Tang Poems and Examination | 27: The title of the poet is actually "Great Wall", have you heard of it?

For the poets they like, people often give them some various names and titles, such as "poetry immortals", "poetry saints", "poetry heroes", "poetry ghosts", etc., all kinds of things, everything. However, looking at the history of Chinese poetry, there are no poets who are described by people with the elegant name of "Great Wall".

In the Tang Dynasty, a poet was given the title of "Great Wall of Five Words" because he was good at writing five-word poems. Interestingly, the poet, who felt very good about himself, also unceremoniously accepted it and often called himself by this elegant name. This poet's name is Liu Changqing.

Liu Changqing (劉長卿), a native of Xuanzhou (present-day Xuancheng, Anhui), later moved to Luoyang and entered the army in 749. Some historical records say that Liu Changqing "looked at the river in the county", which means that his ancestors many generations ago were people from Cangzhou, Hebei. Regarding the year of Liu Changqing's gold list title, there is also the theory of The Fourteenth Year of Tianbao (755). After the end of the undergraduate examination, before the imperial court had time to release the list, the "Anshi Rebellion" broke out.

Liu Changqing was only assigned to an official post in the second year after the outbreak of the "Anshi Rebellion", which is a certain thing. Liu Changqing's first official position was that of a lieutenant of Changzhou County. Soon after taking office, he was framed and imprisoned. Fortunately, it did not take long for the imperial court to meet with amnesty, and Liu Changqing was released from prison. Liu Changqing had many bad careers, and was degraded many times because of the incident, and the official finally followed the history of the state. Therefore, Liu Changqing was called "Liu Suizhou".

History says that Liu Changqing "committed crimes by having officials", that is to say, he was quite capable, but because of his too strong personality, he often angered the powerful. In the official arena, Liu Changqing was not able to get the opportunity and stage to fully display his talents. Therefore, there are few historical records of Liu Changqing's political achievements. Liu Changqing, who appeared in history, was mainly a famous poet. Emperor Fu Xiang, a famous scholar of the Tang Dynasty, once said something like this when criticizing some literati's exaggerated style: "The poem does not have a single sentence from Liu Changqing, but has called Ruan a veteran." There was not a word of Luo Binwang in the language, and Song Yu had been scolded as a sinner. This shows the great fame of Liu Changqing.

There is a passage that can well explain Liu Changqing's personality as a person. He said this to others more than once: "Nowadays, when people talk about poets, they like to say that there is Shen Song Wang Du before, and Liu Li, the rich man later. I won't say anything about others, but what qualifications do these two people, Li Jiayou and Lang Shiyuan, have to compare with me? "Li Jiayou, liu Changqing's last jinshi scholar, was quite famous for poetry at that time. Interestingly, the "money" in "Qian Lang Liu Li" refers to Qian Qi, who entered the army two years later than Liu Changqing. In the poetry world at that time, Qian Qi and Lang Shiyuan were called "Qian Lang". It seems that Liu Changqing is still more recognized for Qian Qi. Interestingly, Qian Qi also believes that Lang Shiyuan is not qualified to sit on an equal footing with himself, so he is ashamed that people call the two "Qian Lang".

In the eyes of some people, the behavior of Liu Changqing and Qian Qi may be due to the inferior nature of the literati. It is not good for literati to be light, but if people in the literary world do not have enough self-confidence and are too modest and low-key, they are easy to fall into the quagmire of following imitation and cannot extricate themselves, thus losing themselves and losing creativity. Liu Changqing and Qian Qi did that, which is not a manifestation of strong self-confidence.

As a well-known poet, Liu Changqing naturally has many opportunities to write poems everywhere. Interestingly, unlike other poets, Liu Changqing never wrote his surname when he finished writing the poem, but only inscribed the word "Changqing". "Don't worry about the road ahead and don't know yourself, no one in the world knows the king." The reason why Liu Changqing did this was because he was confident that no one in the whole world knew his big name.

"The mountains are far away at dusk, and the white houses are poor in the cold. Chai Men smell the barking of dogs, and the wind and snow return to people on the night. This song "The Master of Furong Mountain in Fengxue" is one of Liu Changqing's representative works. In just twenty words, a vivid scene of a snowy night in a farmhouse is outlined, and the emotions contained in it are delicate and rich. Although the family is poor and the house is poor, it does not lose its warm affection. The two sentences "ChaiMen smell the barking of dogs, and the wind and snow return to people at night" have become famous sentences that have been passed down for a long time. This little poem is a frequent selection of primary and secondary school textbooks.

Liu Changqing's poems are good at borrowing scenery lyricism, allegorizing to scenes, and the techniques are euphemistic and subtle, intriguing. For example, the Five Laws "Yugan Hostel" can very well reflect Liu Changqing's artistic style: "Shake the twilight sky, and the green maple frost leaves are thin." The lonely city closed to the water, and the lone bird flew on its back. At the beginning of the month at the ferry port, the neighbor's fishing did not return. Nostalgia is desperate, where to pound the cold coat. Among them, the two sentences of "the lonely city close to the water, and the lone bird flies on the back of the person" are particularly exquisite and chic, which makes people endlessly evocative.

Although it is known as the "Great Wall of Five Words", Liu Changqing's seven-word poetry writing is also quite powerful. For example, this song "Resend Pei Langzhong Degrades Jizhou": "The ape cries at the head of the twilight river, and people are sad and the water flows by themselves." The same work is farther away from the subjects, and the green mountains are a lonely boat. "This poem has a mellow charm and a long meaning, and has a great influence on future generations. In the works of Li Yu, the lord of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Qingzhao, a famous female lyricist of the Song Dynasty, and others, the influence of Liu Changqing's poem can be tasted.

Liu Changqing has a straight personality and is also known as the "Great Wall of Five Words", but in his poems, most of them are subtle euphemisms, and there are few wind bones as hard and majestic as the Great Wall. This is also the main reason why later poetry critics have criticized Liu Changqing's poetry. No one is perfect, as a poet, it is not easy to reach the realm of Liu Changqing, after all, every poet cannot be expected to become a cross-border master like Wang Changling, Cen Shan, Su Shi, and Li Qingzhao.

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