<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > introduction</h1>
The literary works of the Ming Dynasty, represented by "Three Words" and "Two Beats", with rich social archetypes, have created a vivid image of Ming Dynasty citizens with a sense of truth, and also revealed a real and contradictory Ming Dynasty society, especially the society of the middle and late Ming Dynasty, where wine, sex, wealth, qi, money and power were filled with it.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > society of money</h1>
It's a society of money, and having money can do almost anything.
First of all, with money, you can buy identity and official position.
From the Jingtai period when Na Su was imprisoned, to Jiajing and Wan Li, Na Su Sheng has occupied a considerable proportion in the Guozi Prison. With the status of a son of a state, he could not only be exempted from the family's two-ding errands, but also had the qualifications to directly talk with the imperial court officials and get acquainted with the powerful, and also provided convenience for making profits in business, entering the army or participating in official positions, and making up for official vacancies.
In volume 29 of the "Awakening to the Everlasting Word", Lu Wei, a talented man from Xun County in the north, dared to be proud of the officials and run amok in the townships, not only because he could write a few crooked poems and write a few ugly articles, nor just because there were many fields in his family, but also because he had the identity of a guozi supervisor. Although this identity is also donated, it enables him to make friends with the world's famous people and open up all layers of joints. The youthful and narrow-minded Wang Zhixian, who was determined to bring him down, was also largely because he was not accustomed to the arrogance of his shijia prisoner.
Even if you lose all your family wealth, you must donate the identity of the prisoner, and the identity is permanent
Volume 31 of the "Cautionary Tales" tells that Zhao Chun'er was heavy on Cao Jiazhuang, but the premise was because the old rich man had already donated the identity of a prisoner for cao Kecheng, the son of the loser, when he was alive, and Zhao Chun'er, as a wife, secretly prepared a thousand taels of silver for her husband's entry:
Can become... Sullenly, he went home and said to the Hun family, "My belongings have been destroyed, and there is one more thing that cannot be defeated, which is the inmate." Today, I saw that Yin Sheng of Tongzhou had selected the chief officer of the Three Divisions and went to Zhejiang to take up his post. I was in the same year as him, my selection period is already through, how to get silver to use in Beijing. ”...... Chun'er said, "How much use does it take to choose this official?" Ke Cheng said, "Ben Dorido, in today's world, the middle class A is only a financial exchange, Mo said the superintendent officer." Use more and there's a good place. When you get more silver and are willing to work, there are still one or two officials to do it. Use less, send you a bad vacancy, a year or two, you will be promoted to a royal official, there is no official, the cost of the prisoner can not get out. Chun'er said, "How much is it necessary to be lacking?" Ke Cheng said, "It costs a lot of money to be lacking." ”
Cao Kecheng said it well, the family belongings can be destroyed, but the identity of the donated inmate is permanent. In the past, there was his father's silver, and Cao Kecheng bought the identity of a prisoner as Bai Ding; now with his wife's silver, Cao Kecheng had to be elected as a supervisor to be a tong'an county clerk, and soon promoted to Quanzhou Prefecture, and then transferred to the official vacancy to do the Chaozhou Prefecture General Judgement, and served as the acting prefect for half a year. "Bendolido", being an official is like doing business. After a few years, with profits, he accumulated thousands of taels of silver. After being at ease, Cao Kecheng and his wife Zhao Chun'er returned to their hometown, redeemed the farm houses they had mortgaged in the past, and resumed the life of a free and free rich man on the outskirts of the city. But there is one more retired official than in the past. And all this, although there are all kinds of accidents, but it is paved by money.
Second, with money you can buy women.
Ming Dynasty literature describes one love story after another of young boys and girls, true men and women, most of these love stories are premised on the mutual admiration between men and women, but the role of money is also visible from time to time.
"The Surprise of the First Shooting" Volume II Narration Young Woman Yao Dizhu, dissatisfied with the restraint of her in-laws, escaped alone and mistakenly fell into the hands of Wang Xi, the "Maggot in the Snow", who was originally "obscure", but unexpectedly met Wu Dalang, who was known as "Wu Million", and "like his family, his heart was very fond of it". And Wang Xi and his mother-in-law received Wu Dalang's eight hundred taels of silver, so they also treated Yao Dizhu kindly.
The love between men and women in Ming dynasty literature was also influenced by money
As for volume 28 of "The Surprise of the Second Moment Shooting", Li Fangge, a restaurant in Yanzi Town, Huizhou, consulted with his wife Chen Because of the money of Tu Cheng Chaofeng, and let Chen and Cheng Chaofeng have an illicit relationship, reflecting the mentality of small owners at the expense of the feelings of husband and wife in order to get rich, and the rich man can openly propose to the small owner because he has money, and exchange his silver for each other's wife.
Although this kind of thing is not glorious, at that time, it should not be an individual, otherwise Li Fangge and his wife would not be so rational and calm when discussing this deal. Here's a conversation between the two:
Li Fangge went into the inner room with his wife Chen Shi and said, "Sure enough, you guessed not badly yesterday, Yuan Lai really meant this." I robbed him of a meal, he was not interested, this ingot of silver as a dowry, I will take the future. ”
Chen Shi said, I don't take his, but if I take his, I already seem to be willing. How does he rest this heart? ”
Brother Li Fangge said, "I didn't have the idea to take it for a while, and when he left, he said, like I wanted it, ten ingots are not difficult." I think I've been struggling with you here for a year, and I can't make a few pieces of silver. He means that he will give up a lot of money on you. It is not difficult for me to coax him with a plan and have some sweetness with him, and then I will give him a great deal of silver. It is also as strong as a lamp and a half lamp to negotiate the price with others. ”
When Li Fangge finished speaking, he put the silver ingot on the table. Chen Shi took a look at it and said, "When you man see this thing, you are willing to raise a man with your wife?" ”
Li Fangge said, "It's not a reluctance, it's rare for the rich man's family to come and think of us, we are desperately ashamed for a while, and we can't use it all our lives." And now in the world of, we are not any valves to read people's homes, we keep our innocence, and no one has come to build a torii for you. ”
Chen Shi said, "Yes, it is also the shame to answer, how can I take him?" ”
Li Fangge said, "I always don't have the money to do it, and now I have a host in the room, inviting him to come to eat and drink at night, and I go outside to avoid it." When he came, he only said that I came out by chance, first as the master to accompany him to drink, in the middle he naturally stirred you, you look at the opportunity, and you became a matter with him. When I came, the matter was over, but did I unconsciously end up earning him a lot of silver? ”
Chen Shi said, "It's just a little shy, so I can't help it." ”
Li Fangge said, "Cheng Chaofeng has always been familiar with it, so what's the shame?" You just eat and drink with him as the master, and you don't want you to go to him first. Just by looking at how he came, I answered him that he was, and there was no shame. ”
Chen Shijian said that it was not tight even if it was not tight, and he should accept it at the moment.
When the husband says that he has "no idea", in fact, he has already made up his mind; the wife says that he is "ashamed to answer", but he is actually eager to try. Planning how to sell the flesh is like calculating a hotel business. The cause of this discussion is the money that Cheng Dafeng offered. Of course, Li Fangge also found a basis for his own behavior: first, "Today's world is always a bastard", and second, "We are not a valve to read people's homes". The world is not an innocent world, and people are not people with faces, so they have no scruples and end up earning the silver of his rich man.
Third, with money, you can buy off the government, frame others, or protect yourself.
Since ancient times, China has been founded on agriculture, and the pillar of the state finance is also agricultural tax and peasant household labor, which determines that the government's fiscal revenue has great limitations, so successive generations have implemented a low-wage system for officials.
Ancient China, which founded the state on agriculture, determined that the official Feng Lu was extremely low
Gu Yanwu's Rizhilu and Zhao Yi's Twenty-Second Historical Notes also listed special articles discussing the low salaries of Ming officials.
In terms of Zheng Yipin, the actual official salary is only 600 stones per year, which is converted into 240-300 taels of silver, which is only equivalent to the meeting gift given to the famous prostitute Yutang Chun by Wang Jinglong in the "Cautionary Tales" (200 taels of silver, 20 taels of broken silver, and four horses of the ruler), and about one-sixth of the value of yutang chun (2000 taels) bought by Shen Hong, a Jin merchant, from the brothel.
As for the Jinshi's birth in zhixian county, 85 stones of Shidelu rice are used every year, which is equivalent to about 32-40 taels of silver. It is equivalent to 3 pairs per month, which is only enough for Wu Yong in "Water Margin" to invite the three Ruan brothers to a banquet at the small hotel in Shijie Village. About 1 dollar of silver per day is equivalent to the foot power of two porters a day.
However, the actual income of Ming officials and officials was far more than this, which required self-seeking, thus providing a broad space for those who spent money to buy the official government. Folk proverbs such as "three years of Qing prefect, 100,000 snowflake silver", "not greedy, not indiscriminate, thirty thousand a year" and so on are naturally not empty.
With money, you can bribe the government to frame others. At the same time, with money, you can also escape your own guilt, or wash away the wrongs for yourself and others. "The Surprise of the First Shooting" Volume II, after the Yao Dizhu abduction case, the party's rogue Wang Xi was severely reprimanded for sixty boards, and he died of "immediate anger". Those who have received benefits seem to be heavy and light; those who have no benefits seem to be light and heavy; if there is no benefit, the hands seem to be light and heavy. Wang Xi was sixty plates and desperate, obviously not a line typer. The other party, Wu Dalang, because Yao Dizhu had him in his heart, "just didn't say it", and Wu Dalang "has a wide range of worldly feelings, heard about the incident, used it up and down, and did not interfere with the name, did not provoke, and was hazy", completely fine.
In the Ming Dynasty, money could frame others, evade guilt, and wash away grievances
In "The Surprise of the Second Moment Shooting" Volume 28, after Li Fangge's wife was killed by Ye toutuo, the matter involved Cheng Chaofeng, and Cheng Chaofeng was able to get rid of his grievances, still relying on money:
Cheng Chaofeng said, "If you have this doubt, it is the path of a small life." Just ask the old man and the villain to be the master, come up with a wide catch document, land a few should be caught and search around, and the little man is willing to set up a reward ticket and recognize Xie Jin. At the moment, the general judgment sent ying to be arrested, and Cheng Chao invited the people to speak, first sent ten silver as a plate fee, and then took thirty-two, and when they found this monk to deliver it immediately, the crowd should be arrested and promised to go. Yuan lai should arrest the party with a lot of people, the eyes and ears are the most numerous, but they are concerned about the matter, no visit can not come up with. Seeing that Cheng Chaofeng is a disturbing home, and has a generous gift, why not contribute? Not a year later, I have visited this night monk who is begging in the Ningguo Mansion... Tied up a monk... Then come to the house.
If there was no great family belongings as the backing, and no forty-two pieces of silver as a reward, Cheng Chaofeng's grievances would not be relieved at any time. Volume 15 of the "Cautionary Tales" says: "As your officials are as clear as water, it is difficult to escape the officials as slippery as oil," and volume 18 says: "There is no mirror in the hall of sorrow, and there is no fear of ghosts and traitors among the people." It is precisely to point to the reality that "money can understand the gods".
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > powerful society</h1>
It's still a society of power, and the powerful can do almost anything.
Since Yongle, the Ming Dynasty has basically stopped expanding outwards, and since then, it has also been on the defensive in the struggle against the "Southern Wu and Northern Prisoners". Although there were constant internal and external troubles, before Li Zicheng's peasant army captured Beijing, this regime was always powerful and powerful in suppressing the people internally, which provided a guarantee for the powerful to abuse their power and abuse their power for personal gain.
Almost all of the most heinous sins and bad things are done by the powerful or through the powerful
In the "three words" and "two beats", the most heinous crimes and bad things are almost all done by the powerful or through the powerful.
In book 29 of the Awakening of the Everlasting Word, Wang Cen of Xun County was humiliated in Lu Province, and in order to vent his anger, he tried every means to put the famous soldier Lu Wei to death.
In volume 24 of the "Cautionary Tales", Wang Zhixian of Hongtong County, Shanxi Province, because he received one thousand taels of silver from Zhao Ang, a prisoner, beat Yutang Chun into a confession and convicted him to death.
In the fourth volume of "The Surprise of the Second Beat Case", Yang Xiang' eunuch, who was doing military armament in Yunnan, was fierce and greedy, so he was nicknamed "Yang Crazy", and not only used his power to collect money from Zhang Yin, a Yunnan Xiucai, but also harmed the lives of five of his main servants. These powerful people are either officials or officials, abusing their power for the purpose of venting their private anger or for the sake of greed for money, and more importantly the latter.
Yan Song's father and son's persecution of Shen Lian and Yang Jisheng seems to be a political struggle, and has nothing to do with venting private anger and greed for money. However, Shen Lian and Yang Jisheng's impeachment of Yan Song and Yan Shifan's father and son first involved corruption and perverting the law and selling officials and lords, and their essence was still economic interests.
Ancient Chinese society was a society ruled by man. Since all unjust cases are caused by power, it is also necessary to rely on power to wash away grievances and uphold justice.
YuTangchun's unjust case was caused by the power of ZhiXian county in Hongtong County, and it was liu tuiguan of Pingyang Prefecture and the power of Wang Jinglong, the inspector of Pingyang Province; Lu Wei's unjust case was caused by the power and willfulness of Wang Cen of Zhixian County, Junxian County, and it was the power and tenacity of another Zhixian Zhixian Lu Guangzu who washed away his grievances; the unjust case of Zhang Tingxiu's brothers was caused by the power of suzhou prefecture's black-hearted patrol and confused prefect. To wash away his grievances were the zhang brothers themselves, who had already won the jinshi and served as the governor of Changzhou and the Shuji of the Hanlin Yuan.
Since yang Jisheng and Shen Lian's unjust case was caused by the power of the university scholar Yan Song, it must be a greater power than the university scholar Yan Song's power to punish Yan Song's father and son and wash away Yang and Shen's grievances——— the power of the emperor.
It was the loyalty of Yang Jisheng and Shen Lian that contrasted the adultery of Yan Song's father and son
Volume 20 of the Awakening of the Everlasting Word makes a finishing comment on the grievances of the Zhang brothers: "As the saying goes: 'Officials and officials act as they are. Seeing that there were two brothers and two soldiers, Mo said that he had indeed been wronged, that is, a real robber, and he had to deal with it. ”
Volume 10 of the "Yu Shi Mingyan" "Teng Dayin Ghost Breaks Furniture", saying that it is a "ghost" judgment, it is actually a "tricky" judgment, which is a case of dispute over family property through power, and also seeks benefits for himself unconsciously. Teng Dayin is the county of Xianghe Zhixian and is known for his "honesty". Retired official Ni Shouqian made a will: "The old man lives in five horses and has a life expectancy of more than eighty years." Death is nothing to hate. But the evil son is kind, fang is one year old, and the urgency is not established. Yan Shan Jisu lacked filial piety and was afraid of being killed in the future. "Therefore, before his death, he buried ten altars of silver totaling 10,000 taels and one altar of gold in total 1,000 taels under the old hut, and distributed the hut to The Good Narrator in his will. The testament concludes with a statement: "After the wise and wise have the master, Shu'er will be rewarded with three hundred and two platinums." However, tengzhi county, after some pretending to be a ghost, claimed that Old Mr. Ni had appeared, entrusted him to divide the family property on behalf of him, and gave a pot of gold as a reward. Silently, he plundered a thousand taels of gold. According to the gold price of that day, the total amount of silver was about 10,000 taels, which was more than thirty times that promised in Ni Shouqian's will. The author comments on this:
Da Yin ordered a few covers, sealed a pot of gold, placed it in front of his palanquin, carried it back to the court, and ended up in use. Everyone recognized that the real Ni Taishou had promised to reward him, but of course, the one who dared to say "no" was a word. This is called the sandpiper mussel holding each other and the fisherman profiting. If Ni Shanji is loyal and brotherly, and is willing to analyze the furniture equally, this thousand and two gold, the brothers should be five hundred and two, how can they get to the hands of Teng Dayin?
The entry of one thousand taels of gold is naturally also the result of the use of power. But Teng Dayin should be said to still have a conscience, and did not include ten thousand taels of silver in his own pocket in addition to thousands of gold. In addition to the expenses of the Ming Dynasty and the real estate left to the eldest son Shanji, Ni Shouqian also had a thousand taels of gold and ten thousand taels of silver, which were naturally ill-gotten gains obtained through power.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > society of lust</h1>
Again, this is a society that pursues lust. Lust can make people desperate, can make people hesitate to fame, recklessly, abandon the family, abandon property.
The long-circulated love story between Fan Li and Xi Shi, Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun has long been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Tang legends such as "The Legend of Yingying", "The Biography of Li Wa", and "The Biography of Huo Xiaoyu" also praise the unrepentant love between men and women.
Fan Li's love story with Xi Shi, Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun is always enviable
In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, almost all the legends of male and female love in history were compiled into drama, except for the above-mentioned stories such as Fan Li and Xi Shi, such as the story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai, the story of Li Jing and Hongfu, the story of Tang Ming Emperor and Yang Guifei, the story of Su Xiaoxiao and Qin Guan, and so on. The Chang'an prostitutes who met in Jiangzhou as mentioned in Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing" are also arranged as Bai Juyi's old acquaintances.
But in all these stories, the lust between men and women is almost premised on mutual admiration. What a man loves is first of all the appearance of a woman, followed by a woman's talent; what a woman loves is first of all a man's talent, followed by a man's appearance.
Because this is a society of imperial examinations and a society in which the literati are in charge, all the literary works of the citizens are processed and created by the literati. Therefore, the so-called talents are based on the standard of word endowment, and readers, especially handsome readers, always take advantage of their works. Even a businessman must have the flavor of a literati.
What a woman loves is first of all the talent of the man, and the second is the appearance of the man
In the civic literature of the Ming Dynasty, especially in the civic literature of the late Ming Dynasty, although talent is still the basis of the love of young men and women, lust is described even more important than talent in the continuous male and female love. In many works of "Three Words" and "Two Beats", the emotions between men and women are first generated by the pursuit of lust rather than the admiration for talents, such as the lust between Sanqiao'er and the businessman Chen Dalang, and the lust between Shao and the family slave.
Even if it is love at first sight because of talent, what is pursued is still lust. "Cautionary Tales" volume 34 Su Henan Nanyang Wei Qianhu Queen Jiaoluan and Suzhou Province Wujiang County instructor's son fornication, "Awakening the World Hengyan" volume 15 Xu Jiangxi Linjiang Province prison students and nuns to declare adultery, volume 16 xu Zhejiang Hangzhou city girl Pan Shou'er was deceived by the rogue Lu Wuhan cheated and raped, "The First Moment Shooting Surprise" volume 34 Hangzhou Shiren wen life and Shaoni quiet observation cabin adventure, "The Surprise of the Second Moment Shooting" volume 38 Xu Zhangjiawan woman Mo Sister eloped with her lover and was sold into a brothel, and so on. Tang Xianzu's "Peony Pavilion", which has been sung through the ages, only expresses two words: "love" and "desire". And look at Du Liniang's love words with Liu Mengmei in her dream:
(Dan) Concubines have a word of earnestness, and I hope that Lang will forgive the responsibility. Hyun-ching has something to say, but it doesn't matter. (Dan) Concubines of a thousand gold bodies, once paid with Lang Yi, do not bear the heart of slavery. Every night, I have to share a pillow, and my wish for life is enough. Xianqing has a heart for Xiaosheng, how dare Xiaosheng forget About Xianqinghu? (Dan) there is another word. Before the chicken crows, let the slave go back. Xiu Cai was sent off to avoid the wind. (Sheng) This is all ordered, only asking the sister's noble surname Fang name.
(Incomplete) (Dan Sigh) Few flowers must have roots and jade buds, and the wind is loud when it is said. After (birth) After that, Zhuan Xianqing came night after night. (Dan) Xiucai, and and I point out the first flower of the spring wind.
Du Liniang and Liu Mengmei in "Peony Pavilion" are not pure love
From the above dialogue, it is not difficult to see that what Du Liniang pursues is undoubtedly lust, which is "the body of a thousand gold... Fu and Lang Yi", is "every night to share the pillow seat", is "the first flower of the spring wind". Tang Xianzu also openly declared:
Women in the world have feelings, would rather be like Du Liniang? Dreaming of a person is sick, and illness is a milian, until the hand painting describes the transmission of the world and then death. After three years of death, he was born of the person who regained his dreams. If you are a beautiful woman, you can say that you have a lover's ear. I don't know what happened. Going deeper, the living can die, and the dead can live.
But after all, Tang Xianzu's identity makes him different from ordinary civil literature writers, and his era is not as free and unscrupulous as the era of Feng Menglong and Ling Maochu, so although he has revealed the lust that Du Liniang pursues in his works, he still has to make some disguises and pretend to be confused: "I don't know what to do, I have always been deep." And add, "How can there be few people in the world who dream?" He who will become a relative because of the pillow, and who will be kept secret by hanging the crown, will also be a skeleton. ”
In fact, even Feng Menglong and Ling Mengchu, on the one hand, expressed their desire for color in their works, and on the other hand, they still exhorted readers and audiences to abstain from sex and desire. This is exactly the reflection of the contradiction between traditional morality and real society in the author's concept and expressed in the work. "Jiang Xingge Reunion Pearl Shirt" is both the "Yu Shi Mingyan" and the first of all "three words" works, and the opening chapter is the precepts:
"Shi zhi thousands of bells is not expensive, over seventy years old is often rare, who knows after the floating name?" Everything is a game of empty flowers. Hugh young people are crazy, and Mo is greedy for cheap wine. Get rid of the troubles of right and wrong, and be at ease with your share. This poem is called "Xi Jiang Yue", which is to exhort people to divide and keep to themselves, to enjoy themselves according to fate, not to be wine, sex, wealth, and qi, but to damage the spirit and lose the way. When you are happy, you are not happy, and you lose what you get. Speaking of those four words, there is always no interest in the word "color". The eye is the emotional medium, and the heart is the desire to sow. When you get up, you hold your stomach; when you go back, you lose your soul. If the wall flowers are willowy, accidentally suitable for fun, it is not harmful to things. If it is designed with a heart, it is a bad custom, and it only wants to be happy for a while, but it does not care about the century-old kindness of others. If you have a wife and a concubine, and someone else flirts with you, what is your heart? The ancients had four good sayings: The human heart may be ignorant, and the heavenly path is not bad. I do not commit adultery, and no one adulteress my wife.
Literary writers are full of sympathy and appreciation on the one hand, and on the other hand, they are full of sympathy and appreciation
Wine, color, wealth, and qi are called the "four poisons", and Feng Menglong specifically proposed that "color" is the first of the four poisons, which is the poison in the poison. The pursuit of color is manifested in "love" and "desire": "The eye is the love medium, and the heart is the desire to sow."
But since there are eyes, it is inevitable to convey affection, not to mention that communication does not necessarily rely only on the eyes, and Sima Xiangru relies on the sound of the piano to convey affection. Since you have a heart, you can't avoid desire. With affection, it is only to make people "hang their stomachs", and with desire, it is possible to make people "lose their souls".
Feng Menglong, Ling Mengchu, and all other well-known writers of civic literature are all morally upright and righteous in a stern admonition against sexual abstinence, and on the other hand, with a tone full of sympathy and appreciation, they tell readers one after another the stories of marriage and love that occurred from the pursuit of lust.
The actual effect of the work is: exhortation to lust is false, and preaching lust is true. This has been vividly expressed in the first "Pearl Shirt" of "Three Words".
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > concluding remarks:</h1>
In the face of money, power, and lust, traditional morality pales in the face. People can condemn the degeneration of morality and the corruption of society, but the original appearance of human nature is most truly and essentially embodied in this degeneration and corruption. Therefore, what is shown in the civic literature of the Ming Dynasty is a frank society, a society that has stripped away disguises. The thinkers of the time advocated: "There is no need to be pretentious, there is no need to violate sex, there is no need to be ignorant, there is no need to suppress ambition." Moving with the heart straight is for the true Buddha. "To a certain extent, this is already a social reality, especially the reality of civil society in economically developed areas. The significance of the ideas made by thinkers is to magnify the reality of this society and provide a theoretical basis for it.
However, the contradiction between the likes and dislikes of authors and the dislike of society expressed through citizen literature is also obvious. On the one hand, it is a criticism of the omnipotence of money and the supremacy of power, and on the other hand, it cannot but recognize the role of money and power.
On the one hand, the extramarital affairs of married men and women are condemned with traditional social morality, and on the other hand, they are very tolerant of Women with good hearts such as Sanqiao'er and Mo Dajie, who have extramarital affairs, but are kind-hearted, and even full of sympathy and love.
On the one hand, it promotes and even praises the institution of polygamy marriage, and on the other hand, it criticizes all men who play with women and turn their backs on feelings.
On the one hand, it makes a bitter mockery and fierce attack on official corruption, and on the other hand, it leaves the final and most complete solution to all problems to enlightened officials. And this contradiction cannot be resolved, because it arose in the basic mode of production and the real socio-political system of the time.
On the one hand, the prosperity and exuberance of industrial and commercial cities in developed areas, but on the other hand, the depression and indifference of most cities and almost all rural areas, which is the decisive factor that truly restricts the development direction of the whole society.
On the one hand, the whole bureaucracy has become corrupt, but on the other hand, this government still rules the country strongly, and the government at all levels still exercises its power, which is unbreakable in the eyes of the general public.
On the one hand, the development of the commodity economy, the abandonment of agriculture and business has become a trend, but on the other hand, individual agriculture and natural economy are still dominant, and the traditional morals and values on this basis still have a strong influence and restrictive force, and have become the basic factors for maintaining social stability. Almost all the contradictions in ideology and conceptual forms expressed in civic literature are related to this.