Author: Shi Wei (Professor, Institute of Literature, Shanghai University of Chinese)
Summary: "Literature" is an important and basic concept in ancient Chinese literary theory, the pre-Qin "literature" refers to the classical science based on liturgical music; the Han Dynasty descended to the Han WuDi emperor period as the boundary, experienced the transformation from the scholar of scripture to the person of resignation to the "origin of life", of course, this does not mean that the latter replaced the first two, "literature" has the function of "the origin of life", its responsibility for scripture and resignation still exists; after the establishment of the Sui and Tang Dynasty, the literary and righteous circles have a close relationship with the imperial examination. In short, from the point of view of synchronicity, the concept of "literature" itself has multi-faceted and multi-layered meanings, including at least: (i) officials; (ii) personnel holding such offices; (iii) talents corresponding to and associated with this official and personnel, especially the related genres, all three of which can be called "literature". From the perspective of diachronics, the meaning of "literature" between the above levels and levels is interrelated and influential, and is closely related to the system settings such as the system of electing officials and the system of writing documents, and different eras cannot but change; and these institutional settings, together with the evolution of literary history, constitute an important influencing factor for the change of literary concepts.
"Literature" is an important and basic concept in ancient Chinese literary theory, and the academic community's investigation of the concept of "literature" is roughly carried out in two ways: First, Guo Shaoyu's "Changes in Literary Concepts and Their Meanings" divides the evolution period of literary concepts into three stages: "literature" in the Zhou and Qin dynasties has both the two meanings of erudition of articles, and the two Han Dynasties began to refer to "literature" and "learning", "literature" and "article" respectively, although "literature" still contains academic significance, but "literature" and "article" have been specifically referred to as words. During the Wei and Jin dynasties, "literature" was independent of other scholarship, and "literature" was further divided into "literature" and "pen". [1] Most of these statements were followed by later scholars, but they are not the same. The Japanese scholar Xing Shanhong put forward a rebuttal, arguing that although "literature" in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties referred to learning, "literature" in the Six Dynasties period was not equivalent to "article", but still contained the meaning of "learning". [2] Yang Ming supported Xing Shanhong's view in his article "The Meaning of the Term "Literature" in the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties". [3] Chen Yinchi, centered on the "New Language and Literature of the World", cleaned up the literary concepts of the entire Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and compromised on the basis of the discussions of Xing Shanhong and Yang Ming. [4] 15-29 Ii. Wang Liqi's Dialectic of Ancient Literary Training divides literature into "literary disciplines", "literary duties", and "literary people"[5], that is, the meaning of literature as the three levels of identity, literacy, and officialdom. This is an important and constructive combing, but it has not attracted enough attention in academic circles.
The above two studies have their own advantages, but they are not lacking. In Guo Shaoyu's time, scholars mostly held the view of evolution, thinking that ancient Chinese literature, whether it was actual creation or conceptual level, would inevitably "evolve" to the stage of so-called "pure literature" in the West, so the concept of literature tended to be sorted out and described in a single line, but the actual situation was much more complicated: on the one hand, like ancient Chinese literature and other concepts of literary history, "literature" is also a very flexible concept, after the Han Dynasty, under the connotation of "article erudition", its extension is not the same in various eras. On the other hand, the concept of "literature" itself has multi-faceted and multi-layered meanings, including at least the following aspects: (i) officials; (ii) personnel holding such offices; (iii) talents corresponding to and associated with this official and personnel, especially the literary styles associated with them, which can be called "literature". The literary meanings of these three aspects are interrelated and influential, and are closely related to the system of electing officials and the system of writing documents, and they cannot but change in different eras, and these institutional settings constitute an important influencing factor for changes in literary concepts. Wang Wen deals with the multi-faceted and multi-layered meaning of the concept of literature, but the lower limit of his discussion is only two Han Dynasties, and after Jian'an, he believes that "literature is the exclusive name of the scribe"[5]135, which is close to Guo Shaoyu's theory. More importantly, Wang Wen did not pay attention to the writing corresponding to the "literary office" after the Han Dynasty, especially the writing of official documents, so there was no revelation about the important changes in the concept of "literature" at all levels in the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty in a reduced period.
Based on this, this paper is based on the above research, the multi-level, multi-level meaning of literature is subdivided and long-term investigation, and special attention is paid to the analysis of the influencing factors of literary concepts; these influencing factors mainly involve two aspects, one is the institutional level of factors, including the system of electing officials, the system of writing official documents and the system of historians, and the other is the factors of the development of literary history itself.
I. Pre-Qin: "Literature" as "Erudite"
The word "literature" was first used in the Analects of Advanced: "Virtue: Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, Zhonggong." Words: Kill me, Zigong. Political affairs: Ran You, Ji Lu. Literature: Ziyou, Zixia. The Northern Song Dynasty Xing Fu Shu said: "The article is erudite, if there are Zi Xia and Zi You, there are also two people." (1) Guo Shaoyu cites this passage as an explanation of literature, but Guo shi is also very clear that "erudition of articles" is a later concept, not a pre-Qin original concept. In The Change of Literary Ideas and Their Meanings, he said: "The literary conception of the early days, that is, the literary concept in the broadest sense; all books, all learning, are included. [1]17 He further said in the History of Chinese Literary Criticism: "The so-called 'literary' cloud is biased toward academic knowledge. Therefore, Xing's so-called articles and erudition are not divided into two disciplines of literature, but in fact, the so-called 'literature' of Confucius Gate can be divided into articles and erudites in later generations, and at that time, they must also have both meanings. [6] The discussion in 14 is prudent and sophisticated, but unfortunately Guo Shaoyu's meaning of this latter layer is often ignored by researchers.
After fully understanding Guo's definition of "literature", based on this, two corrections and additions still need to be made:
First, the pre-Qin "literature" is the meaning of "erudition", and it should mainly refer to the liturgical music system of the past. Yang Shuda's "Analects of The Analects" cites the pre-Qin, Han Dynasty, Ziyou, and Zixia related literature records to interpret the section "Literature, Ziyou, Zixia", and the cited literature does not show the two ends of the poetry book erudition and liturgical music. [7] 253-255 "Lü Shi Chunqiu Dangbing" Chapter Yun: "In this world, those who speak with the problem of soldiers have used soldiers all their lives without knowing their own contradictions, so although they are strong, although they talk about it, they can distinguish it, and although they are knowledgeable, they still don't see it." Gao Luan Zhuyun: "Although he speaks of yan bing with his erudition and erudition, he does not know himself and does not obey." [8] 162 Gao Lu also interprets "literature" in terms of "erudition". Ji Zhenhuai also gave a more systematic explanation of "Wen" and other words associated with it, such as "Wende" and "Literature", in his "Exploration of the Meaning of "Wen", saying: "Since yin Zhou, 'Wen' has had the meaning of 'virtue', and in the Spring and Autumn Period, 'Wende' has formed a word, since the Spring and Autumn Period, 'Wen' has contained the meaning of 'learning', and in the late period, 'literature' has also formed a word. Combined with the records of "literature" quoted in the "Analects and Advancements", he said after discussing Zixia's special qualities in "learning", Yu poetry, and Yu Lile: "The meaning of the word 'literature' in the late Spring and Autumn Period is equivalent to what we call classical, and those who are good at literature can be called classical. [9] 15-16 This is a very accurate interpretation. According to Xu Zhongshu's examination: "Those who specially presided over the ceremony of honoring guests, worshipping ancestors, performing gods, performing funerals, and being ceremonial ceremonies for the slave owners and nobles of Yin merchants were the earliest Confucians." [10] 181 Yin Shang Confucians and Confucians of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period have a considerable relationship with the familiarity of liturgy, which is also a "literary" study.
Second, "literature" refers to classical learning based on liturgical music, while the pre-Qin "literature" mainly refers to Confucianism, but is not limited to Confucianism. Among the "Six Peoples" listed in the Forty-sixth Edition of the Han Feizi Six Antis, there are "literary scholars": "The people who learn the Tao, the people who deviate from the law, and the world's honor is called 'literary people'." [11] 948 Chen Qiyou said: "A scholar of literature refers to Confucianism and Mo Yanye." Gai Ru and Mo are known for reading a lot. Confucius taught his disciples the Five Classics, and Mozi read the Spring and Autumn of the Hundred Houses. Therefore, the "Xianxue Chapter" refers to Confucianism, Ink Disciples' Collection Strategy, and Service Literature. [11] 954 Note [4] According to the phrase "literary man" and "Confucian mo", the so-called "Confucian and mo are known for reading more books", then "literature" is still intended at the level of erudition.
II. The "Literature" of the Han Dynasty: From Scholars of Scripture to Scholars of Words to "Origin of Creation of Life"
The Han Dynasty honored Confucius as the Supreme King, and the so-called Han Dynasty Law[12] 194, the concept of the "Four Disciplines of Confucius Gate" was not only reflected in the ideological level, but also reflected in the actual political life of the Han Dynasty, including the system of electing officials. The following are two passages of literature on the election of officials, which are more complete and are reproduced below:
Shizu Zhao: Fang Jin election, Xian yu Zhu Zi misused. The Story of the Prime Minister, the Four Disciplines. One is high in virtue and good in deeds, and the other is in innocence; the second is in the study of the common cultivation, the doctor in the middle; the third is the Mingda decree, which is enough to resolve doubts, and can be questioned in the case, and the royal history in the text; the fourth is strong and resolute, and the things are not confused, and the ming is enough to decide, and only then are the three auxiliary orders: all have filial piety and honesty. From now on, the four branches of the trial were summoned, and the assassin history and the two thousand stones cha maocai were particularly filial and honest officials, and they did their best to verify, choose handsome, virtuous, honest, and flat in the county, and be willing to give the examination to the post. [13]3559
The Three Dukes summoned the Four Branches to take the ranks. The first is that the virtue is high and the zhijie is innocent; the second is to learn the common cultivation, the doctor of the middle; the third is to know the laws and regulations, and can repeat the questions according to the chapter; the fourth is to be resolute and strategic, and it is not confused by things, so that he can be appointed as the county order of the three auxiliary dramas. [14]187
In the Han Dynasty, the "Four Branches" of electing officials were initially the way for the Xiangfu to raise officials, and later developed into the entire inspection and examination system. [15] 14-17 If the "Four Branches of Confucius" are compared to it, "virtue is high and wonderful, and zhijie is innocent" belongs to "virtue", and "study and practice, jingzhong doctor" belongs to "literature". The han dynasty's ceremony of appointing an alliance was long abolished, and the rhetorical study of "Spring and Autumn Qing Dafu handed over neighboring countries and felt with small words" ("Hanshu Yiwenzhi") was naturally not good, so the "speech" item was missing in the various sections of the Han Dynasty's elected officials, but "knowing the laws and regulations, being able to repeat the question according to the chapter" still emphasized "re-questioning", and gai was particularly important in supervising the prison, and the ability to repeat the question of speech was particularly important; as for "being resolute and strategic, not confused by things, only to be appointed to the three auxiliary drama county orders" is the content of "political affairs". Therefore, the "literature" of the Han Dynasty was associated with officials. Chen Mengjia's "Brief Supplement to Wuwei Han" considers "literary disciples": "The so-called 'literature' of the Han Dynasty refers to the sutras. It is also a title for seniority and academic officer. [16] 286 Wang Li said: "The so-called writers of The Ershi (referring to the Han Dynasty) really have a twofold significance. Before he was born, the so-called literature was the literature of the four disciplines; and after his entry, the so-called literature was the literature of the hundred officials. [5] Dialectics of Ancient Literary Training,135 This assertion is generally in line with the actual situation of literature and literary functions in the Han Dynasty, especially in the early Western Han Dynasty.
The literary office is too often in the central government, and it is too often a ceremonial official, and the one in charge is the ceremony of the temple, the second is cultural education[17]85-91, and the third is the preparation of advisers. The Treatise on Salt and Iron is a book compiled by Huan Kuan on the basis of the Western Han Dynasty Emperor Zhao's "Xiang Xiang, Imperial History, and the Literature of the Virtuous Liang Cited"[18]1 on the countermeasures for the monopoly of salt and iron and the equalization of equality, and the xianliang who participated in the countermeasures was "all selected by the three auxiliaries and too often",[16] foreword, 4. Chao mistakenly tasted "literature as too often palmed" ("Book of Han" Chao erroneous biography), "Hanshu Rulin biography" contains Gongsun Hong's "gong order", county literature to participate in the annual examination, "can pass a art or more to make up for the lack of literature palm, its high can be LangZhong, too often played", literature palm is too often palmed. Here we can see its inheritance of pre-Qin "literature". In connection with this, the official of literature also has the duty of counseling, Liu Xin's "Reply to Literature" Yun: "Sincerely think of picking up the remains, hoping to make up for it with clouds." [19] 626 "Literature" here mainly refers to Dr. Taichang, and Xinwendang is a text of the same nature as his Book of Dr. Taichang. The people contained in the Biography of Ru lin in the Book of Han, with the exception of a few non-scholars, many of whom had served as Taichang's masters, doctors of too often, or scholarly officials, were all "literary" positions, and at the same time, literary scholars who were selected by Taichang were increasingly appointed as officials at all levels, as stated in the Biography of Rulin of Han: "Since then, the Gongqing Dafu has been a scholar of literature. "The county also has a literary position, and its administration is similar to that of the central government, and its literacy is mainly based on scripture, but it is more inclined to education. [20] 748 Emperor Wu shi juan, Emperor Zhao's han yanshou, and Zhang Yu were all former county literature. [17] "Examination of "Literary Disciples", 289 After the Han Dynasty, the prefecture and county levels were often not abolished, and the "Literature of Literature" volume IV "Literature" article yun: "There is literature in the prefectures and counties of the Han Dynasty, the kings of Wei have literary staff, the Jin and Song Dynasties Qi Liang Chen Are therefore, the fifth class from the Seven Pins, the Later Wei Six Pins, the Northern Qi Yinzhi, the Sui and Tang Princes' Palace, from the Six Pins, the Palm School Classics, the Attendant Articles, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Fu Old System, from the Seven Pins. [21] Book IV describes the ranks, histories, and functions of the literary offices of the states, counties, and kings in a succinct manner.
Beginning with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the imperial court recruited a large number of people with gifts of words through the way of virtuous literature. Previously, most of the people who resigned were in the princely states, especially Qi and Liang, and as for those who entered the central imperial court with resignation, Jia Yi and others were already pioneers, but it was still a sporadic move, and a large number of people who resigned entered the central political stage in the form of the state system of "virtuous literature", but it was not until the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It was also from this time that "literature", which was mainly based on scripture, began to accommodate (not replace) the study of lexical articles, and the literary profession began to refer more and more to ciphers in addition to those who were scholars of scripture. This situation is clearly recorded in the Book of Han, Volume 64, "The Biography of Yan Zhu Wuqiu's Father Xu Yan's Final King Jia":
YanSuke, Huiji Wuren, Yan Fuzi also, or Yan Clan Zizi also. The county was virtuous, the countermeasures were more than 100 people, and Emperor Wu was good to help, and it was promoted to the middle doctor. Later, Zhu Maichen, Wuqiu Shouwang, Sima Xiangru, The Lord Father Yan, Xu Le, Yan An, Dongfang Shuo, Mei Gao, Jiaocang, Zhongjun, Yan Liangqi, etc., were on the left and right. At that time, the conquest of Siyi, the opening of border counties, the number of military brigades, the internal reform of the system, the court was troubled, and Lou Ju was a virtuous and literary scholar. Gongsun Hongqi hiked, several years to the chancellor, KaidongGe, Yanxian and the conspiracy, hajj, because the country was cheap. The Superior Commander and others debated with the ministers, and the Chinese and foreign ministers corresponded to the text of righteousness, and the ministers were counted. His especially fortunate ones were Dongfang Shuo, Mei Gao, Yan Shu, Wuqiu Shou Wang, and Sima Xiangru. As is often called avoidance. Shuo and Gao do not hold the argument, and they are quite haiku. Only help and Shou Wang see the appointment, and help the most advanced. [22]2775
Among them, The Gao gao is found in the Book of Han, vol. 51, "Jia Zou Mei Lu Biography", according to the father Of The Ming Dynasty [22] 2366, Sima Xiangru (vol. 57), Dongfang Shuo (vol. 65) single independent biography. These people are either the literary attendants of the emperor or the princes, or the Lang officials give the posts of Shangshu and attendants of the Inner Dynasty (2), and they hold or participate in the writing of state documents, which is the name of "Wenyuan Chuan" or "Literary Biography" in the Book of Han, and already has the "Wenyuan Chuan". The following is a comprehensive analysis of the officials, qualities, and article writing of 12 people, including YanSuke, as contained in the above-mentioned literature.
As far as the officials were concerned, Yan Shu, Zhu Maichen, Wuqiu Shouwang, and Zhongjun were all ranked as waiters, middle masters, and givers. If the attendant is close to the secret, as the "Han Guanyi" said, "into the service of the Heavenly Son", the adviser responds, and can question the Secretary of State on behalf of the Heavenly Son. Although it is not as important as serving in the matter of "hearing about political affairs", it also has the responsibility of an adviser to deal with it. (3) The Gurudwara is also a ceremonial official, Yan An was once a horse riding order, Yan Shigu notes: "The Lord's Son of Heaven also rides a horse." "The emperor's more qing guests and literary attendants, Sima Xiangru and Ming Gao's lang officials, are also close attendants.
In terms of their qualities, the people listed above have many words and talents, and they also have many vertical and horizontal skills, and the relationship between the two is extremely close. (4) It is worth noting that King Wuqiu Shou and Dongfang Shuo are all waiting for the edict with haiku techniques such as Ge Wu, Shooting Cover, and Hidden Language, which also reminds us of the intrinsic connection between the "literary" talents of the people of lexicon and lexicon and the folk lexicon and the hidden language[23]2 In fact, the knowledge and literacy of the Western Han Cifu people mostly came from the folk, and the lexicographers with such knowledge backgrounds, such as Dongfang Shuo and Mei Gao, could only make rootless talks, and the imperial court was haiyou.
During the reign of Emperor Wu, "conquest of Siyi, opening of border counties, number of military brigades, internal reform of the system, and many affairs in the imperial court", it was urgent to strengthen the centralization of power, and the authority of Shangshu was gradually expanded, and YanSuke and others were able to take advantage of the situation. The main instrument of the two Han Shang Shutai. [24] Therefore, in addition to the writing of words, YanSuke and others also assumed part of the function of writing state official documents. The Han Dynasty emphasized official documents, and Wang Chong's "On Heng Beitong" said that the Han Dynasty "knew the world with the literary system". [25] After Emperor Wu in 270, official documents tended to be elegant, such as the so-called "Wenxin Carved Dragon Zhao Ce" so-called "Guan Wen, Jing Before, the zhao body is mixed, Emperor Wu reveres Confucianism, and chooses to say Hong'ao", so the imperial court can accommodate more and more people with words. Since he was the emperor's close attendant, the official documents written by the resigned soldiers were mostly edicts and transfers, and the Xijing Miscellaneous Records quoted Xiong Yuyun: "On the occasion of military service, between the horses, flying books and galloping, using a gao; under the corridor temple, in the imperial court, the Gao Wen canon, used similarly." [26] 29 The Wenxin Carved Dragon Zhao Ce says: "Huainan has talents, and Emperor Wu makes him look at the grass like a grass." "Migration" said: "Similar to the "Difficult Shu Old", the text is clear and yubo. The Zhao Ce also said: "And (Emperor Wu) made the edict YanSuke, that is, Yun was disgusted with Chengming Lu, and gai favored Cai's grace." Yan Shushi is found in the Book of Han and the Biography of Yan Shu, which shows that Yan Shu was also often involved in the writing of the Great Commandment.
In addition, since the people of resignation were in the eventful autumn of Emperor Wu, Emperor Wu needed to use them to refute the disagreeing courtiers. According to the Book of Han, Yan Zhu was ordered by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to refute Liu An, the king of Huainan, Zhu Maichen and King Wuqiu Shou once refute Gongsun Hong, and Liu An and Gongsun Hong "obeyed" (6), which should be the "text of righteousness" mentioned earlier. As the Wenxin Carved Dragon Discussion Says: "Until there is a Han, the beginning of the refutation." If Jia Yi's generations of life, it can be said that it is better than the discussion. As far as the bow of wuqiu is... Although the quality of the text is different, it is necessary to do everything. (7) In fact, that is, as far as lexicon is concerned, the nature and function of the Han Dynasty fu are either similar to the "poems" of the Zhou or Spring and Autumn periods, or the ode of "the description of Meishengde", or the "main text and the admonition" (although it is inevitable to "persuade one hundred ironies") to be ridiculed, which has a rather "resignation" significance in political life. Although the Eastern Han Dynasty's lexicon added the characteristics of personalization and lyricism, the ironic endowment is still not less, and the "Later Han Shu Wenyuan Column Biography" records that Du Du "took the mountains and rivers in guanzhong, the old capital of the former emperor, it was not appropriate to change to Luoyi, but played "On the Capital Endowment"", saying that "sima Xiangru, Yang Ziyun wrote a word to satirize the lord, the subject sincerely admired it, and wrote a book of fu zuo, called "On the Capital", and sealed it around. "Fu Yi" carries that "Yi seeks wisdom from Xuanzong, and many scholars hide in hiding, pretending to be "Seven Radicals" as irony" (8), to a certain extent, it also has the color of applied text. In addition to rhetoric, these edicts, transfers, and deliberations are also included in the scope of "literature". Li Zhao's "Hanlin Zhi" Volume I has a good discussion on this when combing through the system of Hanlin in the Tang Dynasty:
Fu hanlin is a place of secrets for cardinals, and those who are cautious are also small. If the appointment is made, it is not the private property of the king. In the Han system, Shang ShuLang was the main author of the drafting of documents, more directly inside the Jianli Gate, the platform was given to the green silk white aya, or the brocade was painted with a drapery felt through the pillow, the big official offered food, the soup official provided bait cakes, five ripe fruits, and the next Tianzi first class. Inside the Jianli Gate, there is the Immortal Gate, and within the Immortal Gate there is the Hall of Light and the Hall of The Immortals. From Menxia Province and Zhongshu Province, Gaibi is slightly the same as the system of present-day Hanlin, and the palm is light. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Yan Zhu, Zhu Maichen, King Shou of Wuqiu, Sima Xiangru, Dongfang Shuo, and the disciples of Mei Gao were all at their disposal. [27]1
The disciples of Yan Shu, Zhu Maichen, Wuqiu Shouwang, Sima Xiangru, Dongfang Shuo, and Mei Gao were regarded functionally as scholars of Hanlin literature in later generations.
However, the so-called Shangshu main documents of the Western Han Dynasty were still mainly "transmitted between the emperor and the secretary of state"[28]186, and the Shangshutai of the Eastern Han Dynasty became the only institution for drafting, producing, and issuing edicts. Southern Song Dynasty Hong's "General Treatise on the Edicts of the Two Han Dynasties" Yun:
The book of self-canon, exhortation, and oath is not written, and the system of the two Han Dynasties is the most recent, and there are also people who discuss editing. Empress Gao ordered the great guru Zhang Ze to report to the Book of Anshin; The King of Huainan, Anshan, wrote a letter, and Emperor Wu often summoned Sima Xiangru to look at the grass; Guangwu replied to the Northern Xiongnu draft, which Situ Banbiao went up. In Yongning, Chen Zhongzhi said that Shangshu was the emperor's order, the mouthpiece of the king, and Zhulang Xian had elegant materials, and every time he was an edict, he turned to visit, and resigned much contempt, so he recommended Zhou Xing as Shangshulang. The four officials of Qin Shaofu issued books in the palace, and Han Yinzhi, Wu and Zhao were slightly heavier after that. Zhang Anshi gave Shi Shangshu a good book, and the pocket was written by Emperor Wu for decades. In the Later Han Dynasty, there were thirty-six Shang Shu Lang people, who were responsible for drafting documents, and then gave Red Pipe a large pen of Kui Ink. This is also the origin of its creation. [29]135-136
"Shang Shu Lang" is "Shang Shu Lang". (9) The "fate" in the "origin of life" is the "resignation" or "resignation" of the imperial court, that is, the application of official documents by the state. The setting of Shangshulang in the Eastern Han Dynasty became the so-called "origin of life- creation" in the official documents of the imperial court in later generations. Hong Zhikui tried to control the internal and external systems, and his combing of the Han Chengqin system and the Western Han to Eastern Han Dynasty document system was quite concise. This point can be clearly reflected through the analysis of the "Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography".
III. The concept of "literature" reflected in the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Biography of Wenyuan"
Regarding the placement of the "Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography", the close friend Qian Jiboyun: "Since Fan Ye's "Later Han Shu" created the "Wenyuan Biography", the history of later generations has been due to it. [30] 11 However, it is not very clear to posterity what the "example" created in the Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography is.
Researchers mostly associate the Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography with the establishment of the "Literature Museum" of Emperor Wendi of the Liu Song Dynasty, and emphasize the influence of the "literary consciousness" of the Six Dynasties on the establishment of the Wenyuan Biography[31]473, but it is questionable whether the "literature" of the Literature Museum is "literature" in the modern sense. Xie Yuan, the abbot of the Museum of Literature, had been in the sixteenth year of Yuan Jia (439) as a literary scholar of the Literature Museum, Shangshu Zuo Cheng (尚書左丞) as the main author of state official documents, Chen Qiyun said of the changes in Shangshu's ministry since the two Jin Dynasties: "From the Han to the Tang, the procedures and methods of Shangshu's handling of copywriting have become more and more meticulous and complete, but the characteristics of Shangshu Province as an institution for handling copywriting have not changed. [33] 259 Therefore, the "Literature Museum" here is the institution responsible for state documents, and literature mainly refers to state official documents, which reflects the demand and importance of the state for official writing talents since the Han Dynasty, but it is not "literature" in the modern sense. Of course, this is not to deny the "self-consciousness of literature" during the Six Dynasties period, but to say that "literary self-consciousness" can be characterized in many ways (such as the general interest in emotion and modified language at that time), but it is not reflected in the way of intellectual classification or bureaucratic settings and historical styles.
At the same time, the "Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography" has both creative and reasons for its style, and many scholars have noticed the trend of "Literati" from the "Records of History" to the "Book of Han", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", and "Later Han Book" from sub-transmission to gradually combined. [34] In fact, materials other than the history of the Zhengshi provide more specific materials for the gradual formation of the Wenyuan Biography, and we know that the Western Jin Dynasty Xun Xun tried to write the "Miscellaneous Writings of The Collected Narratives", the "Sui Shu Jingshu Zhi" Historical Department Bookliography, which is part of the "Jin Zhongjing New Book Record", Fan Ye's "Later Han Shu" created the "Wenyuan Biography", roughly based on this book[35]157, which is interchangeable with the situation that is common in the writings and speeches of the two Han Dynasties, such as rulin (or jingshu) and literature. (10) More importantly, the official of "literature" had a single independent biography in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. For example, the "Later Han Shu Cui Yan Biography" records that Cui Shi's "Nanyang Literary Official's Chronicle is said to be in later generations"[36]1724, Cui Yu also has a "Nanyang Literature Ode"[37]429, Zhang Heng also has "Nanyang Literature Ru Lin Shu Zan" work[38]337, according to the Later Han Shu Bao Yong Biography, Bao De is too punctual in Nanyang, "The county school is long abandoned, De Nai repairs the horizontal house, prepares the crown of the bean, and performs the ritual music." And honor the elders of the country, and feast on all the Confucians." At that time, Zhang Heng was the main thin, and the above works were related to nanyang's re-cultivation of county school. Due to the scattered or mutilated documents, the specific situation of Nanyang Junxue is unknown, but based on the above materials, it can be generally inferred that the re-study of Junxue was a rather important event at that time, and the relevant documents were actually arranged according to the style of historical books, including the documents issued by Taishou Baode, including Cui Zhen's "Nanyang Literary Official's Chronicle". "Literature" here refers to literary functions such as local county studies, which are still different from the Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography, but the Eastern Han Dynasty elected officials were quite heavy on the writing of articles[38] "On Tribute and Jushu", 358, so the stylistic example in the "Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography" still has the role of a guide.
Returning to the specific discussion of the "Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography", we will still make an analysis of the officials, works, and styles involved. (11)
Among the 31 people listed in the Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography, except for Du Shuo, Shi Cen, Wang Yanshou, Xia Ya, Liu Zhen, Gao Daiyi's father, Zu Lichuan (Li Shengyi's father lichuan, but with a position), Wang Yanshou, Xia Ya's early death, Cao Zhong, Cao Shuo's regional lineage, and Li Yan and Hou Jin's behavior in the chaotic world at the end of the Han Dynasty (Hou Jin acted after writing the "Book of Han" and acted after Writing Zhongxing, which is the thirty articles of the "Biography of Huangde", which still belongs to the Eastern Guanshi of the Han Dynasty), Cao Shuo "does not know who to do", the remaining 21 people are all people with positions. Among them, 5 people involved in the state's applied literary writing, Bian Shao and Liu Liang ren Shangshu Ling or Shang Shu Lang, responsible for the central government's official writing; Du Du served as the county literature writer, Ge Gong and the emperor were also known for their good literary records, and the posts of the secretary of you Heng at the end of the Han Dynasty were all literary posts, responsible for local or shogunate official writing, county literature and local education responsibilities. Of the 7 people involved in book collection and revision history, Li You, Liu Zhen, Bian Shao, Gao Biao, etc. all served as Lantai Lingshi, or entered the Dongguan to study and school books. Bian Rang served as Ling Shi, Wang Yi as School Scribe, and Li Sheng as Dongguan Lang. Fu Yi not only tasted the History of Lantai Ling, and co-wrote the school books with Ban Gu and Jia Kui, but also tasted the main record room, Huang Xiang also tasted the Eastern Temple, and later Shang Shulang and Shang Shu Ling. Shi Cen was a gurudwara, Xia Gong, Su Shun, Cui Qi, and Liu Yi were all Lang Guan, and the Han Dynasty Gurudwara and Lang Guan were many literary attendants. As for Liu Yi, "Shi Liu Zhen, Deng Tan, and Yin Dui Ma Rong wrote a letter calling it beautiful", and Liu Zhen and others were important figures of Dongguan. Dongguan is too common, and in addition to the collation of classics, it is also responsible for the revision of history and the responsibility of advisors. (12) These duties, together with the functions of the aforementioned devotees centered on Shang Shutai, already possess the basic pattern of the Later Hanlin Pavilion. In fact, the term "Taige" originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Eastern Han Dynasty Zhongchang Tong "Changyan" Yun: "Guangwu was angry with his strong subjects, and he overcorrected, although he placed the three dukes, and the matter returned to the Taige." Li Xian noted the clouds: "Tai Ge, called Shang Shu Ye." Wang Mingsheng's "Seventeen Histories of Shangyu" volume 37 "Tai Ge" article quotes the "Changyan" and Li Zhuan, according to Yun: "Li Zhuan is very accurate. The Han Dynasty official palace did not see the number of the Tai Pavilion, and the person who served as the Yuntai Pavilion was said to be in the secret cloud of the Palace. [39] The so-called "palace secretary" refers to the aforementioned Chinese officials who served as Shang Shutai with virtuous literature during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In addition, the Eastern Han Dynasty Zhongshu also gradually participated in the writing of official documents of the imperial court, "Shangshu and Zhongshu are in charge of secrets, cashiers are kingly orders, and all appointments are required and officials are small." During the Ming Dynasty of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lantai was the outer cabinet and the secretary was the outer cabinet, and the historians and library and school book institutions were also included in the taiwan cabinet. [39] 259-260 Therefore, although the status of the Eastern Han Dynasty's cifu people was not as important as that of the Western Han Dynasty, in terms of literacy, in addition to the talents of the cifu, the scope involved was extremely extensive and quite generous; at the same time, the ministers of the Wenyuan Biography undertook more functions of official writing.
Regarding the genres involved in the Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography, Guo Yingde's "Examination of the Styles of The Later Han Shu" has repeated 48 styles of the Later Han Shu[40]62-98, most of which are national applications. In order to reflect more intensively the basic literacy and writing of the characters of the Wenyuan Biography, this article is limited to the bibliographic style of the Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography (Zhonghua Bookstore School Point Book). The titles of the genres and chapters involved in the "Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography" include 30 kinds of fu, recitation, hanging, book, praise, seven words, female commandments, essays, inscriptions, hymns, poems, songs, orders, lamentations, lianzhu, proverbs, policies, inscriptions, recommendations, 檄, notes, vinayas, treatises, ridicule, "Fu Shen", "Saying Diseases", "Seven Sighs", "Lamentations", "Nine Consultations", "Seven Radicals", etc. This classification standard is not uniform, some are classified by style, some are classified by article title, but the basic writing situation at that time can be roughly seen. Recitation, hanging, book, praise, female commandment, inscription, ode, song, ling, lianzhu, proverb, stele, policy, inscription, recommendation, 檄, note, guru, treatise, etc. are of course applied texts, and "Fu Shen" is probably similar to the green words of later generations. The application function of the Han Dynasty Fu has been discussed above, in fact, it is found in the "Later Han Shu Yiwen Zhi", and there are many examples of this kind of endowment as an ode or irony, such as Bian Rang "Less debate, can belong to the text." In "Zhang Huafu", although there are many obscene words, in the end, it is also like the irony of the same", Gao Biao "counts the fu, praise, and qiwen, and satirizes the admonition because of the matter"; and for Example, Cui Qi advises Liang Ji, "with words that do not obey, frustration, and repeat the "White Crane Endowment" as the wind", is an example of satirizing the courtiers, all of which are close to the application of the text. (13) The talents of historiography and the writing talents in a broad sense, especially the writing talents of the national applied literature, belong to the talents of "literature", and these applied styles also correspondingly belong to the category of "literature".
It is worth noting that the Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography contains five poems, namely the two poems of "Li Yan Biography" "Dao Dao Yi and Long" and "Lingzhi Sheng Hezhou". This is not a song poem, nor is it a "chaotic" poem attached to the lexical endowment, but an independent literati five-word poem. Liu Xun's "Wenxin Carved Dragon Ming Poem" said: "Chengdi Pinlu, more than 300 pieces, Chao Zhang Guocai, Yiyun Zhou Bei." And the resignation of the widow is not seen in five words. Therefore, Li Ling and Ban Jieyu were suspicious of Yu Ye. Before Becoming Emperor, there were few writers who composed five-word poems, and the five-character poems created by the literati of the Eastern Han Dynasty gradually increased, while those who wrote in the history books took Li Yan's two poems as the earliest, and Zhong Rong's "Poetry" listed them as the next product, calling it "Toyong Lingzhi, not shallow"[41]216. Poetry writing was now included in the category of "literature" and has since become a common phenomenon.
So, can it be said that "literature" thus has the concept of "pure literature"? I'm afraid it's not that simple. Examining ancient Chinese literature, a common phenomenon is that "a minister of imperial court literature, whether he is a poet or not, can be called a 'literary' person; but if he lacks the experience of eunuchs in the writing of national official documents, if he is famous for his poetry, he will only be called a 'poet' even if he is good at applying official writing, not a 'literary' person"[42]162. The concept of "literature" can contain poetry, but there are almost no people who are called "literature" by poetry alone, and there is no person who is called a writer with only poetic talents. Li Mengyang's "On the Study of the First Part" on the "Book of Poetry" Yun: "Or ask, the "Poetry Collection From the Preface" refers to the true poetry in the folk, the wind ear, the elegant, the praise of the solid literary pen also. Empty Tongzi: Woo! After "Huang Li", Ya and Song Weiyi. The author becomes righteous, the rhythm is harmonious, that is, there is a chapter, useless, and it is dedicated to the wind. [43] The wind was composed by the people, and the ya and ode were written by the literati of the imperial court, who also composed poetry, but only the author of the latter can be called "literature", and the difference between them is obvious. Therefore, we can only draw a limited conclusion from this: because poetry is playing an increasing role in demonstrating the individual's writing ability, the elastic concept of "literature" extends gradually to poetry in the connotation of "writing talent in the general sense". This is an important example of the evolution of literary history influencing literary concepts.
In summary, from the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the "literary" scholars generally underwent a change from mainly referring to the people who learned from the scriptures to the people who were given lexicography, and then to the people who emphasized the writing of official documents, and this change was fixed in the "Later Han Shu Wenyuan Biography" with a clear historical style. The "Wenyuan Biography" not only received people who could write literature, but also included historians and book collation and proofreaders who were closely related to it, and these three became the main body of the "Wenyuan Biography" in later generations; and the state document writing system, the historian system, and the book collection system closely related to the three became an important "literary system" (14), and together with the development of literary history itself, it had an important impact on the evolution of the concept of "literature". This characteristic has been continued in later generations of "Wenyuan Biography", but the system of successive dynasties has changed, so the object of "literature" cannot but change.
IV. Writing, Historians, and State Book Collection System as a "Literary System": The Concept of "Literature" seen in the "Wenyuan Biography", "Literary Biography", and "Literary and Art Biography" of the Zhengshi
In addition to the "Later Han Dynasty Book of Wenyuan Biography", the 16th history of the Twenty-Four Histories has the "Wenyuan Biography", "Literary Biography", and "Literary and Art Biography". The so-called "Wenyuan", "Literature" and "Literature" are roughly the same, but there are also slight differences. The "Biography of Wenyuan" covers a wide range, and Zhu Yizun's "Preface to the Compilation of Yuan History" describes its style: "It is included in the "Imperial Chronicle", collected in the "Ru Lin", supplemented by Xiong He and other sixteen biographies, and in the "Wenyuan" is divided into three disciplines: classics, literature and art. [44] 411 According to the "Yuan Shi", there is a "Biography of Ru Lin" without a "Wen Yuan Biography", and the "Ru Lin Biography" mainly collects the "Taoism" post-study of Zhu Yi' lineage, so the "Yuan Shi Class Compilation" supplements the "Wen Yuan Biography", and sets up "Jing Xue" in the "Wen Yuan Biography" to collect the Five Classics commentaries, from which it can also be seen that the "Wen Yuan Biography" has a wider range of references (of course, when literature appears independently instead of being juxtaposed with Confucianism or scripture, it can also include Confucianism or scripture). In addition to "literature", "literary biography" focuses on learning, and the "Liangshu Literary Biography" says: "Nowadays, I am embellished to Xun and other literary scholars, to the Taiqing Zhongren, for the "Literary Biography" Cloud." The so-called "scholar of literature and literature" is this. The "Biography of Literature and Art" focuses more on the aspect of the "literature" of poetry writing, such as the "New Book of Tang Dynasty Literary and Art Biography", that is, "but the person who takes the self-name of the text is "Literature and Art"".
Although there are slight differences in the objects of inclusion, the following conclusions can be drawn from the synthesis of 16 kinds of "Wenyuan Biography", "Literary Biography" and "Literary and Art Biography":
First, the "Biography of Wenyuan" and other mainly include two types of people, one is a historical official, the other is the official responsible for the writing of state official documents, especially the latter is the most numerous and the most important, and some people have held these two official positions respectively. Zhang Xuecheng regretted that the literati had been passed down and the historians had no biography [45]685, but in fact, the "Wenyuan Biography" recorded both heavy writing talents, and there were not a few historical officials with literary talents, such as the "Southern Qi Book of Literature" containing Tan Chao's "less good literature", ren neishi, later ren ji room, and Jiang Yan took charge of the historical post, and the main official writing of the record room [46] 567, and the internal history is the historical post. The "Biography of Jin Shu Wenyuan" contains Wang Junzhi's taste of Ren Ren Lang and Shang Shu Zuo Cheng, and the "Liang Shu Wen Biography" contains Lu Guan Ren Shu Lang. The "Biography of Song Shu Wenyuan" contains many historians, such as Liang Zhouhan, Hanlin scholar Song Bai, etc., who had historical talents, so he ordered the history museum to edit and revise, and then moved to live in the house. Since the Later Han Dynasty, the names of historical officials have changed three times, and their initial names are works, and the second is called historical officials, such as the Southern Dynasty Qi and Liang Zhishi scholars, history writers, Northern Qi, Zhou, Sui and Tang History Pavilions, Tang and Song Qijulang, Qiju Renren. Again, it is the hanlin academy. For example, the Hanlin National History Institute of the Yuan Dynasty directly affected the Hanlin and historical officials of the Ming and Qing dynasties. [47] 102-104 The late writers Lang and the Living Quarters were all appointed as historical officials, and they could all be included in the Wenyuan Biography.
As for the officials responsible for the writing of official documents, most of them are Zhongshu Sheren and Hanlin Bachelors, which is also related to the cause and effect of the writing system. After the middle of the Liu Song Dynasty, Zhongshu Province took on more of the work of drafting edicts, and the status of Zhongshu Sheren became the main bearer of the state document[48], 336, 259, and also became the main body of the Wenyuan Biography. For example, according to the "Liang Shu Literary Biography", Gao Zu Wende Dian placed a scholar province, went to The Tong Dynasty, and then entered the Zhongshu Sheren with literary talent. Qiu Chi waited for the ZhaoWenDe Hall and served as Zhongshu Lang. In addition, Li Shi, Jia Zeng, Xu Jingxian, and Xu Anzhen in the Old Book of Tang and Wenyuan Biography are all Zhongshu Sheren.
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, a Scholar of Hanlin was set up, and a large number of Hanlin people began to enter the "Biography of Wenyuan" (15), and since then a large number of Hanlin people have begun to enter the "Biography of Wenyuan", such as the "Old Book of Tang and Wenyuan Biography" in which Shen Yu was awarded the Title of Julang, Jia Xiu Wenguan Zhi, and Song Zhiqing "When Emperor Zhongzong added the Shuwenguan Bachelor, the scholar of the Chinese dynasty, zhiqing and Xue Ji, Du Zhenyan, etc. were the first to be selected, and at that time Rongzhi was honored." Another example is Wu Tongxuan's "Zhen Yuanchu, summoned hanlin scholars, moved to the house, knew the system, and regarded the grass with Lu Zhen, Ji Zhongfu, Wei Zhiyi, and so on." The Northern Song Dynasty king Yan Shuo once discussed the basic qualities of the internal and external ministers of the "acting king's speech", Yun: "Only for the people of the world to see His Majesty's intentions in the precepts, so it is necessary to use people who have literature and insight, and know the body of the country." [49] The discussions of 9562-9563 were of universal significance in ancient societies.
Whether it is a historical post or a writing office, it is necessary to use the book collection, and the book collation and proofreading must also have good writing ability, so the official of the book collection and collation can also be included in the "Wenyuan Biography". There are many later writings in the "Biography of Song Shi Wenyuan", such as the Sumen disciple Zhang Qi, who served as the secretary of the provincial zhengzi, the secretary Of The Cheng, and the writer Salang, and also served as the historical position of the book lang, the historical museum reviewer, and the living house. Chen Shidao had been the secretary of the provincial orthography, and Qin Guan had also corrected the secretary provincial books. Of course, the above-mentioned people are found in the "Wenyuan Biography" with their excellent writing ability rather than their profound ability to proofread the text, and the ability to write articles in a broad sense with kumon writing as the emphasis has always been the focus of consideration in the "Wenyuan Biography" of the past.
In short, "literary" people are always associated with the national book collection system, the historian system and the national official writing system, intersecting and influencing each other. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, especially after the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three systems have gradually taken shape. In the Tang Dynasty, there were Hanlin Academy and History Museum, and the establishment of Hanlin Academy made the literary attendants since Emperor Wu of Han settle in an institutionalized manner. Outside the Hanlin Courtyard of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were three secret cabinets (Zhaowen Hall, Jixian Temple, and History Hall), and the so-called pavilion system was fully established. All this is an official of literature.
Modern scholars have always had a view of the "Wenyuan Biography" and the "Literary Biography", that is, the "Zhengshi Wenyuan Biography" is the "bulk of collecting materials" for literary research (16), but the above analysis shows that the "Wenyuan" or "Literature" in the "Wenyuan Biography" is quite far from the so-called "pure literature" of modern times.
Second, the "Biography of Wenyuan" mainly includes state officials at the central and local levels who apply literature and writing, and these "literary ministers" generally do not have high positions and do not reach the position of zaizhi. Qian Jibo once denigrated the "Biography of Wenyuan" for being improper, "a generation of Wenzong often did not enter the "Biography of Wenyuan", such as "Ban Gu, Cai Yong, and Kong Rong did not enter the "Biography of The Book of Wenyuan of the Later Han Dynasty", "Xie Lingyun, Yan Yanzhi, Bao Zhao, Wang Rong, Xie Shuo, Ren Fang, Wang Monk, Shen Yue, and Xu Ling did not enter the "Biography of Nanshi Wenyuan", "Ouyang Xiu, Zeng Gong, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Su Rui, Chen Liang, and Ye Shi did not enter the "Biography of Song Shi Wenyuan", etc., "However, those who entered the Wenyuan were not included in the "Biography of Wenyuan of Song", and "those who entered the Wenyuan were not included in the "Biography of Wenyuan of Song", and "those who entered the Wenyuan were not included in the "Biography of The Wenyuan of the Second Class". [30] 11 The "Biography of Wenyuan" does have some improper points, but at the same time, it is necessary to understand the standards and examples of its removal, and Qian's comment is actually precisely because he does not know much about the style of "Wenyuan Biography". The "Preface to the Literature of Liang" discusses the flourishing clouds of Xiao Liang's literature: "Those who reigned, then Shen Yue, Jiang YanShang Shu Zuo Cheng, Ren Fang Zhongshu Shilang, and with literary style, wonderful at that time." To Ruo Pengcheng to Xun, Wu Xingqiu Chi, Donghai Wang monks and children, Wu Junzhang, etc., or into the value of Wende, Tong Shouguang, are also later choices. Covenant, drowning, Fang, monks and children, the rate is not based on merit. (17) That is to say, Shen Yue, Jiang Yan, Ren Fang, and Wang Monks and Children were all important figures in Xiao Liang's "literature", but their high positions did not have any merits, so they did not enter the "Literary Biography", and this is also the standard for all "Wenyuan Biographies", such as the "Song Shi Wenyuan Biography" that emphasizes Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, and Su Shi: "Luling Ouyang Xiu, with the ancient Wen initiative, Linchuan Wang Anshi, Meishan Su Shi, Nanfeng Zeng Gong and harmony, Song Wen tends to be ancient day by day." Nandu is not as strong as Dongdu, and it is not enough to watch the world change!" The reason why the three people did not enter the "Biography of Wen yuan" is also similar to the "Book of Liang" that does not record Shen Yue. Chen Youyi was included in the "Biography of Song Shi Wenyuan" as a participant in political affairs, and Gai because Chen wu had no "merits" and was only known as literature, which can be said to be a rare exception. Wang Mingsheng's "Seventeen Histories of Discussion" Yun: "In the case history, the author of the greater person and his deeds is a biography, and the lesser one who is not a writer is not a biography of literature and loyalty." [39] 745 This is the "canonical example also". (18) Zhang Peilun said of the Book of Tang's evaluation of Li Shangyin: "If you make a husband and a righteous mountain, his person is not in the "Biography of Wenyuan"; in the "Biography of Wenyuan", his name will not advance." [50] In 195, Zhang Shi was the editor of the History Museum, and his history was exquisite, and he did not lack the feelings of his own encounter.
Third, the "Biography of Wenyuan" also includes a small number of simple poets, including poets without meritorious names. This point is more prominent from the beginning of the Two Tang Dynasties. For example, the "Old Book of Tang, Wenyuan Biography" and "New Book of Tang, Literary and Art Biography" all contain Meng Haoran and Li Bai. If Li Bai had been waiting for Zhao Hanlin, and the Book of Tang was included as a literary attendant, Meng Haoran could be said to have been cloth for life, except for a brief engagement in Zhang Jiuling's town of Jingzhou. This situation became more common in the "Biography of Ming Shi Wenyuan", and among the poets recorded in the "Biography of Ming Shi Wen yuan", especially the literati who entered the ming and the middle and late Ming dynasties, and the land of Wuzhong in the middle and late Ming dynasties was mostly. The Biography of Ming Shi Wenyuan says: "The literati at the end of the Yuan Dynasty were the most prosperous, and those who were famous for their lexicography also belonged to Zhang Xian, Zhou Zhen, Gao Ming, and Lan Ren. Among them, Zhou Zhen "Erudite GongwenZi", Lan Ren "Xie Keju, Yi Yi is poetry", and both are cloth clothes. The "Biography of Ming Shi Wenyuan" Chinese the most famous authors in the history of learning, such as Xie Hazel and Xu Wei, who did not enter the shi, Yu Yunwen "was not forty years old, Xie went to all his lives, specialized in poetry and calligraphy", Tang Shisheng "Xie Juziye, dedicated to ancient learning", "poetry aided the pen, without adding a little channeling, the text has a biography of light". At the end of the Song Dynasty, the jianghu poet group arose, the Yuan Dynasty was abolished for more than thirty years, and the jianghu poet group expanded more and more, and by the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it was more inclined to live in the grass and the whole body was far from harmful. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, due to strict social and cultural control, this wind was slightly suspended, but in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the middle and lower-class literati represented by the "mountain people" literature were re-active, and did not fade until the late Ming Dynasty. (19) The changes in the characters received in the "Biography of Wenyuan" also reflect the evolutionary trend of this culture and literature.
V. The Imperial Examination as a "Literary System" and the "Literature" descended from the Sui and Tang Dynasties
The concept of "literature" in the Six Dynasties has been fully discussed by the former Jiexing Shanhong, Yang Ming, Chen Yinchi, etc., and its connection with the system of official writing, the system of historians and the system of book collection has also been discussed above, and this section mainly deals with the concept of "literature" from the Sui and Tang dynasties to modern times. In addition to the above three official writing systems, the period was most related to "literature", one was the imperial examination system, and the other was the rise of popular literature.
Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, the imperial examination system has evolved, but regardless of the form and method of the imperial examination subjects, it is generally called "literature". Found in the literature, in the emperor's edicts, some refer to "imperial examinations" as "literature", such as Tang Muzong's "Retribution of Zheng Lang and Other Edicts" Yun:
The state has set up a literary department, which seeks talent and reality, and if it is lucky, it is different from the public. Visiting the recent floating and thin disciples, fans for the friends, called joints, interfere with the main division. ...... Gui Ling's attempts to achieve, to see the depth of the art. The lone bamboo pipe is the joy of the sacrifice to the heavens, and out of the seriousness of the "Zhou Li", reading its examination text, it seems that I do not know the ability. The law of the word is shallow, and it is tired at most, and it also makes the declaration of the money emblem, and it is deeply ashamed of itself, and it is advisable to abandon it in order to warn the future. [51]300-301
According to the "Old Book of Tang and The Biography of Qian Hui", this edict involves a famous case in the first year of Tang Muzong's Changqing (821), the examiner Qian Hui cheated, the Zhongshu Sheren Wang Qi, the main guest Lang Zhongzhi system Baiju Yiziting overtest, the re-examination was given "Lone Bamboo Pavilion Fu", the poem was "Birds Scattering Flowers and Falling Poems", all of which belonged to "literature", and the examination was "literary science".
The courtiers also called it "Keju" as "literature", such as the Northern Song Dynasty Cai Jie's "On the Use of People Zhazi" Yun: "The ancestors took it with literature, so they tried it with prefectures and counties, and wanted them to be proficient in civil practice and suitable for use." [52] A more specific discussion of Volume IV is found in Sima Guang's Shangzhezong Qizhi Jingming Xing xiuke:
Whoever takes the way of a scholar should take virtue first, and literature should be second. In literature, it is necessary to take the sutra as the first and the rhetoric as the last. [53]875
This is an important document about the dispute between the Northern Song Dynasty Keju Jingyi and the poetry endowment, Sima Guang's main Jingyi taking shi, here "literature" means "jingshu" and "cicai", all belong to the category of keju.
Sometimes the "branch of literature" is also called "liberal arts", such as Yang Wanli's "Records of the Three Guitang of Zhao":
The ying of the imperial family of the country extricated themselves from the forest of the golden sable, and those who compete with the filial piety and the Confucian, are there few? And the sixth karmic Confucian, the third Chinese, are often like the horns of lin. [54]3123-3124
"Sanguitang" is the "Third Chinese Section". Another example is the "History of the Old Five Dynasties and the Electoral System":
In April, Bingbu Shangshu and Quan Zhigong held up Yao Huan's performance: "In modern times, there are liberal arts and selected sons, so gangwei famous religion, chongshu bang benye." Now in the dynasty, the relatives of the secretary of state, the descendants of the generals, and those who have literature and deeds to be advised, please recommend xu in the state capital to broaden the path of talent. "From there.
The proofreader interprets "liberal arts" as "the subject of selected scribes for the examination of the imperial examination"[55] on page 48 [3], which is a combination of meaning, considering that the examination of the examination is always conceptually associated with the "literature" of the four disciplines of Confucius (20), and the more precise interpretation of "liberal arts" should be "the discipline of literature".
Therefore, the examination of the imperial examination is the way of "literature", and the one who enters the imperial examination through the examination is the choice of "literature", Wang Dingbao's "Tang Shuyan" volume 1 "Shu JinShi Shang" Yun:
For example, before the Yonghui, Junxiu Erkeyu and Jinshi were juxtaposed, and after Xianheng, all those who were raised by literature competed in Jinshi. [56]2
Then "literature" is a collective term for various disciplines such as Junshi, Xiucai, and Jinshi in the Tang Dynasty, but as the Jinshi branch becomes more and more important, "literature" gradually refers to the Jinshi branch. For example, Bai Juyi and his brother Bai Xingjian were both Jinshi Gaodi, and their "Xiangzhou Beiqifu Junshi":
And don't drive the prince of the house, the sons are still young, have not yet studied, the lady personally holds the poetry book, teaches day and night, and is good at seduction, and has not tried to add it with a stick. For more than ten years, all the sons advanced in literature, and the officials were close to the Qing Dynasty, and the Lady Of Shi was also trained. [57]3838
In the Literature of the Song Dynasty, taking the Xin Gengru School 'Yang Wanli JiZhi School' as an example, all the "literature" related to Shi Jin in the anthology refers to the imperial examination, such as:
"Preface to the Collected Works of Mr. Yang Gong of Mr. Crane": The Yang clan of my clan, from the beginning of the country to the present, has been a person who has ascended to the top of the family with literature. [54]3187
"Shaozhou Prefecture Xue Lianggong Ancestral Hall Record" Yun: "Characters of Cantonese production, ancient rare, see BiQijieye." Therefore, Zhang Wenwen was published, and Qujiang was famous in the world. It was succeeded by Yu Xianggong of the current dynasty. ...... The two instruments are presented in literature and in name. It is impossible to take people by literature, and it is not possible to waste people with literature? ”[54]3036
Seen in the internal and external system, if the person is involved in the transfer of official positions for the sake of the imperial examination, it is often called "literature". Those who have been born in the past are "literary families", such as:
Bi'an out of the Xi He clan, the ancestor of the Emperor Bo Gong'ang as the time of the name of the Qing, and his successor Xiang He, the father of the original Qing, the literary shiqi family, died in his sixties and two. [58] Vol. 18, 255
Fang Bo's name is passed down, and his predecessor is Yue Yu, a jinshi in the second year of the Qing calendar, and an official to a secretary. Di Ding, the second year of the Emperor's reign, was an official to the official shilang, and was friends with Su Wenzhonggong, and the literature was far away. [58] Vol. 37, 258
Those who were once the master of literature and served as examiners of the imperial examination were called "literary masters" or "article masters", such as Tang Yizong's "Grant pei xiu jingnan festival system": "Pei Xiu, yan lang chongde, literary master, only for the generation, wisdom and material table." [51] 377 In the third year of Emperor Wuzong of Tang, Wang Qi again took charge of the text, and Zhou Qi sent a poem to congratulate him, "Wang Qi's protégés have a list of twenty-two people and Zhou Qi's poems", of which Li Qian (Zi Deyin) shiyun:
The literary master's heart is flat, and the selfless three uses Zo Zhenming. Enbo used to be a fairy boater, and Deyu added a new laurel name. Lan Shu Chong's capital was heavily printed, and Lian Feng sang Yuyin Qing. The feathers are generated by the force, and it is difficult to follow the luan yellow on the Han sound. [59]24
The scholarly talents associated with the imperial examination are also called "literature", according to the Chronicle of Dongsai:
Xue Kui shou Shu, Dao Meets Qiu, Seekers and Guests, And Hammers are just right. In the eighteenth year of the Gong Dynasty, Kui and Yu Qizhi said: "Da Fan is afraid of not having a long life, and his JiLang Temple people are also." "Also towards the public furniture. Or ask Kui into shu what he got, he said, "If you get a great man, you should be known as a literary man." "When the names of Song Yu and Brother Qi were important, they were called public names. Qi and for the cloth intercourse, by is the name of the field house. [60]64
Here "literature" and "field house" are linked. A passage from Shao Bowen's "Shao's Smell and Seeing" is quite vivid:
All the brothers of jinggong have literature... An Guo zi PingFu, especially upright and literate. One day, Jing Gong and Lü Huiqing discussed the new law, Ping Fu played the flute inside, and Jing Gong sent someone to say: "Please let the scholar play Zheng Sheng." Pingfu should be said: "May the fairness be far away from the people." Huiqing was deeply impressed. [61]121
To a large extent, the talent of "literature" is reflected in the dictionary of literature and the right of the genus, and this is also the basic quality of kumon writing, which is consistent with the requirements of the "literary system" such as the Imperial Examination and the Hanlin Pavilion.
This involves a question of matching the conceptual definition in the study of ancient literature with the actual historical and cultural context. Chen Fei pointed out: "The concept of 'literature' in the Tang Dynasty was essentially unified with its political concepts and supported or even overlapped with each other, especially the literary concepts implemented in the imperial examination system, which is a highly Confucian literature with multiple prescriptiveness and specific connotations, which is not only very different from today's literature in terms of its own functions, functions, spirits, standards, etc., but also contains about forty kinds of literary categories in terms of its literary style alone." Therefore, he did not approve of the reference to "imperial examination and literature", because "the 'Tang Dynasty imperial examination system' itself contains 'Tang Dynasty literature'". [62] 65-67 Whether the reference to "imperial examination and literature" is appropriate can be discussed differently, but Chen Wen's discussion is in line with the actual context of the imperial examination and the actual context of ancient "literature", which although it involves the five sui and Tang dynasties, it has universal significance due to the continuity of the ancient Chinese system setting.
As for the relationship between the development of literary history and the concept of "literature", the most important phenomenon in literary history after the Tang Dynasty is the development of popular literature. "Literature" involves folk literature, and there are very few examples, and the Qing Dynasty Chen Hongmou's "Five Testament Rules and Teaching Women's Testament Rules" contains:
The woman of literature, the class contained in the history of the history, is popular among the population, but if there is a big festival, it is difficult to hide the strengths. Whether it is such as Cai Wenji, Li Yi'an, Zhu Shuzhen, that is, Hui Wen Qiao, Yong Xue Gaocai, regret, Deshang and people, Yu and not recorded, he can know. However, there are also virgin women, those who do not record poetry, and they do not value literature. [63]121
After the middle and late Ming Dynasty, a large number of women, especially the upper-class bridesmaids, participated in literary writing, which became a popular trend [64], and Chen Hongmou's discussion reflected this background.
But does this mean that ancient poetry and words have independently become so-called "pure literature"? I'm afraid it's not that simple. Li Qingzhao and Zhu Shuzhen all use word names, but Zhuo Wenjun, Cai Yan, and Xie Daoyun use poetry names to add "poetry does not record" Yunyun, just like the relationship between poetry and "literature", here "literature" is still based on the level of "writing in a broad sense", but only because of the development of words and other styles, the creators are partners, and the extension of "literature" gradually includes "words" and other styles that were not in the hall of elegance earlier.
VI. Conclusion
Through the above analysis, the following conclusions can be roughly drawn:
First, like other concepts of ancient Chinese literature, "literature" is also a very flexible concept, and after the Han Dynasty, under the connotation of "erudition of articles", its extension is different from era to era, and even quite different. As far as "erudition" is concerned, it mainly refers to scripture or Confucianism, but later special studies such as historiography were added; as far as "article" is concerned, under the meaning of "writing talent in a broad sense", the Han Dynasty, especially the Western Han Dynasty, favored the text of lexicography and state application, and the late Eastern Han Dynasty added five-character poetry. With the development of popular literature such as words, literature occasionally covers words. In the case of basically stable connotation, the cascading of conceptual extension is an important feature of the concept of ancient Chinese literary theory, and "literature" is no exception.
Second, the evolution of the concept of "literature" is closely integrated with the system of national document writing, the system of historians, and the system of book collection, and the personnel involved in these three have become the main body of the "Wenyuan Biography", "Literary Biography" and "Literary and Art Biography" of the past dynasties. After the Sui and Tang dynasties, the imperial examination system became a "literary system" that played a fundamental role together with the above-mentioned system, and in fact, the literacy assessed by the imperial examination was highly consistent with the literacy required by the writing system, and together they constituted the core connotation of "literature".
Third, when treated with Rulin or jingxue, "literature" refers to the writing ability in the general sense with the national official documents as the core; when "literature" is not treated with the Rulin or jingxue, it also refers to the writing talents and classics in the general sense with the national official documents as the core. This meaning has not changed substantially in ancient Chinese classics, and has always been a concept of "miscellaneous literature". Until the late Qing Dynasty, China was influenced by the so-called "pure literature" of the West through Japan,[65] and in 1905, the change in the academic system of the Beijing Normal University played an important role in promoting the concept of "pure literature". [66]
exegesis:
(1) See Liu Baonan: Analects of Justice (Part II), Zhonghua Bookstore, 1990 edition, p. 441.
(2) Of the 12 people listed in the "Biography of Yan Zhu Wuqiu's Master Father Xu Yan and The Ultimate King Jia", in addition to Yan Zhu's appointment as The Grand Master of the Gongqing Dynasty, 8 of the remaining 11 people (King Wuqiu Shou, Sima Xiangru, Main Father Yan, Xu Le, Yan An, Dongfang Shuo, Mei Gao, yan Onqi) are Lang Officials, see An Zuozhang and Xiong Tieji: Draft History of the Qin and Han Official Systems, Qilu Book Society, 2007 edition, p. 363.
(3) Regarding the detailed discussion of Shizhong and Shizhong, sam an Zuozhang and Xiong Tieji: The "Shizhong" and "Giving Affairs" sections discussed in the "Draft History of the Qin and Han Dynasties".
(4) Liu Yongji's "Literary Essentials of the Fourteen Dynasties" said: "The theory of Gai Xiu's shortness is not tolerated in the unification of the dynasty. However, Xijing resigned, and since Lu Jia descended, most of them attacked the habits of the Warring States, learned the miscellaneous words of a hundred families, and fixed the people who said it. (Zhonghua Bookstore, 2007 edition, p. 89)
(5) There are still objections in the academic circles as to whether Shangshu of the Han Dynasty is a Chinese and Korean official, and Laogan's "The Office of Shangshu in the Han Dynasty and Its Relationship with the Inner Dynasty" (included in "History and Culture of Ancient China", Zhonghua Bookstore Edition, 2006) holds a negative opinion, but this controversy does not affect the article's argument, so the common saying is adopted here.
(6) Yan Zhu and Zhu Maichen see the two-person biography of the Book of Han, and the story of King Shou of Wuqiu and Gongsun Hongshi see the Biography of Gongsun Hong.
(7) See Zhan Zhao, "Wenxin Carved Dragon Righteous Proof" (in Chinese), Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1989, pp. 887-888.
(8) See Book of the Later Han Dynasty, vol. 80, Wenyuan Liechuan, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1965 edition, pp. 2595-2596, 2602.
(9) The Southern Song Dynasty Xu Tianlin's "Eastern Han Dynasty Huijiao" Volume XIX "Official I" contains: "Thirty-six waiters, four hundred stones." This note: There are six people in Yicao, who are the main writers of the drafting of the documents. (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2006, p. 287)
(10) For example, when the "Chronicle of Ru Lin Lie" recorded in emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "the words of huang huang lao, the criminal name of a hundred families, and the continuation of the literature of hundreds of Confucians." Another example is Emperor Xuan of Han's "Feng Bingji and Other Edicts": "And the old Court ordered Zhang He to counsel and cultivate literary scriptures, and to benefit greatly, and to make great achievements." (Yan Kejun: "The Six Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms of the Qin and Han Dynasties of the Three Dynasties of the Three Dynasties of the Ancients", volume 1, Hebei Education Publishing House, 1997 edition, p. 304.)
(11) The Book of the Later Han Dynasty was written in the Liu Song Dynasty, so some scholars have questioned whether the stylistic situation and stylistic concept of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty can represent the stylistic situation of the Han Dynasty, and recent studies have shown that although the Later Han Book wenyuan biography "adjusts the order of the biography of the original characters according to Chinese the concept of different writings to conform to the established concept of different styles of writing", it can still reflect the original literary style (Liu Ming, "Examination of the Stylistic Historical Materials of the Later Han Book of Wenyuan", Tianzhong Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4, 2017).
(12) Du You: "Tongdian And Gongguan VIII" says: "Later Han Dynasty books in Dongguan, Huan Emperor Yanxi for two years, the beginning of the secretary and supervision of a person, in charge of the classic books ancient and modern texts, examination contracts are different, is too common." ”
(13) Xi Wenqian believes that since the late Warring States period, Fu Odes have often been called together, and the time refers to Fu, but it also plays the role of "praise of Meishengde"; and whether it is "praise" or "irony", the status of both styles is quite lofty, and can only be ordered to be "narrated", so they have the nature of applied texts ("Research on the Function of Ancient Chinese Styles - Centered on the Han Dynasty Style", Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore, 2010 edition, pp. 250-254).
(14) The "literary system" in this article borrows the concept of the book "Literary System" (Nanjing University Press, 2014 edition) translated by [American] Williams and Li Jiachang and Murray, but the book discusses the relatively flexible "literary system" such as literary production, circulation, and book review system, and this article mainly refers to the rigid setting of the state system.
(15) Fu Xuanqun's series of examination essays on Hanlin bachelor's degree, the formation of the Hanlin bachelor's degree system can be found in Fu Xuanqun: "Tang Xuansu and the Two Dynasties Hanlin Bachelor's Examination", included in the book "Tang and Song Dynasty Literary History Series and Others", Elephant Publishing House, 2004 edition.
(16) Liu Shipei, "Methods of Collecting Essays and Materials", edited by Chen Yinchi: "Liu Shipei's Treatise on Medieval Literature", China Social Sciences Press, 1997 edition, pp. 105, 107.
(17) See Book of Liang, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1973 edition, pp. 685-686.
(18) Xing Xiangju: "Research on the New Book of Tang and Literary and Art Biography", Hebei Normal University, 2007 Master's Thesis, p. 12.
(19) Shi Wei, "The Poet" in Ancient Chinese Literature, Studies in Ancient Literary Theory, No. 2, 2014.
(20) As the Southern Song Dynasty Bao Hui's "Records of Xushan Academy" said: "Those who aspire to be famous in the subject, do not know that the name of the world is beautiful, but the door of Confucius and Mengmeng has four disciplines, and literature is under the door." ("Broom Draft", volume III, photocopied Wenyuange Siku Complete Book)
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(National Social Science Foundation project "Research on the Differentiation and Literary Change of scholar class in the late Song and Yuan Dynasties" (project number: 13BZW073), and the key scientific research and innovation project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission "Differentiation and Literary Change of scholar class in the late Song and Yuan Dynasties" (project number: 14ZS066). ）
Source: Journal of Soochow University: Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition, No. 2, 2019