Since the "Siege of Baideng" by Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, the Han Dynasty has always implemented a policy of peace and affinity with the Xiongnu, but peace and affinity cannot maintain the continuous stability of Han-Hungarian relations for a long time, and the Xiongnu often raid, rob and kill the borders of the Han Dynasty, and thus there are often local wars between the two sides.
background
In the sixth year of Jianyuan (Jianyuan was the era name of Emperor Wu of han), the Xiongnu military minister Shan Yu sent emissaries to the Han Dynasty to ask for peace. Emperor Wu of han summoned his ministers to a court meeting, and the ministers were divided into two factions: one was the main war faction represented by Wang Hui,the grand (da) commander (in charge of diplomats). The reason was that the Huns were desperate to fill, and without credibility, peace could not bring about permanent peace. The other faction is the main peace faction represented by Han Anguo, the imperial master (the official in charge of supervising the judiciary). The reason is that the Huns are nomadic people, can not find him, exhausted after finding him, and can not win the war. Most of the ministers agreed with Han Anguo. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty fully promoted democracy and agreed to peace.
Why did Emperor Wudi of han, who had always advocated fighting against the Xiongnu, agree to peace? I think there are two main points: First, han wudi emperor was twenty-two years old shortly after he took the throne, and it takes great courage and determination to change the national policy of the founding of the country for more than seventy years; second, the opinion put forward by the lord and the faction Han Anguo is not unreasonable; once the war starts, there is no chance of victory, and if he cannot win, it may endanger his position and prestige in the heart of the minister.
Aspirants, the seeds of hope will germinate late.
In the eighth year of Jianyuan, Emperor Wu of Han once again convened a meeting of ministers, and he directly threw out his views to go to war with the Xiongnu, and the ministers discussed, and the ministers were still divided into two factions, the main war faction Wang Hui and the main and han Anguo. Wang Hui was a native of Yandi, who had been an official in Bian County for a long time and was familiar with the situation of the Xiongnu, and during the discussion he made a statement to Emperor Wu of Han: "In the early years of the Warring States, although the Daiguo was small, there was the invasion of strong Hu in the north and the threat of the great powers in the Central Plains in the south, and the monarchs and subjects were still able to fight with the enemy and bravely resist foreign invasion; although the Xiongnu were strong, they did not dare to easily invade the Daiguo. Now the Great Han is strong, the sea is unified, and His Majesty's prestige is far and wide, but the Xiongnu are constantly invading, and every time they are with Han and relatives, but they have violated the agreement for several years, it is precisely because they have not resolutely resisted! ”。 The reason why Han Anguo advocated that war could not be waged was still that it could not be found, that it could not be won, and that it could not be defended. The two sides are talking to each other and not giving in to each other.
Preparations for the Ma Yi Conspiracy
The reason why Wang Hui strongly recommended Emperor Wu of Han to go to war against the Xiongnu was that he had already prepared a perfect plan. In 133 BC, a large merchant nie Yi came to Wang Hui and said, "The Xiongnu often invaded the border, which is always a bane. I designed to bring in the Huns, and we would have an ambush that would win a big battle. Wang Hui asked him, "Is there any way you can bring in the Xiongnu?" Nie Yi said, "I often do business on the border, and the Huns all know me." I could borrow the cause of the trade and pretend to offer Ma Yi to Shan Yu. The goods that covet Mayi alone will surely come. We ambushed the army in a nearby place, and as long as we waited for Shan Yu to reach Mayi, the general could cut off their rear road and capture Shan Yu alive. ”
Wang Hui informed Emperor Wu of Nie Yi's idea, and Emperor Wu of Han felt that the plan was feasible, took Wang Hui's advice, and prepared to design an ambush against the Xiongnu.
The process of Ma Yi's conspiracy
deploy. In the sixth month of the lunar calendar in 133 BC, Emperor Wu of han sent 300,000 elite troops, and ordered the general Han Anguo, the general Li Guang, and the light car general Gongsun He to lead the main force to ambush in the valley near Mayi. The tun general Wang Hui and the general Li Xi (李息) led more than 30,000 men out of Dai Commandery (代郡, northeast of present-day Wei County, Hebei Province), preparing to attack the Xiongnu from the flank and cut off their retreat routes, annihilating the main Xiongnu force in one fell swoop, while sending the merchant Nie Yi to the Xiongnu to lure the enemy.
Enticing enemies. Nie Yi, in the name of going out to do business, met with the Xiongnu military minister Shan Yu. Nie Yi deceived the military ministers Shan Yu and said that he had hundreds of men, that he could kill Mayi County, raise the city, and return all the livestock and property to the Xiongnu, but the Xiongnu must send a large army to meet them, in case the Han army was prevented. The military ministers, coveting the property of Mayi City, personally led an army of 100,000 into Wuzhou Sai (武州西, in modern Zuoyun County, Shanxi Province), and sent emissaries to follow Nie Yi into Mayi first, and then marched into the army after killing Mayi County. Nie Yi then returned to Mayi to conspire with the county commander, killing a prisoner, cutting off the head and hanging above the city gate, disguised as the head of the county commander, and deceiving the Xiongnu emissaries.
Nie Yi seduced the enemy
Exposed. After receiving the emissary's report, the military minister Led the army to march in the direction of Mayi. The army came to a place more than a hundred miles away from Mayi and found that there were livestock along the way, but no one grazed, which aroused the suspicion of the military ministers Shan Yu. At this time, the Xiongnu captured a small pavilion on the side and captured The Yanmen Weishi. Under threat, Wei Shi told all the plans of the Han army. After hearing this, the military commanders ordered an immediate withdrawal.
History of Yanmen Lieutenant
The 30,000-strong army led by Wang Hui and Li Xi had left Dai County, preparing to attack the Xiongnu, and was very surprised to learn that the Xiongnu had retreated. Wang Hui thought to himself that his army could not defeat the Xiongnu army. Had to be refunded. Han Anguo and others led a large army to ambush in Mayi, but for several days there was no movement, so they changed the original battle plan and led the army to attack, and as a result, there was no trace of the Xiongnu.
outcome. After the "Siege of Mayi" plan went bankrupt, Emperor Wu of Han escaped from the battlefield on the grounds that Wang Hui had proposed a war, and sent Wang Hui to prison, and Ting Wei sentenced Wang Hui to death by waiting and watching the enemy. After the "Siege of Mayi", the Xiongnu severed their peace with the Han Dynasty and frequently attacked the Border Counties of the Han Dynasty, but only because of the greed for Han Dynasty property, Guanshi continued to maintain.
The significance of Ma Yi's conspiracy
Although the plan for the Siege of Mayi was unsuccessful, it brought the Han Dynasty to an end to the humiliating policy of "peace and affinity" pursued since the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, and also opened the prelude to the large-scale war between Han and Hungary. The Han Dynasty began to take the initiative to attack the Xiongnu, sending Wei Qing and Huo to go to the disease to conquer, remove the threat of the Xiongnu, and ensure the economic and cultural development of the north and the unification of the country!
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References: "History", "Book of Han"