Jun.
28
WeChat: penetratingview
History will remember him!
Author | Mr. Hokuyo.
Source | Beiyang House (bypm2016)
Alive or dead,
He remained obscure,
For his name,
The Chinese people know very little!
But he is a superstar in the history of human science,
He is also a hero worthy of Chinese admiration!
His name is Zhao Zhongyao,
He is one of the world's top scientists,
Is the father of China's atomic energy,
It is the first in the world
Physicists who discovered antimatter!
Because of the mistakes of the Nobel Prize jury,
He lost the Nobel Prize!
China's first atomic bomb exploded,
China's first hydrogen bomb exploded,
China's first nuclear submarine into the water,
China's first nuclear power plant broke ground,
Half the technical power
From Zhao Zhongyao and his students!
Such a scientific superstar who shines in the world,
Why did he become a disheveled beggar?
Why did he mysteriously "disappear" in the United States?
Why are you being held in a Japanese prison?
And why is it that the merits are not known?
Yesterday was the day of the 117th anniversary of his birth,
Today
Let's get to know each other
The master of the master - Zhao Zhongyao!
NO.1
with the Nobel Prize
The "Professor Beggar" passing by
In the autumn of 1937,
In front of the temporary campus of Tsinghua University in Changsha,
Suddenly a dirty beggar came running,
With a wooden stick in one hand,
Holding a pickle jar in one hand,
Eagerly asked to see Principal Mei Yiqi.
The doorman thought it was a mentally disturbed person.
He will blast the beggar away.
At this time, Principal Mei just walked out,
And the beggar pounced,
Pulling on Mei Yiqi's sleeve,
Burst into tears.
Principal Mei took a closer look,
Only to find this disheveled beggar,
It turned out to be Zhao Zhongyao, who returned from his studies in the United States,
Rushing forward to hold his hand...
Mei Yiqi, President of Tsinghua University
Zhao Zhongyao will be the pickle jar that he has been holding tightly
After placing it on the principal's desk,
Just a long sigh of relief!
It turns out that in this jar of pickles,
There's a lead tube hidden,
The lead cartridge contains 50 mg of radium for radioactive experiments.
Radium, to this day, is still embargoed by the whole world,
If it falls into the hands of the Japanese,
The consequences are unimaginable!
In October 1937,
After the Japanese occupation of Tsinghua Garden,
Zhao Zhongyao and Liang Sicheng together,
Risking death to sneak back to Qinghua to retrieve the 50 mg radium element.
And Zhao Zhongyao dressed up as a refugee,
Follow the fleeing people on a thousand-mile trek to Changsha.
Zhao Zhongyao, 35 years old, holding a pickle jar,
Two bright red blood marks were ground out of his chest,
It's been more than a month.
I finally went from Beijing to Changsha,
Originally a university professor of Yushu Linfeng,
Turned into a disheveled beggar...
Radium, a radioactive element discovered by Marie Curie,
Why did Zhao Zhongyao have it in his hands?
What about such a precious and rare substance?
This has to start from Zhao Zhongyao's legendary life.
Zhao Zhongyao
In 1902, Zhao Zhongyao was born in Zhuji, Zhejiang.
My father worked as a private school teacher and a medical practitioner.
Saddened by China's poverty and weakness,
Special hope is placed on the children to be able to make a difference.
In 1916, 15-year-old Zhao Zhongyao was admitted
Zhuji County Middle School,
In 1920, he was admitted to the earliest founding in China
One of the four higher normal schools,
Nanjing Higher Normal School!
Group photo with Nanjing Senior Teacher in the winter of 1923, Zhao Zhongyao (middle)
When Zhao Zhongyao entered the Nanjing Higher Normal School,
Nanjing High School is about to expand into Southeast University,
After graduating in 1924, he stayed at Southeastern University,
And met the person who changed the fate of his life-
Ye Qisun, the founder of modern Chinese physics.
Ye Qisun returned from abroad to teach at Southeast University,
Zhao Zhongyao became Ye Qisun's teaching assistant!
On January 1, 1923, the Nangao Science Branch A Sub-Association was established.
Zhao Zhongrao was first from the left in the front row
In the summer of 1925,
Tsinghua Xuetang preparatory university undergraduate,
Please Ye Qisun to go,
In this way, Zhao Zhongyao and Ye Qisun went north to Tsinghua.
The following year, Tsinghua University established the Department of Physics.
Ye Qisun served as the head of the department,
Zhao Zhongyao also officially became a teacher at Tsinghua University.
Start teaching experimental courses.
In the early summer of 1926, at the entrance of the Science Museum of Tsinghua University,
One row of ye Qisun in the middle row, and the second right zhao Zhongyao in the back row
In tsinghua's work,
Zhao Zhongyao deeply felt the huge gap between China and the West,
And can not access the world's scientific and technological frontiers,
It made him even more anxious!
In the summer of 1927,
Zhao Zhongyao could not wait for the quota of public funds,
He decided to study in the United States at his own expense!
Borrowed some money from teachers and friends,
And applied for Tsinghua's half-fee subsidy,
Brought only simple daily necessities,
And he went to the ocean,
Went to the California Institute of Technology to pursue a Doctorate,
He studied under a person who had just won the Nobel Prize in Physics
Professor Millikan!
In 1929, Zhao Zhongyao took a group photo with his tutor while studying at The California Institute of Technology in the United States.
In the front row, the fourth right is directly behind Zhao Zhongyao
What greatly annoyed Professor Millikan was that
This new Chinese student does not know the height of the sky,
It was even considered too general.
Zhao Zhongyao believes that although this topic is easy to obtain a degree,
But I can't learn much technology,
This is contrary to his original intention of studying abroad,
So he asked Professor Millikan to change the subject.
In that era when professors had great authority,
It takes considerable courage to make this move.
After some time,
Millikan gave Zhao Zhongyao a new topic,
(Absorption coefficient of hard gamma rays as they pass through a substance)
At that time, whether it was Millikan or Zhao Zhongyao,
None of them realized that
This topic will push Zhao Zhongyao to one
The door to great discoveries in the physical sciences!
1923 Nobel Laureate in Physics Millikan
In 1930, Zhao Zhongyao not only completed
Experiments assigned by the instructor,
Also done independently more difficult
Experiments on gamma rays interacting with matter.
His conclusions were enough to shock the physics community at the time:
Zhao Zhongyao, 28, is in human history
Positrons (electrons of antimatter) were first observed
Generate and annihilate!
He became the first in the world
This discovery was enough to make Zhao Zhongyao win the Nobel Prize!
Disappointingly, however,
The 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics was not
It was awarded two years later than Zhao Zhongyao
Only to find anderson of positron traces.
Anderson half a century later in 1983
He also wrote the story of that year:
At Caltech,
Zhao Zhongyao and I are both graduate students.
The office is separated by only one wall.
My research was inspired by Zhao.
When this great experimental discovery was completed,
Zhao Zhongyao is only 28 years old!
He was the director of the Nobel Prize in Physics jury
Professor Axespen of the Royal Swedish Society,
In declassifying the Nobel Prize selection process, he frankly said:
It's a "very disturbing,
An omission that can no longer be remedied,
Zhao Zhongyao is in the hearts of world physicists
A real Nobel Laureate!"
The world owes Chinese a Nobel Prize!
The world owes Zhao Zhongyao a Nobel Prize!
But Zhao Zhongyao didn't care about this,
Because he didn't cross the ocean for a degree,
Not to win the Nobel Prize,
It is for one's own country and nation
Learn the most cutting-edge science and technology!
NO.2
Watch the atomic bomb explode
"Mysterious disappearance" in the United States
In 1931, Zhao Zhongyao went to cambridge university in the United Kingdom.
Studied under the famous physicist Rutherford,
When Zhao Zhongyao returned to China after completing his studies,
Luthor Ford will be 50 mg
A radioactive experimental radium was presented to him.
Zhao Zhongyao has gone through all kinds of difficulties and dangers,
Bringing this 50 mg radium back to China,
That's why he didn't care about life and death,
Thousands of miles to defend the "pickle jar" thing!
In 1935, some teachers and students of the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University took a group photo in front of the Science Museum.
Zhao Zhongyao was second from the left in the second row
In 1931, Zhao Zhongyao, after completing his studies,
Back to China,
Back to Tsinghua,
Professor in the Department of Physics.
Opened and founded the first one in China
Nuclear Physics Course,
The first nuclear physics laboratory,
Become a pioneer in china's atomic energy research.
Zhao Zhongyao did not bring back the 50 mg radium in vain,
In the north of Kunming City,
Teachers and students of the Department of Physics of Southwest United University
Under extremely rudimentary conditions,
Utilize this 50 mg radium
Did some neutron radioactive element experiments,
This spirit of "knowing what cannot be done",
Inspired generations of Chinese nuclear physics scientists!
Zhao Zhongyao is a master of cultivating masters,
His student list makes China proud and the world shake:
Qian Sanqiang, Deng Jiaxian, Zhu Guangya, Zhou Guangzhao...
They are the founders of China's "two bombs and one star";
Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao,
Won the Nobel Prize in Physics!
Yang Zhenning and Deng Jiaxian
From 1938 to 1945,
Zhao Zhongyao, who lost the Nobel Prize
Has been coaching at Southwest United University,
Yang Zhenning once recalled:
Physics I learned in Kunming
It has reached the highest level in the world at that time.
Although the conditions are extremely difficult,
Zhao Zhongyao, like other professors,
Continue the road of seeking knowledge and serving the country!
It is worth mentioning that
With the desire of industry to save the country,
Zhao Zhongyao once purchased a lead core machine in Germany.
In addition to teaching, he also founded a pencil factory.
This pencil, named "The Great Wall",
It is almost every Chinese in the future
All used "Zhonghua brand" pencils!
June 30, 1946,
After the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Japan,
It is also on the small island of Bikini in the Pacific Ocean
An atomic bomb was tested.
At this time, the representatives of the four Allied Powers in Britain, France, and the Soviet Union,
At the invitation of the U.S. Government, he went to watch the "war,"
Chiang Kai-shek specifically singled out Zhao Zhongyao, an expert in nuclear physics.
When the mushroom cloud of the nuclear explosion rises,
Zhao Zhongyao became the first in China
People who saw the atomic bomb explode!
He watched silently at the rising mushroom cloud,
The data will be visually measured
Keep it in your own mind.
When representatives of other countries
When I can't help but exclaim at the power of a nuclear explosion,
Zhao Zhongyao was silent and had mixed feelings!
When will China be able to
Unleash such a huge amount of energy?
This day is still too far away,
Because China doesn't even have an accelerator.
Without accelerators, it is impossible to unravel the mysteries of atomic nuclei,
It is not possible to conduct your own nuclear tests.
In 1946, Zhao Zhongyao visited the United States as an observer to test the atomic bomb.
The first left in the front row is Zhao Zhongyao
After the exercise, observers from other countries were represented
Back to the American mainland for a sightseeing tour,
Zhao Zhongyao "mysteriously disappeared".
As an expert in nuclear physics, he knows the power of nuclear explosions
The key technology is the accelerator,
His purpose in choosing to "stay" in the United States is very clear:
Try to buy an accelerator!
At this time, the national government remitted him 50,000 US dollars
As a cost to purchase an accelerator.
You can buy an accelerator for at least $400,000,
This little money is simply not enough.
Besides, even if you buy it,
I also can't get an export license,
Can't ship back to China,
The U.S. government strictly prohibits the export of such cutting-edge technologies.
But Zhao Zhongyao wanted to give too much to the weak and backward
China has installed an accelerator!
Zhao Zhongyao thought in his heart,
If the most sophisticated core components are secretly customized in the United States,
Then find a way to check it back.
other components,
He memorized the technical parameters silently, and he was familiar with it,
Then go back to your home and make it yourself.
$50,000 may be enough!
Someone dissuaded Zhao Zhongyao,
It's not easy to come to the United States,
Accelerators are not your business,
Why waste energy on this?
Zhao Zhongyao couldn't care less about these,
He knows that if he falls behind, he will be beaten,
Accelerators are what China needs most in many disasters.
The sacrifices made by individuals are worth it!
A photo taken while in the United States
Zhao Zhongyao returned to his alma mater, Caltech,
He takes advantage of all conditions,
Research on the operator table and components of the accelerator,
In order to grasp the design and manufacturing details of the accelerator.
Zhao Zhongyao became the most diligent person in the laboratory,
While completing the scientific research project,
He desperately grasped the accelerator manufacturing
Technical data and part parameters.
Every day, he works more than 16 hours.
After that, Zhao Zhongyao was there again
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Carne Base Magnetic Research Institute
and several accelerators in the United States
and cosmic ray laboratory volunteer work,
In order to be able to exchange some parts,
He even cut back on food and clothing,
Eat only bread and pickles every day,
Put limited funds and living allowances,
Are used to customize accelerator parts to the factory!
At the end of 1948, Zhao Zhongyao finally completed
Ordering the core devices of the proton electrostatic accelerator,
I want to return to China for research.
At this time, the Kuomintang government
It's about to fall apart...
NO.3
<h2>Break through the many obstacles of the United States</h2>
<h2>Boarded the ship with Qian Xuesen to return to China</h2>
In the autumn of 1949, I received the news of the founding of New China.
Zhao Zhongyao was very excited,
He saw the hope of the rise of the Chinese nation.
Accelerators are the core equipment for the manufacture of atomic bombs.
To avoid the close inspections of the FBI and Customs,
He collected what he had collected over the years
Accelerator parts are packed into more than 30 boxes,
Mixed with purchased teaching equipment,
It was successively transported back to the motherland.
But at this time, Zhao Zhongyao's own way back
Encountered unimaginable difficulties.
Until August 1950,
He was lucky enough to get a visa to transit through Hong Kong.
August 29, 1950,
Zhao Zhongyao, Qian Xuesen, Deng Jiaxian and more than 100 others
Scholars studying in the United States together,
Boarded the "President Wilson" of the United States.
Zhao Zhongyao, Qian Xuesen, Deng Jiaxian and a hundred other students studying in the United States returned to China after completing their studies.
Take a group photo on deck!
Just as we were about to set sail,
FBI agents suddenly boarded the ship to search.
Qian Xuesen weighs more than 800 kilograms
Books and notebooks were withheld,
Qian Xuesen himself was accused of being a "spy for Mao".
He was escorted to the island of Termina and imprisoned.
Qian Xuesen's family!
Zhao Zhongyao was lucky enough to be released,
When the ship sailed to Yokohama, Japan,
American agents have turned against god:
Catch money Xuesen,
It was because he alone topped the strength of five divisions,
And this Chinese named Zhao Zhongyao,
He worked in four of the top nuclear physics laboratories in the United States
Mixed for four years,
He can top five divisions
Or ten divisions is not easy to estimate!
That's it, U.S. military militants
Rushing into the boat with great momentum,
Zhao Zhongyao was captured and he was escorted into the U.S. army
Sugamo Military Prison in Japan.
The Taiwan Delegation to Japan sent 3 people,
Soft and hard at the same time, we must bring Zhao Zhongyao and others to Taiwan,
Once even let him stand well in front of a wall,
U.S. gendarmes pulled the bolt of his gun behind his back and threatened:
If the "crime" is not recognized,
Insisting on not being able to "wash the face" of Taiwan,
Just shoot them.
Fu Si Nian
But Zhao Zhongyao was unyielding in death,
I firmly disagree with going to Taiwan.
Hard no, soft again,
Fu Si Nian, president of National Taiwan University, sent an urgent telegram:
"I hope my brother will come to Taiwan to work together in case something unexpected."
Zhao Zhongyao called back and said:
"My intention to return to the mainland has been decided!"
Zhao Zhongyao was imprisoned on charges of "false accusations."
After the U.S. military disclosed the news in Japanese prisons,
Caused an uproar internationally,
The American scientific community also strongly protested this.
Zhou Enlai even issued a statement on this!
Under strong pressure at home and abroad,
The U.S. government, in the absence of evidence to catch,
Zhao Zhongyao had to be released.
November 1950, Shen Shanjiong, Luo Shijun, Zhao Zhongyao (from left to right)
Photographed after the release of Japan
Zhao Zhongyao was imprisoned for 2 months.
In addition to being interrogated for two months, he was not idle,
He even worshiped the Japanese thief who was imprisoned together as a teacher,
Learned to speak Japanese!
November 28, 1950,
Zhao Zhongyao returned after the disaster,
Finally set foot on the land of the motherland.
Back to Nanjing,
Zhao Zhongyao did not go home directly,
Instead, take off your suit and put on your robe,
Take a group photo with your family in front of Jiming Temple,
He expressed his pure heart to return to China.
In 1950, Zhao Zhongyao's family took a group photo at Jiming Mountain in Nanjing
Shortly after returning home,
Zhao Zhongyao will determine the fate of China's nuclear industry
Accelerator core elements
All were handed over to the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
At this time, it was considered by the United States
Qian Xuesen, who is "worth five divisions"
He finally returned to his homeland.
China's two bombs and one star cause,
It's about to start in full swing!
NO.4
Creator of the "Mushroom Cloud"
In 1957, Zhao Zhongyao (center) and Qian Sanqiang (left) visited the former Soviet Union
Zhao Zhongyao, who returned to the motherland
With the equipment and parts brought back,
Presided over the construction of China's first
700,000 electron volts proton electrostatic accelerator.
In 1958, this 700,000-electron volt electrostatic accelerator
Was presented to the University of Science and Technology of China,
For use in teaching experiments and student learning.
Now it is placed
In the museum of the University of Science and Technology of China.
In 1958, Zhao Zhongyao presided over the successful development
2.5 million electron volts proton electrostatic accelerator,
For the development of our nuclear industry
It plays a pivotal role.
This 2.5 million electron volt electrostatic accelerator,
Served in the Republic until around 2000.
In Zhao Zhongyao will be great enthusiasm for scientific research
When he threw himself into China's nuclear business,
In middle age, he was beaten as a "rightist"!
In 1958, the wave of the "Great Leap Forward" in production was impacting
Every corner of Chinese society,
Zhao Zhongyao was honest and insisted on seeking truth from facts,
Never say anything that goes with the flow,
And that took a big hit on him.
Naturally, it also caused more trouble!
In 1966, the Cultural Revolution broke out,
At this time, foreign nuclear physics research developed rapidly,
Zhao Zhongyao was very anxious in his heart,
He is determined to keep up with the frontiers of scientific research,
And stubbornly believes that
The vocation of a scientist is scientific research,
Only in this way can we contribute to the country and the people.
He even naively repeatedly to the higher authorities
Make this comment!
Not long after, he had no intention of political movement,
It was ruthlessly criticized as a "reactionary academic authority"!
In 1968, the nightmare struck,
Because of his experience in the United States,
Zhao Zhongyao was put on the hat of "secret agent suspect",
Locked up in a cowshed.
As the world's top physicist,
Zhao Zhongyao has more than ten years
There is no opportunity to do good research.
Zhao Zhongyao is bent on serving the country,
But he didn't get a chance to be like his students
Qian Sanqiang, Deng Jiaxian, Zhu Guangya, Wang Ganchang,
Zhao Jiuzhang, Peng Huanwu, Wang Daheng,
Chen Fangyun and Cheng Kaijia,
Invested in China's two bombs and one satellite research cause,
This cannot but be regarded as the tragedy of the times!
Fate did not choose Zhao Zhongyao,
Let him miss the Nobel Prize!
The times are wrong to blame Zhao Zhongyao,
He had no chance to become the founder of "two bombs and one star".
But I believe that when Elder Zhao saw China's "mushroom cloud" rising,
At that moment, he must have been relieved,
He did not "stay" in the United States for four years in vain.
Desperately developed the most critical accelerator for nuclear testing!
At that moment, he must have been happy,
Among the 22 founding scientists of "two bombs and one star",
There were 9 students he had taught!
Therefore, say Zhao Zhongyao is
The creator of China's "mushroom cloud",
Not at all!
Zhao Zhongyao (front row, center) poses with comrades from the Experimental Physics Department of the Institute of High Energy
In 1973,
China Institute of High Energy Physics was established,
Zhao Zhongyao, who is already 71 years old,
Finally got back to work.
In 1984,
The goal that generations have struggled for,
construction of high-energy accelerators in China,
Finally on the agenda!
Although Zhao Zhongyao is old,
But at the age of 82, he still actively participated
Construction of high-energy experimental bases,
And brought out a group of young talents.
Group photo of Deng Xiaoping and other party and state leaders and scientists attending the groundbreaking ceremony of the electron-positron collider in Beijing in October 1984 (the fourth person from right in the second row is Zhao Zhongyao)
April 1989,
Beijing positron collider collision point installed in place,
A few months later, through technical identification,
Zhao Zhongyao, who is already 87 years old
As an expert in identification technology,
Solemnly sign your name on the appraisal!
On September 15, 1989, Zhao Zhongyao signed the Beijing positron-negative electron collider and the Beijing Spectrometer Appraisal Certificate
At the end of 2003, the state approved a major renovation project of the Beijing positron-electron collider with a total expenditure of 640 million yuan, and the brightness of the accelerator increased by 100 times, and China continued to have the world's best high-energy physical experimental device in the energy zone!
May 28, 1998,
Zhao Zhongyao, who was 96 years old, passed away,
According to his last wishes,
The farewell ceremony is very simple.
Yesterday, the day of the 117th anniversary of his birth,
He who has given his life silently,
Should be well known to the people of the country,
It should be praised by the world!
Let us remember his exploits:
He is the father of antimatter in the world,
He is a pioneer in nuclear physics research in China!
He is the master of the masters,
More than a dozen have been trained for China
The world's top nuclear physicist!
From him and his students!
Please let us join us
Remembering Mr. Zhao Zhongyao
Remembering this man who worked hard for the cause of Nuclear Physics for China,
A patriot who has dedicated his life!
bibliography
[1] "My Memories", Zhao Zhongyao, see Selected Papers of Zhao Zhongyao, Science Press, 1992;
[2] Pioneers of Nuclear Physics: A Biography of Zhao Zhongyao, Zhong Xuemin and Duan Zhiwen, Zhejiang People's Publishing House;
— THE END —
☀ This article is selected from Beiyang House (bypm2016) and published with permission.