen pieces, mainly jade and stone tools, such as M3031 has stone 3, stone knife 2, bone, stone hammer 3, stone 3, stone headdress 3 pieces, and stone necklace 2 strings. Medium-sized tombs in shallow pits distributed next to large tombs are also buried with painted pottery. Among the excavation materials in this batch, less than one-tenth of the small tombs have burial items, generally no more than three, and bone chips are common. Only one piece of amphora clay pot was unearthed in a remnant tomb (M1756). There are a total of 74 small and medium-sized tombs with burial items, a total of 140 pieces of jade and stone tools, 23 pieces of bone and mussel ware, and 2 pieces of pottery. At the time of excavation, combs, cranna, and tiaras were found on the top of the head, and the arm ring was swallowed or placed on the ulna of the right arm, scratching the bone, and the aid was mostly on the right side of the abdomen, on the chest, abdomen, lower limbs, or on the side of the skeleton (Fig. 6).
There are 14 whole burial pigs under the bone, mostly placed in the head end wall or the bottom of the head tomb, a few placed at the bottom of the foot end of the tomb, the number varies, to half or a pair of jaws is common, some have more than ten pairs, the largest tomb (M3084) buried more than 30 pairs.
(1) Pottery Only a few small and medium-sized tombs have found pottery, and the rest are found in large tombs. There are two kinds of mud and sand, the tire is reddish brown, the surface is more gray-brown, and some utensils are applied with black pottery clothes and polished, all of which are handmade and have low heat. The ornamentation is mainly a thin rope pattern, and a thick oblique basket pattern similar to the culture of the I period of the temple bottom ditch is seen on some clay pots. Some pottery has painted paintings, all of which are burned and then colored, generally with black pottery as the ground, red, yellow and white colors, or yellow and white colors on the red, or yellow and white colors in red, and the pattern has dot patterns, stripes, geometric patterns, paisleys, stripes, dragon patterns, mutant animal patterns, etc. The main utensils are stoves, axes, pots, pots, bottles, pots, plates, beans and so on.
Stove with sand and gray pottery, mouth, folded shoulders, the stove door is curved, with double transverse ears, and there are four smoke holes on the side of the ears. M3015:28, the wall is polished above the ears and near the bottom, the middle is decorated with rope patterns, and the mud strip is attached next to the stove door, the height is 23.6, the caliber is 22.4 cm (plate Wu, 4; Figure VII, 8).
Axe According to the shape of the instrument can be divided into three types: :
Deep abdominal nail with sand gray pottery, extravagant mouth, the wall is nearly oblique and straight, round bottom, with three bags of feet attached to the bottom, and the middle of the abdomen is placed with double transverse ears. M3015: 30, the watch above the ear is polished, its lower ornament is rope pattern, the height is 24, the caliber is 18.4 cm (plate Wu, 2; Figure VII, 4).
The abdomen is smaller and the wall is thinner. The upper body is aquamarine brown pottery, folded along, there are two grooves on the edge, the upper abdomen is obliquely straight and adducted, and the surface is polished. The lower abdomen is shaped with a folded abdominal basin, the bottom of the circular circle and the three bags of feet are sand and gray pottery, with rope patterns. M3015:36, symmetrical binaurals on the upper abdomen, height 20, caliber 20.8 cm (Fig. 7, 3). M3002∶25, the upper abdomen is straighter, and the lower abdominal diameter is greater than the caliber (Plate Wu, 5).
Single-handle axe is shaped like a single-ear jar, M1111:4 sand brown pottery, straight mouth, round lip, abdominal round fold, ornamental rope pattern, caliber 12, abdominal maximum diameter 16, height 19.5 cm (plate Wu, 3).
There are many tank types, and the following four are listed below;
Large-mouth jar Clay brown pottery, large mouth, wide along the oblique luxury, deep abdomen, flat bottom, symmetrical double hammer on the upper part of the abdomen, polished above the jaw, rubbed under the rope pattern. M3015∶38; Height 40.8, caliber 28.2, bottom diameter 14.4 cm, epigastric table depicted three large scarlet dots (Fig. 7, 7). M3015:27, flat bottom, three scarlet dots moved above the mud quinoa (Plate Wu, 6).
Small mouth folded shoulder pot Clay brown pottery, high neck, murmur-shaped mouth, folded shoulders, deep abdomen, maximum abdominal diameter at the shoulder, below the oblique harvest into a small flat bottom, symmetrical small vertical hammer under the shoulder. M3015:29, shoulder red color, belly ornament rope pattern, height 37.8, caliber 15.6, bottom diameter 9.6 cm (plate Wu, 8; Figure VII, 6).
Folding belly pot Clay black pottery, narrow mouth along the round lip, folded abdomen, flat bottom slightly concave. M3016:5, upper abdomen polished, painted with three large vermilion dots, height 13.8, caliber 14, bottom diameter 7.4 cm (plate Lu, 4; Figure VII, 5).
Single ear jar M3015:45, sand-filled gray pottery, extravagant mouth, high neck, drum belly, flat bottom, one side of the ventral neck between the single ear, height 16, caliber 8.4, bottom diameter 6.8 centimeters (Plate Wu, 7; Figure VII, 2). M1111:5, sand-filled brown pottery, mouth, pointed round lip, bulging abdomen, flat bottom, with one ear, height 12.6, caliber 8.7, bottom diameter 7.8 cm (Fig. 7, 1).
Pot clay brown pottery, black pottery coat on the outside, high neck, wide shoulders, small flat bottom below the shoulders, painted at the beginning, and rope pattern on the lower abdomen. Appears in pairs in tombs. M3002:49, trimming obliquely, the shoulders are ground in a polished black pottery coat, the upper part is painted with red and white colors to create a variant animal pattern, and the lower part of the neck has a red strip, with a height of 28.2, a caliber of 17.8, and a bottom diameter of 9.2 cm (plate, 2).
M3015:42, extravagant mouth turned over, shoulders in polished black pottery, painted with red, yellow color dots and curls, the lower part of the neck has a red narrow strip and a yellow strip each week, height 17.2, caliber 17, bottom diameter 7.7 cm (plate Wu, J).
Bottle of clay brown pottery, wearing a black pottery coat, extravagant mouth turned along, high, neck, folded shoulders, shoulders below the shoulders oblique harvest into a small flat bottom. M3009:1, exquisitely made, well-proportioned, neck, shoulders and upper abdomen, red color as the base color, with white color outline pattern, or red and white color reflect each other to form a pattern. The upper part of the neck and shoulders are patterned as the head of an animal with a large mouth open, the pattern of the middle neck has been damaged and unrecognizable, and the pattern of the upper abdomen is similar to that of a different pattern or a cloud thunder pattern. Height 26.8, caliber 12.8, base diameter 5.6 cm.
Pots of clay brown pottery, open, turned over, slightly curved upper ventral wall, lower abdomen folded into a flat bottom. M1111:1, the upper abdomen wears a polished black pottery coat, and the folding bands and geometric patterns are painted in red and white. Height 17.8, caliber 34.6, bottom diameter 11.8 cm (Plate Land, 3).
Plate clay brown pottery, or black pottery, the pan wall is harvested obliquely into a flat bottom, the outer wall is decorated with a hidden shallow rope pattern, the inner wall is polished, and the dragon pattern is painted in red or red and white. M3072:6, open, diagonal edge, height 8.8, caliber 37, bottom diameter 15, rim width 1.8 cm (plate, 1).
Bean clay gray pottery, shallow plate, wide edge flat fold, the outer wall of the plate is decorated with hidden shallow rope pattern or sticking mud strips, the inner wall of the plate and the bean handle are more polished black pottery, and the bottom of the plate and the bean handle are often red.
M3073:14, height 11, disc diameter 18.6 cm (Fig. 7, 9).
Special-shaped pottery Clay brown or gray pottery, shaped like a long-necked gourd, barrel-shaped high neck, rounded abdomen, a hole protruding from the center of the bottom of the abdomen, surrounded by three small holes, and amphorae between the neck and abdomen. M3002:53, brown pottery, height 83.6, barrel diameter 11.6 cm, 12 round buttons under the barrel mouth, polished barrel, abdominal wall decorated with rope patterns and sticking mud strips, forming an irregular continuous triangle and diamond pattern (Plate Lu, 6; Figure VIII, right).
This kind of utensil is connected from the upper and lower mouths, and it cannot be a container. In the large tomb, each one appears with the drum and stone dance, so it is speculated that it may be the "earth drum" of "tiles as kuang" in ancient texts. Talk about it for verification.
(2) Wooden utensils are found in large tombs, and the outer walls of the vessels are painted with painted colors, and the patterns are painted in white, yellow, black, blue, green and other colors; Some artifacts are only monochromatic red. Some utensils, such as the pigeon pea from M1111 and M3015, have a curled skin when peeled off, similar to patent leather. Whether it is an early lacquerware or not, it is yet to be tested for the paint. At the time of excavation, the wooden body (wooden tire) has decayed into ashes, and the shapes of the instruments can be identified from the colored skins: drums, circle foot plates, rectangular flat plates, buckets, beans, cases, tricks, boxes, "barn-shaped instruments" and so on. The largest number of pigeon beans of various types is available. In addition, in each scene, there is one piece of trick and one box, two pieces of drums, and four or five pieces of "barn shaper".
Drums In large tombs, pairs of wooden drums and stone chimes and pottery special-shaped instruments (earth drums?) ) with the same out, the placement position is fixed. The drums are all erect barrel-shaped, dug from tree trunks, and painted on the outer walls. The skin of the drum has decayed, but the number of crocodile bone plates commonly scattered in the drum cavity varies from several to dozens, which can be proved by the original crocodile skin meng drum, that is, the thunder drum recorded in ancient texts, there is no doubt. Some small cones of black-brown low-temperature pottery are often found in the drum cavity, ranging from 0.5-1 in height and 1-2 in diameter to 1-2 meters. Presumably, it may have been attached to the drum skin for tuning purposes. M3015:16, when unearthed, the body is obliquely deformed, the height is 100.4, the upper diameter is 43, the lower mouth diameter is 57 cm, the outer wall is pink or ochre red background color, and the pattern is painted in white, yellow, black, jewel orchid and other colors, which has been damaged and unclear. After careful identification, the central upper pattern is one week, about 22 cm wide, and the shape of the pattern is more obvious; The lower part is decorated with a belt of one week, about 4 cm wide, with geometric patterns, moirés, etc., and a striped border on and under the pattern for several weeks (Plate Lu, 5).
Circle foot disc M3015:32, wide edge valgus, along the lower end of a folded edge, height 22, caliber 63.6, bottom diameter 33 cm. It is covered in red, and there is a white pattern on the surface, which is already mutilated. At the time of excavation, the plate contained a wooden bucket (spoon), so this large circle foot plate should be a container for soup soup (Plate Lu, 2; Figure VIII, 1).
Wooden bucket M3015:35, long handle flat, bucket and handle angle is less than 90 °, bucket height 10, caliber 9.8, depth 8, handle length 99, handle thickness 1,6 cm. The whole body is red, and the handle surface is painted with white hole-shaped patterns. When unearthed, place on a circle foot plate.
There are many forms of pigeon beans, and they are all red. M1111:2, very large, pass height 25, plate diameter 57, bean handle bottom diameter 30 cm (plate land, 1). M3073:5, open, diagonally folded edge, with a folding laurel in the middle of the disc wall, circle foot-shaped dwarf handle, pass height 9, caliber 19.4, bottom diameter 7.8, disc depth 3.6 cm (Fig. 9, 2).
The lower part of the "barn" is a cylinder with a mushroom-shaped lid. Three small vaulted top holes are recessed around the cylinder, but each of the three holes is not connected. The outer walls are covered in red. The overall shape is similar to the pointed-top pottery warehouse in the tomb of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the name and purpose are unknown, and now it is temporarily called "warehouse shaped instrument" to be recognized. When the soldier is discharged, one more bone dagger is attached to the vessel. M3015:25, height 24, bottom diameter 15.8 cm (Fig. 9, 3).
(3) Jade and stone tools Large, medium and small tombs have been excavated, accounting for the largest proportion of all kinds of burial items. Mostly stone tools. Except for the stone chimes, which are made and a piece of flint stone hammers are processed by pressing, the rest are ground. The shapes of the instrument are chimes, silver, knives, castings, chains, grinding discs, grinding rods, spinning wheels, warmers, rings, traces, combs, headdresses, necklaces, etc. It is common to use cymbals and ayameths.
The crematoria limestone, made, is made in a large tomb with a drum. M3015:17, drill a hole in both sides of the upper end, 80 cm long (Fig. 9, 1).
It is divided into two kinds of jade and stone, both rectangular, flat and polished, and a hole is drilled in the middle of one side in order to bind the handle; The other side grinds out a double-sided edge. M3015:2, jade, brownish green, single-sided drilling on one side, missing angles on top and bottom, double-sided curved blade on the other side, length 11.2, height 6.4 cm (plate, 5).
M3024:1, stone, gray-green, drilled hole on one side, slightly curved in the other side, 12.5 cm long and 8.1 cm high (Fig. O, 6). M3031:10, stone, gray-green, shaped like a lateral trapezoid, length 13, blade height 10.8 cm (Fig. 10, 5). M3015:56, stone, white, narrow and long, double-sided thin edge, other three sides of the edge slightly polished, length 16.5, height 6.9 cm (plate, 3).
钺, originally mistaken as a shovel. After observing the location of its excavation one by one, we found that it was placed horizontally in the base, so it was speculated that it should be a vertical handle. The M1364 stone shaft is laced with traces of a red-colored wooden handle (Fig. 6), confirming this inference. Judging from the shape of this kind of utensil, most of the blades are very blunt, there are no traces of use, and some are thin and narrow, which seem not to be practical instruments, but belong to the honor guard.
Knives are stony, flat and polished, and come in three different types
Straight-back curved-edged stone knife M1437:1, white, straight back, curved double-sided blade, broken at the back of the blade, 7 cm high and 2 cm long.
Rectangular perforated stone knife M3015:49, bluish-gray, horizontal rectangle, near the upper edge of two holes, drilled on one side, two sides of the edge and the lower edge grinding out of the double-sided knife, length 25, height 4.4 to 6.8.cm (plate qi, 6; Figure 10, 9).
The "y" shaped stone knife is ground in blue-gray limestone, and the shape is approximately the "V" shape of the side. The upper end is the handle, which is slightly pondered to make it easy to grasp, and traces of the wooden handle of the device have been seen. The body of the knife is wider than the shank, and the lower edge is sharpened into an arc-shaped double-sided blade. In large tombs, each near a wooden trick, it seems to belong to the category of kitchen knives. M3015:39, length 60 cm (Fig. 8, 2). M3015: 24, slightly smaller in shape, 28.5 cm in length (Plate 7).
In some large tombs, there are groups of stone pounds, M3002 a group of 13 pieces, M3015 found 6 pieces, all stone, ground, flat rectangular. M3015:20, white, lower edge single-sided edge, length 10.4, width 5.8 cm (Fig. 10, 10) M3015:66, white, curved single-sided beveled blade, length 7.9, width 4.3 cm (plate, 1; Figure 1 O, 2,).
M3015: 67, brownish green, short body, slightly curved lateral margins, curved single-sided edge of the lower edge, length 5.1, width 4 cm (Plate, 8; Figure 1 O, 3).
The number of hammers is relatively large, more than 110 excavated in M3015, appearing in groups of ten to twenty-two, and it is speculated that they were originally bundled into bundles or inserted into the arrows. Thin triangular birthless chains are the most numerous, and the steaming shape is second to each chain. M3015:14—3, gray-green, diamond-shaped body section, conical, length 8 cm (plate, 4 left; Figure —-,2).
M3015:14—1, gray-green, sub-waist-shaped throughout, buried in the shape of a section of the body, inconspicuous collar, length 6.7 cm (plate, 4; Figure 11, 4).
M3074:1-4, bluish-gray, flattened and wide, shaped like a willow leaf, 7.5 cm long and 2.2 cm wide (Fig. 1-, 3). M3015; 12—1, gray, flake triangular, ammonium-free, length 4.5 cm (plate, 4 right; Figure 1-1, 5).
Grinding discs and grinding rods out of large tombs. M 3016: 11, Granite grinding disc, rounded rectangle, thick body, smooth grinding surface, rectangular groove in the middle, the groove with traces of red and yellow pigments, 35 cm long, 24,5 wide, 5.5-6.3 cm thick. M3016:12, granite grinding rod, excavated on a millstone, height 12 cm (plate, 9).
There are two kinds of jade and stone, both flat and polished, and the good diameter is greater than the width of the meat. M1423:1, jade ambiguous, light yellow inter-brown, round circumference, fine grinding, thick inside and steamed outside, guo is rounded, outer diameter 12.4, good diameter 6.1 cm (Fig. 1 O, 7). M3015:3, Jade Wing, White, Outer Diameter 3.6, Good Diameter 1.9 cm (Plate 7, 2; Figure—I, 6).
M1411: 1, Shi Zhen, blue and white, thick body, irregular circumference, outer diameter 13.3-13.8, good diameter 6.5-6.8 cm (Figure 1 O, 8).
There are two kinds of jade and stony, the outer square is rounded, and the outer circumference or octagonal shape. The production of the jade is very exquisite (Archaeology, No. 1, 1980, Plate Lu, 7, 8), and the stone traces are slightly poor. M1282:1, stone trace, white, small shape, outer length, width 5, inner diameter 3.9, height 2.9 cm (Fig. 1 O, 1).
Armband M1369:2, jade, bean green, finely ground, outer diameter 7.2, height 1.8, wall thickness 0.4 cm (Fig. 1 O, 4). When unearthed, it was put on the arm bone, and because the shape of the instrument was different from the Qun, this name was temporarily used to show the difference.
There are two kinds of combs: jade and stone. M1282:2, stone comb, white, cymbal-shaped, with 20 comb teeth, 9.4 long, 7.9 cm wide tooth end, is a more delicate piece (Archaeology, No. 1, 1980, plate Lu, 1).
Jade tube M3015:15, turquoise, ground, rounded rectangular columnar, drilled in the upper and lower pairs, 3.8 cm long, suspected to be a section of ornamentation or necklace (Fig. 11, 7).
(4) Bone and mussel vessels
The shape of the bone fence has a cone, an elliptical cone, a flat cone, and most of them are rough. Individually ground and affixed with turquoise trims.
The bone dagger is found in a large tomb with the "barn", M3015:4, the body is flat and smooth, the shank end is drilled with a hole, and the other end is ground out of a blunt blade, 22.3 cm long and 2.2-3.4 cm wide (Fig. 1 O, 11).
Mussel M3074:2-1, very finely ground, the chain body section is triangular, the ridge and wings are carved with blood grooves, conical meal, 7.5 cm long (Fig. 11, 1).
In addition, necklaces composed of bone rings and animal teeth are used.
Fourth, about the tomb era
Six large tombs are stacked under the late cultural layer (3B layer) of the Tao Temple, and are broken by the late ash pit (most of which are H3001, H3002, H3005, H3006, etc., from the perspective of the hierarchical relationship and containing relics, should be slightly earlier than the 3B layer), M1111 and broken by the early ash pit. Judging from the excavated burial pottery, the tire quality, color, system, and ornamentation are the same as the early pottery of the site; Large-mouth jars, single-ear jars, folded belly pots, beans, folded abdominal walls, single-ear jar-shaped scrolls, and pottery plates can all be found in early residential sites (see Archaeology, 1980, No. 1, pp. 21-23, Fig. 4, 3, 7, Fig. 5, 3, 4, 7, 9). At this point, it can be inferred that the era of the small number of large tombs in Hufawei > is comparable to the early days of the Tao Temple Longshan Cultural Site. What should be added here is;
(1) A preliminary comparison of the types and shapes of the pottery with burials shows that there is morning and evening between these six curtains;
(2) The clay pottery buried with it has a low fire temperature and may not be a practical vessel. Some of the artifacts have not yet seen the dry residential sites. It may be related to the limited excavation area of the site and the incomplete type of excavators; Perhaps there is still a time difference between these tombs and the early materials of known inhabited sites.
The number of medium and small A tombs is large, the situation is more complicated, generally there is no burial pottery, more than 90% of small tombs do not even have any burial products, which brings great difficulties to the staging and generation of the tomb group. Based on the information currently available, the following analysis will be carried out on a trial basis;
A few small tombs that were broken by large tombs should belong to the early period. The shallow pit medium-sized tomb on both sides of the large tomb is the same as the large tomb layer, and the tire quality, production method, painted drawing and painted pottery of the large tomb are similar to the tire quality, preparation method, painted drawing and painted pottery of the large tomb, so this kind of tomb should be at the same time as the large present.
As shown in Figure 2, the tomb of layer 3B, which breaks under layer 3A, should be late because it is between two small layers in the late stage of the site. Specifically, slightly later than Tier 3B and slightly earlier than Tier 3A. Tombs belonging to the same literary stage have broken each other, indicating that the accumulation of layers 3B and 3A layers has been formed for a considerable period of time.
Under the second layer (the disturbance layer), the tomb of the 3A layer is broken, which is the latest.
Most of the small and medium-sized tombs, exposed under the modern and modern disturbance layers, lack of cultural layering, breaking and other strata evidence, and no burial pottery, so that their burial time can not be accurately solved. However, the shape of the pit, the burial tools, the burial style, the head orientation, and the shape of the jade, stone, and bone objects that accompany the burial are all consistent with the more explicit tombs of the above era. Moreover, within the scope of the Tao Temple site, except for the scattered materials of the Eastern Zhou and Han Dynasties, no other ancient relics other than the Longshan culture have been found. In the filling of some tombs, pottery pieces of pottery remaining from the late culture of the tao temple have been found, but no pottery pieces have been produced later than this. Therefore, they are also the tombs of the Tao Temple type Longshan culture. The complex breaking relationship between these bases indicates that there are early and late, and the time pull is very long, but it is limited to the material and cannot be accurately staged.
In addition, the TaoSi cemetery has both burial remains corresponding to the dry period of the residential site and burial remains corresponding to the late period of the residential site, and the use of the cemetery lasts for a long time. Carbon dating data for the whole burial itself is currently lacking. Ash pits that have broken relations with tombs have been measured with the following two data; The first is the early ash pit H1102 (breaking the early large tomb M 1111), which is 3910±70 years old (tree wheel correction 4290±130 years); — Late ash pit H1101 (breaking H1102 and M1111), 3780±70 years old (tree wheel correction 4130 ±95). Since H1102 broke the early tombs, it is clear that the upper limit of the cemetery should be slightly earlier than the age indicated by the first data; In addition, from the excavation of pottery pieces, H1101 is the earliest of the late remains, about 3B layer, from the latest tomb to break the 3A layer, it can be seen that the tomb underground limit should be later than the age indicated by the second data. These two data give us a rough idea of the chronological range of the sac. However, compared with the published carbon dating data of the residential site (1), the early and late dating values are low. After a series of data are mastered in the future, from the perspective of Cl chronology, the age of the site (including the land preparation) of the Tao Temple will be further discussed, and a closer understanding may be drawn.
5. Conclusion
Since the 1950s, the burial remains of the ancestors of the Longshan culture in the Central Plains have been reported one after another, but many series of sporadic discoveries have been found, and the search for large-scale Longshan culture clan cemeteries has always been a concern of the archaeological community. The large area of the Tao Temple base, the large number of tombs (estimated to be in several dry seats), the long duration, and the large, medium and small scale are complete, which is of great academic value for revealing the cultural appearance of the Tao Temple type and then exploring the social form at that time. It can be said that the discovery and excavation of this cemetery itself has been a major harvest we have made on the basis of years of work.
Among the more than 400 tombs, except for one juvenile deceased, three cases of flexural burial, and nine exceptions for the second burial, all of them are single burials with adults on their backs and straight limbs. The burial depth is different, but it is all a pit and a tomb, and there are tombs to be found. There are no clusters of burials, nor are there any cases of bones being thrown into ash pits or ash layers and buried casually (4). Except for those who have been destroyed due to the breakdown of relationships, it is generally said that the bones are relatively complete. Most of the tombs, head to the southeast. Judging from the arrangement in the middle of District III, the form of a clan cemetery is still maintained. The burial density in the north of Area I is extremely high, and there is an intricate overlap and broken relationship in the middle of the tomb group, and it is almost impossible to see the tomb column, which obviously belongs to two different curtain areas and the middle of Area III. How this cemetery should be interpreted requires further research on the basis of the possession of more materials.
Like the Longshan culture cemetery in many parts of the Central Plains, small and medium-sized tombs, which account for more than 98% of the total number of tombs, lack of burial goods, especially the use of pottery, constitute another significant feature of the Tao Temple cemetery.
In contrast to small and medium-sized tombs, large tombs have a wealth of funerary items, including painted pottery and painted (lacquered) wood and other crafts with a high level of craftsmanship. It is not difficult to see that the differentiation of property and power in the early days of the Longshan culture has been extremely obvious. The measuring drum and the special chime provide an important basis for judging the identity of the tomb owner.
The pottery plates of the early large-scale tombs painted with dragons are the earliest specimens of dragon images in the Central Plains so far, which are of great value for studying the origin of dragon worship and exploring the cultural attributes of the tao temple site and base.
The Tao Temple is within the scope of the southwest "Summer City", and from the perspective of the connection between the ground view and the excavated materials, the excavation of the Tao Temple Curtain Provides important information for exploring the Xia culture.
In addition, the drums, special chimes, wooden cases, wooden tricks, large wooden plates and a variety of painted wooden beans excavated from the cemetery are the earliest among the archaeological materials so far. Regarding the earth drum, there are clear records in ancient texts, but the actual object has never been seen. The specimens unearthed at the Tao Temple this time, if the speculation is correct, may be able to fill this gap.
The physical properties of the blending and adhesive used in the painting of some wood tools are relatively close to those of lacquerware. The relevant discoveries are not without significance for revealing the ancestral origin of ancient northern lacquerware in China.
The painted patterns on the pottery and wood are very different from the Yangshao faience patterns, and have been patterned, abstracted, and even have some mysterious charm. Their relationship with the shang dynasty bronze pattern is obvious. At present, no copper smelting and copper materials have been found here, but this batch of painted artifacts provides a noteworthy clue for exploring the origin of China's splendid bronze culture.
Due to the limited excavation area and the lack of systematic collation of materials, our understanding of cemetery zoning, staging and tomb typing is extremely superficial and needs to be deepened and verified through future work. The issues of the cultural nature and social form reflected in the cemetery also need to be solved in the future deep-rooted work.
Author; Gao Wei Li Jianmin