Author: Zhang Jiuqing (Professor, School of Literature and Journalism and Communication, South Central University for Nationalities)
Zhu Fenghan's "Preliminary Investigation of Bamboo Jane "Poems" Unearthed from the Tomb of the Marquis of Haixia in the Western Han Dynasty" (Cultural Relics, No. 6, 2020) made a more comprehensive introduction to the "Poems" unearthed from the Tomb of the Marquis of Haixia, which gave us a preliminary understanding of the value of the "Poems" of the Marquis of Haixia. There are 1200 pieces of "Shijing Jian" excavated from the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia, although most of them are broken Janes, but such a large number of "Shijing" Janes is of great significance to our discussion of issues related to the study of "Shijing" in the Han Dynasty. Specifically, it is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:
First, on the question of the difference between the Mao Poems and the three Poems. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the books were simple and broken, and the scriptural texts were mostly reconstructed texts. Liu Xin said in the Book of Dr. Jean Taichang, "To Emperor Xiaowen ... the poem begins to sprout teeth... To Emperor Xiaowu, then Zou, Lu, Liang, and Zhao had "Poems", "Rites", and "Spring and Autumn"... At this time, one cannot do his own thing alone, either for Yahweh or for Ode, and make it together... Shi Hanxing had been seventy or eighty years old, and he was far away from the whole scripture. This raises the question, is the Han Dynasty Poem originally a unified text? Or is there a big difference between "Mao's Poems" and the three "Poems"?
In the past, we were limited to materials, but we only knew some sporadic materials from the three "poems" books. Based on these materials, scholars judged that there was little difference between the Mao Poems and the Three Poems. Today, according to hai xiahou's "poems", the difference between "Mao's poems" and the three "poems" is still relatively large. For example, the difference in volumeization. The Hanshu Yiwenzhi records that mao poems have twenty-nine volumes, while the three poems have twenty-eight volumes. What is the difference between them, Qing Confucian Wang Yingzhi and Wang Xianqian have their own interpretations. Comparing it with Hai Xiahou's "Poems", whether Wang Xianqian combined the three poems of "Shao", "Hao", and "Wei" into a volume, or Wang Yinzhi used the thirty-one "Zhou Song" as one volume, it is not correct. Not only that, according to Zhu Wen, the Poems of The Marquis of Haidian were divided into twenty-nine groups, that is, twenty-nine volumes. This is the same as the number of volumes of Mao's poems recorded in the Book of Han and Yiwenzhi, and different from the twenty-eight volumes of the lu, qi, and han sanjia scriptures. Push the reason, or our interpretation of the grouping of simple texts is wrong, for example, "Lu Song" and "Shang Song" are fewer and more grouped together, is "Cao Feng" and "Juniper Wind" also grouped together? Or is it that the "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" is wrongly recorded, is it that the Lu, Qi, and Han Sanjia 'Poems' are also twenty-nine volumes and the "Han Zhi" is wrongly recorded? Or maybe Hai Xiahou's "Poems" were originally in the form of the "Poems" in the early Western Han Dynasty, and Liu Xiang's books may have made adjustments to the three "Poems" books, and the twenty-nine volumes became twenty-eight volumes. Compared with the sub-volume, the difference between the chapters is even greater. The number of chapters in hai xiahou's poems is 1076 chapters, while the mao poems are 1149 chapters, which is 73 chapters more than the poems of Hai Xiahou. However, the total number of sentences is not much different, "Mao's poems" have 21 more sentences, and the extra 21 sentences are probably similar to the first chapter of "Du Ren". Specific to the details, according to the calculations, Hai Xiahou's "Shi Xiaoya" has only 299 chapters, which is 68 chapters less than that of "Mao Shi Xiaoya", but the number of sentences is at least 100 more. Hai Xiahou's "Poetry and Wind" has the same number of chapters as "Mao's Poem", but the number of sentences should be at least 120 less. These specific differences are not only in terms of arrangement, such as the ordering of the psalms and the division of chapters, but also in the content of the text, especially the number of words and sentences. Perhaps when all of Hai Xiahou's "Poems" are made public, we will have a deeper understanding.
Mr. Zhu Fenghan believes that The Poems of Hai Xiahou belong to the Lu Poems, and this conclusion may still be open for discussion. Regardless of whether Hai Xiahou's "Poems" are "Lu Poems" or not, it is no big deal to say that they belong to the three "Poems". Kong Yingda said: "The body of the poem is originally a song recitation, oral teaching, after being extinguished by Qin, the Confucians did not know the second. The disciples of Qi and Han, who use the Book of Poetry as chapters and sentences, are different from Mao's ears, and there is no evidence that the old books in the wall can be obtained. From this, it can be seen that Han Confucianism not only recreated the "Poem" version, but also did not have the old "Poem" to refer to, so the "Poem" created was different. Since Ran Lu, Qi, and Han were all established in the same scholar's office, the poems should have been unified. The Han Dynasty "Mao Poems" did not stand on the basis of academic officials, and naturally did not belong to the same system as the three "Poems".
Second, on the issue of the relationship between the three poems. Judging from the existing materials, the three "poems" should maintain a high degree of consistency in the number of poems, arrangement, and chapters. The Book of Han and Yiwen zhi records that "the twenty-eight volumes of the classics, Lu, Qi, and Han Are three families", which means that the content and arrangement of the three "Poems" are consistent, and the text may be different. If only the number of volumes is consistent, the content and arrangement of the text are quite different, and it should not be stated in this way. The Book of Han and Yiwen Zhi (汉書 Yiwen Zhi) is a compilation of the "Filial Piety Classic". Eighteen chapters. The four families of the Changsun clan, the Jiang clan, the Hou clan, and the Yi clan", and the "Filial Piety Classic" records that the Changsun clan, the Jiang clan, the Hou clan, and the Yi clan are "all the same in scripture". Circumstantial evidence. Comparing the order of the poems quoted in the "Outer Biography of Han Poetry", the "Poems" of Hai Xiahou, and the psalm arrangement of the "Poems" of the Xiping Shijing, it can also be found that they are almost identical. For example, the six quotations of "Poems" in the "Han Shi Wai Biography" are all "Daya", and their orders are "Or", "Sang Rou", "Zhan Jie", "False Music", and the order of these poems in Hai Xiahou's "Poems" is the same, and it is also the same as the order of the ShiJing. However, in "Mao's Poems", "False Music" belongs to the positive "Daya". In fact, the arrangement of the Poems of Mao and the Three Schools of Poetry is inconsistent with the poems of the True Daya. Serving The Pious Commentary on the Twenty-Ninth Year of xianggong's "Zuo Chuan" (左傳) Xiang Gong's "Song of Daya": "The virtue of King Wen of Chen, the merit of King Wu, from the "King of Wen" below to the "King of Wen", is called Zheng Daya. According to the "Mao Poems", then the so-called "Zheng Daya" of Fu Qian covers from "King Wen" to "Qilu", a total of fourteen articles, at least four of which are not included in "False Music", "Gong Liu", "Huan Yu", and "Volume A", which can be corroborated with Hai Xiahou's "Poems" and Xiping Shijing. Compared with Hai Xiahou's "Poems", it is known that "Xingwei" is not among the three "Zheng daya". However, xiping stone fragments do not have the information of "Walking Reeds", so it is difficult to prove. Regarding the poetry of "Xingwei", the "Preface to Mao's Poems" is called "Zhonghouye", but the "Biography of the Daughters of Lienu, the Biography of the Wife of the Jin Bow Worker", Ban Biao's "Northern Expedition", Wang Fu's "Theory of The Latent Husband, Dehua Chapter", "Wu Yue Chunqiu", and "The Book of Later Han and the Biography of Kou Rong" are all considered to be Gong Liu poems. Since the three "poems" study "Gong Liu" are not in the list of the "Daya", it is also reasonable that the "Walking Reeds" is not in it. Finally, the Han people often use the "three "poems" to express the differences with the "Mao poems", which can also prove that the three "poems" are originally unified texts. For example, in the first chapter of the "People of the Capital", Zheng Xuan's annotation to the "Book of Rites" says: "This poem, Mao has it, and the three families are dead." And The obedience is called "Yi Poem", and the three "Poems" of Gai Yiben are said. According to this, Qing Confucianism's so-called "three testaments, wherever the Lu Poems are like this, the Han" must be the same; the "Han Poems" are like this, the "Lu" must be the same; the Qi Poems have tithes for thousands, and the "Lu" and "Han" must be the same", although it is slightly arbitrary, it is not completely unreasonable.
Third, on the issue of the "combined compilation of scriptures" in the Han Dynasty. Regarding the compilation form of the Han Dynasty classics, Kong Yingda said: "In the early Han Dynasty, for the propagators were all separated from the scriptures, the texts of the three "transmissions" were not connected with the scriptures, so the stone scriptures "Ram Biography" had no scriptures. Yiwen Zhi Yun: Mao Shi jing twenty-nine volumes, Mao Shi Gu Xun Biography thirty volumes. It is Mao for the admonition and also for the sutra also. and Ma Rong's note to the Zhou Li, Nai Yun 'wants to save scholars to read twice, so it contains this article'. According to Kong Yingda, Ma Rong seems to have been passed on to other lines before, and Ma Rong was passed on to the compilation after that. However, the main text of the Book of Poetry of Hai Di Hou is accompanied by exhortations, such as "Golden Jade And Its Appearance." Phase, shape also". Or even appended biographies, such as "Chen Feng Tomb Gate" "Upside Down SiYu", Hai Xiahou 's "Poems" as "... Will think upside down. Rumor: Doctor Jin's dismissal... （161）...... The woman is not in her way, for the work is poetry." In addition to the "Poems", there is also the "Spring and Autumn" which gives us a new understanding of the compilation of the classics in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, and some scholars have also questioned Kong Yingda's theory of "passing on the sutras and doing other things" accordingly, believing that the "Biography of Mao Shi's Ancient Teachings" should also be co-edited like the "Poems" of Hai Xiahou. However, this issue does not seem to be generalized, and in particular not absolutely. For example, the "Biography of the Ram", the HanShi Jing "Spring and Autumn" is indeed passed on to other lines, and the "Spring and Autumn" excavated from the tomb of The Marquis of Haixia is indeed co-edited. I think that whether it is a separate line or a compilation, it is not the first premise that it does not affect the understanding of Scripture. The Han Shi Jing "Ram Biography" will probably mark "a certain year of the Common Era" and the specific number of years below it, so that it is relatively convenient to read. Secondly, we should also consider the content, if the content is too small, why is it a volume? As far as the "Poems" are concerned, although the "Poems" of Hai Xiahou are concise and annotated, they are too brief. Taking "Juniper Wind" as an example, The "Poems" of Hai Dihou only make simple comments on "Cangchu", "夭夭", "Bandit Wind Hair" and "Huai Zhi Good Sound", and the style is different. If such content is divided into a separate volume, it is probably enough for the book to be simple in one or two pieces, and it is really difficult to make a volume. In contrast, the annotations of "Mao Shi Juniper Wind" have more than 300 words, about 15 pieces of Jane. Therefore, we speculate that the annotations in Hai Xiahou's Book of Poetry are probably Liu He's personal behavior, not the general practice of han Dynasty poetry classics. The Book of Han and Yiwen Zhi records that the 25 volumes of the Lu Gu, the 20 volumes of the Qi Hou Clan Gu, the 27 volumes of the Qi Sun Clan Gu, and the 38 volumes of the Han Gu are all inconsistent with the scripture volumes. How to divide and merge is still difficult to determine. In contrast, the thirty volumes of mao's old teachings are more clear and easy to grasp. If each poem in one volume is added with a title and a poem preface, I believe that the "Biography of Mao's Poetry" is very convenient to use. There are two points that need to be drawn to everyone's attention, one is that the Poem is easy to recite, and the absence of scripture will not have much impact on the understanding of the "Transmission of Mao's Poetry". The second is that Zheng Xuan said that the "Preface to the Poems" was originally co-edited, "to Mao Gong for the "Transmission of the Teachings", it is the meaning of the divided chapters, and each is placed at the end of its chapter." It is assumed that Mao Gong therefore placed the Preface to the Poems at the end of each verse not only to help understand the scriptures, but also to identify the psalms and facilitate the understanding of the precepts of each poem. In short, the old teachings of Mao's poems and the passages will not affect their use, and Kong said that they cannot be easily denied.
The "Poems" of the Han Dynasty were more fluid, and the "Mao Poems" seen today were sorted out many times after Liu Xiang sorted out the books. For example, "Mao Shi" originally "Guan Ju" was divided into three chapters, while Zheng Xuan was divided into five chapters. Therefore, the difference between the "Mao Poems" we see today and the "Poems" of Hai Dihou is also more likely to be caused by Zheng Xuan's reform of "Mao". At the same time, it seems that we cannot ignore the attributes of Hai Xiahou's poems as funerary objects, and the resulting textual deformations. Therefore, when discussing the common attributes of Han Dynasty texts according to Hai Xiahou's "Poems" and others, a certain degree of vigilance should be maintained.
Guangming Daily (2021-08-16 13th edition)
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