After Genghis Khan established the "Great Mongol State", he divided the vast territory under his rule to his "four eldest sons". At the same time, the descendants of the "four eldest sons" all enjoyed the right to inherit the fief. With the development of history, the autonomy of these sub-fiefs has been increasing.
The "Four Great Khanates" of Mongolia (the Wokoutai Khanate was divided between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan Dynasty)
After Kublai Khan moved the capital to Beijing, the "Four Great Khanates" basically achieved "de facto independence" despite the fact that the "four khanates" still nominally belonged to the Yuan Dynasty, the "headquarters" of the empire. Of course, they have always maintained a relatively close relationship with Big Brother.
Among them, the Chagatai Khanate and the Wokoutai Khanate, which were closest to the "headquarters", maintained long-term intricate ties with the Yuan Dynasty.
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Chagatai was the second son of Genghis Khan, and in the process of conquest of the Jin Dynasty and Khwarazm, it can be said that he had a remarkable record. Genghis Khan's basic assessment of him was: "Anyone who has a strong desire to know Tsasa, Bilik, and how to abide by the laws of the country, follow Chagatai." ”
Chagatai (1183-1241)
In his father's view, Chagatai was a man who strictly abided by the law, was rigorous and serious, and observed the country according to law. When dividing up the sons, Genghis Khan gave him "Yu'er Ti from the original Naimanbu Yu'er Ti Altai to the banks of the Wuhun River (Amu Darya)."
Looking at the territory of the Hetai Khanate, there were not only large areas of fertile land suitable for the development of agriculture, but also the Junggar Basin and the steppes of Central Asia, which could vigorously develop the nomadic economy.
By the time of Tukwa (the ninth Khan of the Chagatai Khanate), the western part of the Chagatai Khanate, as far as the Amu Darya River, was in present-day Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, and to the east was turpan.
Territory of the Chagatai Khanate
The capital of the Khanate was located in the "Kuyasi in the territory of Alima", or "Alimari", located in the west of huocheng in the present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Through Alimari, it can reach Places such as Persia and Europe, and is the "transit station" for foreign exchanges of the Yuan Dynasty.
Ruins of the city of Alimari
The master of the Wokoutai Khanate, Wokoutai, was the second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. The history books record that Wokoutai was "solemn, intelligent, capable, judgmental, prudent, firm, old-fashioned, and magnanimous", with the qualities and talents to serve as the supreme ruler, and was highly valued by his father.
Nest broad platform
When Genghis Khan divided the sons, he divided some areas east of Lake Balkhash, including northeast China, the steppes of Central Asia, and the northern part of the Dzungar Basin to Wokoutai.
Geographically, the Wokoutai Khanate was bordered by the Yuan Dynasty to the far east, and to the south and west it was bordered by the fiefdom of the Later King of Chagatai, with famous rivers such as Lake Balkhash (in present-day Kazakhstan), the Emin River, the Irtysh River, and the Ulungu River.
Territory of the Wokoutai Khanate
The tents of the Wokoutai Khanate were generally in the yemili (also known as "Yemili", present-day Emin, Xinjiang) and Hobbo (Xinjiang and Buxel Mongol Autonomous County) areas. After claiming the title of Khan, Wokoutai moved the capital back to their homeland between the Khitan and Weiwu'er lands, and gave his other fiefs to his son Guiyu.
Also the ruins of the ancient city of Miri
After Kublai Khan succeeded to the throne, the relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and the two khanates can be described as "war" and "coexistence" and intricate. Combing along the timeline, the answers can be divided into the following periods.
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After Möngke's death, Kublai Khan fought with Ali Bugo for supreme dominion. Read more: "The Great Mongol Brawl" Kublai Khan Brothers' Struggle: The Empire State Building Collapses.
Due to Kublai Khan's policy of economic blockade of Ali Buge, the important towns in the north of the desert, represented by Hala and Lin, have almost no economic support from all sides, and ali Bu ge's side is under great pressure.
Ali is not a brother
Thus, Ali Bugo appointed his grandson Aruku, who was in Chagatai, Hala and Lin, "to take charge of his grandfather's shouyi and his Uluth, in order to send weapons and grain to our aid, and to guard the borders of the Hun River, so that the armies of Hulagu (Ilkhan, Kublai Khan's younger brother) and the army of Belgo (Golden Horde, Battu's younger brother) could not come to Kublai Khan's aid from that side."
Ali Buge, who was in internal and external difficulties and regarded the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate as the object of defense, had a sufficiently sober understanding of the strategic position of the Chagatai Khanate in military and geographical terms. At that time, the Chagatai Khanate was not only relatively strong in economic strength, but also relatively strong in military strength--there were at least a hundred thousand effective Mongol cavalry under its command.
Ali Bu ge believed that the Chagatai Khanate was an important weight for his "counterattack".
Kublai Khan's infighting with Ali Bu Brother gave the Chagatai Khanate the opportunity to "develop indecently"
A "two-choice" topic was placed in front of Aruku:
If Ali Had defeated Kublai Khan, Aruhu might have gained control over the Chagatai Khanate and other political and economic benefits;
If Ali did not fail, Aruku would not only become the target of Kublai Khan's attack, but also cracks in relations with other khanates.
Therefore, after Aru suddenly returned to AliMari to succeed to the throne, he not only did not "listen to the words of Ali's brother", but also "targeted" Ali's brother everywhere. He seized all the materials that had been collected to assist Ali Buge, killed the "reminder" emissaries sent by Ali Buge, and even took the initiative to launch an attack on Ali Buge's army.
Harrah and Rin today
Just as the so-called "roof leaks in the overnight rain", Ali's brothers were defeated like mountains. Soon, the Yuan army successfully occupied Hala and Lin, and Ali Buge had to retreat to Qianqian Prefecture (the upper basin of the Yenisei River), and finally had to surrender to Kublai Khan and ask for forgiveness.
Frankly, Arukhu's "side" is very correct. After the situation stabilized, Aru took the policy of making peace with the Yuan Dynasty, and the two sides continued to send emissaries to exchange information. On the issue of dealing with Haidu, which was "resolutely anti-Yuan", Aruku insisted on supporting the "big brother" Yuan Dynasty, effectively containing and cracking down on Haidu's forces.
Kublai Khan: Aru did a good job and deserves encouragement!
For the firm support of Aruku, Kublai Khan naturally "repaid the favor with a peach". In the name of the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, he placed the land from the other side of Altai to the Wuhun River under the control of Aru ku, further weakening and isolating the power of Haidu.
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However, after Aru's death, relations between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan Dynasty fluctuated.
The Chagatai Khanate's Ulugh Kul Ku Nai Hatun (the wife of the second Khan of the Khanate, Hala Hulegu, who was married to arukul after succeeding to the throne) did not have access to the Yuan Dynasty in the process of selecting an heir, and "with the consent of the secrets and the prime ministers, he established his own son Muba Lasha to inherit the throne of Aru ku", which made Kublai Khan quite dissatisfied.
Painting on the theme of the Chagatai Khanate
As a result, Kublai Khan sent Ba La (grandson of Chagatai's eldest son Mu Agugan), who had been serving the Yuan court for a long time, to return to the Chagatai Khanate and secretly order him to seize the Khanate of MuBa Lasha.
In Kublai Khan's view, the eight rabbles who "know the roots and know the bottom" are much more reliable than the mu ba la sha. The Eight-La also "lived up to expectations" and successfully seized the position of Mubarasa after returning to the Chagatai Khanate.
After succeeding to the throne, He immediately declared that he "firmly supported" the Yuan Dynasty and "recognized his status as a vassal state". When Kublai Khan ordered the Chagatai Khanate to attack Haidu, Ba lai would also strictly implement Kublai Khan's "edict" and join the battle sequence against Haidu.
Coins of the Chagatai Khanate
However, to Kublai Khan's surprise, The Eight Wasa was not a fuel-saving lamp. With the passage of time, the ambitious Eight Dragons began to encounter the porcelain "Big Brother" Yuan Dynasty while constantly expanding their sphere of influence.
He had ordered an attack on the Area of Huiduan (Hotan Region in Xinjiang), which was originally under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. According to historical records, The Eight Raks "sent Themibik in the name of Hehan (Kublai Khan) to be lost and occupy the position of Mukuletai (the defender of the Jurchen region)." Mukuletai went to His Majesty Hehan to report the situation, and Hehan sent a great secret named Huoyou Chi to fight back against him with 30,000 people (Eight Ra). When the fire you knew that it was impossible to resist the other side, he returned to the Han Dynasty, and the army of The Eight Raks sacked here."
Cavalry of the Chagatai Khanate
As a result, the relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate began to become delicate. The situation in the border areas between the two countries began to become chaotic, and the Yuan Dynasty's control in the northwest region was also weakened considerably.
At the same time, the Haidu forces of the Wokoutai Khanate also became increasingly powerful. In 1269, chagatai, wokoutai, and the Golden Horde jointly convened the "Tarasi" Kuriletai Assembly, elected Haidu as its ally, and while redefining the sphere of influence, decided to unite against the Yuan Dynasty and the Ilkhanate.
Throughout Haidu's life, in addition to eating and sleeping, it is "anti-Kublai Khan"
After the end of the Kuriletai Conference, Bala led an army to attack the Khorasan region, but was repulsed by the Ilkhanate. "Unpaid", he died in 1271.
After the death of The Eight Kingdoms, the chagatai khanate was further weakened, and the Wokoutai khanate became the protagonist of the balance of the "three-state relationship".
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In fact, after Möngke succeeded to the throne, he carried out a merciless attack on the clan kings of the Wokoutai clan. Therefore, the relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and the many kings of the Wokoutai clan was "like water and fire".
Read more: "The Mongol Brawl" The Battle between Batu and Guiyu: A Catalyst for the Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire.
After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Haidu, the grandson of Wo Kuotai, has always been the "mainstay" of "firmly opposing the Yuan". After the death of Bala, the Wokoutai Khanate was gradually controlled by Haidu. Therefore, the relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and the two khanates of Chagatai and Wokoutai has been in a relatively tense state for a long period of time.
Haidu's army was a "multi-service army" of Mongolia + Halaqidan + Turks.
Objectively speaking, Kublai Khan did not want to meet with Haidu Soldiers. He appointed the minister Tielian to the Wokoutai Khanate in an attempt to improve bilateral relations. However, Haidu did not appreciate it at all, and constantly gathered military forces, determined to "fight to the death" with the Yuan Dynasty.
By the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1268), "Haidu rebelled and raised troops to the south". In order to maintain the dignity of the Yuan Dynasty and maintain the political stability of the northwest region of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan ordered the dispatch of troops and eventually defeated the Haidu army at the "North Court". However, after touching the gray haidu, there was no intention of convergence.
The descendants of Genghis Khan have long forgotten the allusion of the "five sons training arrows"
After the death of The Eight Dragons, the effective rule of the Chagatai Khanate was basically in the hands of Haidu. He made his son Duwa (also known as Duwa) the Khan of Chagatai, and the two sides formed a joint force that was hostile to the Yuan Dynasty.
For the Yuan Dynasty, the union of the two was something they did not want to see. However, since the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271), Kublai Khan has focused his work on unifying the Southern Song Dynasty, so there is no time to "take care" of Haidu. In order to avoid worries, he sent the prince Namukhan to guard Alimari and "ordered The Minister to go to An Tong to supplement it." In the following three or four years, the Yuan Dynasty was dominated by shou.
After the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1275), the haidu and Duwa forces frequently launched offensives against the northwestern region of the Yuan Dynasty, and the local political situation became increasingly chaotic. Kublai Khan took decisive and tough measures. At this point, the relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and the chagatai and wokoutai khanates further broke down.
At this time, the main force of the Yuan army was all moving south to attack the Song Dynasty
By the twelfth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1275), Duwa led 120,000 troops and besieged Huozhou (also known as Ha Lahuo Prefecture, 70 miles west of Liucheng in Xinjiang and 30 miles east of Turpan) for six months. In his letter to Wei Wu'er Yiduhu, he declared, "I am also the grandson of Emperor Taizu, why don't you attach to me?", and his arrogance was very arrogant.
The long siege caused great losses to the production and life of the local people. Although Kublai Khan "gave 100,000 ingots" to restore the local people's livelihood economy, it was still "a drop in the bucket".
Overview of the Fire State map
After the fourteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1277), the War of the Yuan Dynasty against the Southern Song Dynasty was basically over, and the "great unification" of the Yuan Dynasty was a foregone conclusion. As a result, Kublai Khan began a comprehensive plan to conquer Haidu, Duwa and other "rebel kings". He appointed Boyan, who had distinguished himself in battle, as the "commander-in-chief" to coordinate counterinsurgency matters.
By the 21st year of the Yuan Dynasty (1284), Emperor Mingzong's king Yakudu and Bald Ha had jointly discussed haidu and took the initiative to attack.
By the 23rd year of the Yuan Dynasty (1286), Haidu invaded Jinshan (present-day Altai Mountains), and Kublai Khan commanded Tutuha and the general Duo'er Duohuai to jointly resist the enemy. In the same year, the Haidu coalition invaded Beiqiu Bali (the ancient city was in the territory of present-day Jimsar, Xinjiang), and was repelled by the combined forces of The Minister of Qi, Boyan, and the generals Gongzhi, Ming'an, and Li Jin.
To stabilize the situation in the northwest, Kublai Khan is determined to win
By the 26th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1289), the Haidu army approached Helin, Kublai Khan personally marched, and the Haidu coalition army was defeated.
By the 29th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1292), Emperor Mingli Timur "rebelled against the sea", and the situation in the northwest became more tense, and Kublai Khan sent Bo Yan to unify the army. Boyan en-wielded mercy on Mingli Timur, forcing him to surrender.
Under the continuous blows of the elite divisions of the Yuan Army, the Haidu forces were seriously injured, and the living forces were almost exhausted.
YuanChengzong Bo'er Jin Timur (1265-1307)
After Emperor Yuanchengzong succeeded to the throne, he continued to take tough measures with Haidu and Duwa. In the third year of Dade (1299), he ordered the emperor's nephew Haishan Town to guard the north of the desert.
Haishan "trained the Sixth Army, the president decreed, the land is suitable, but those who can cultivate the fields will be divided into cultivated land, in order to support the army", in the "land of the wide farewell", "the land of The Ancient Land of Dieti", "the land of The Land of Ha LaheTa" and other major battles, severely damaged the Haidu and Duwa forces. In particular, in the Battle of Ha laheta, Haidu and Duwa "both were wounded, Haidu died of his wounds, and Duwa was paralyzed."
Up to this point, the Yuan Dynasty occupied an absolutely active position in the confrontation between the two khanates.
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After the end of the large-scale war between the two sides, the two khanates basically lost the ability to compete with the Yuan Dynasty. However, the Yuan Dynasty did not carry out a wide range of retaliatory actions, but took the initiative to adopt a policy of friendly and courteous exchanges to handle bilateral relations.
After Haidu's death, Duwa helped his eldest son, Chaba'er, to the khanship of the Wokoutai Khanate. Although Chaba'er "opposed the demands of Kublai Khan's successors for the position of Great Khan", he had neither the prestige of his father Haidu nor the ability to command the queens, and "could not set off any big storms at all".
Eastern Chagatai Khan Timur Timur Maza (Islamic mausoleum) in present-day Weiyining, Xinjiang
At this time, Duwa became the most influential figure in the two khanates. However, in a series of battles with the Yuan Army, he also suffered a heavy blow, and it was difficult to recover his military and material resources for a while.
In July of the seventh year of Dade (1303), "Duwa, Chaba'er, Andi Tiemu and other envoys sent envoys to ask for respite", indicating submission to the Yuan Dynasty. In November, Emperor Yuancheng sent emissaries to contact Cha Ba'er and others;
In September of the following year, Both Cha Ba'er and Du Wa sent envoys to "return to their destiny".
At this point, the decades-long war between the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai and Wokoutai Khanates basically came to an end. "Peace has now been restored, and all members of Khan's family, whether old or young, have unanimously agreed to open all roads". Since then, the Yuan Dynasty's contacts with various fields in Central Asia have gradually resumed.
Flag of the Chagatai Khanate
In February of the ninth year of Dade (1305), Du Wa sent an envoy to the Yuan Dynasty, and Emperor Chengzong gave him 500 horses. In April, he gave "the messengers sent by Chaba and Dowa to silver 1,402 silver and 7,800 banknotes." In October Gengyin, "The horse is not from the flower, and the silver is fifty-two, and the banknote is two hundred ingots."
In February of the 10th year of Daedeok (1306), "Dowa sent an envoy to the dynasty, and gave him a robe and coin." In September, Duwa sent his son, Tsutomu (also known as the Wide Door), to celebrate Christmas.
In June of the third year of Emperor Wuzong's reign (1310), Cha Ba'er came to the court. During the reign of Emperor Renzong, the families of Chaba'er were scarce, and the Yuan Dynasty gave them a year's worth of grain to help restore production. In the second year of Yanyou (1315), Fengcha Ba'er was made the King of Runing.
The Chahatai Khanate also fought against India's ideas, but all of them failed
Not long after the relationship between the two sides gradually improved, a conflict occurred between ChaBa'er and Duwa, and finally they met each other. ChaBa'er was a rival to Tuwa and eventually had to surrender to the other side.
Eventually, the Wokoutai Khanate was divided between the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate, and the chagatai khanate's position in Central Asia was formally established. In 1306, duwa died and his son Kuanjin succeeded to the throne, and the Chagatai Khanate still maintained various ties with the Yuan Dynasty.
In September of the first year of Emperor Wuzong's reign (1308), he "sent people to make the kings Cha Ba'er and Kuan Jian";
In the same year, Pai Xue (Xue) Nitai Tiemucha sent an envoy to Xue Misigan, and some improvements were made to the tax collection methods of Xue Misigan, Ta Lasi, and Ta Lost Xuan.
Ten thousand households in Central Asia also traveled from Xue Misigan and other cities to the Yuan Dynasty to "enter the Hukou Qingshu created when Taizu was presented", which is a valuable material for the Yuan Dynasty to understand the social conditions in Central Asia.
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However, in view of the chaos in Haidu and Duwa, the Yuan Dynasty was not at ease with the successors of the Chagatai Khanate. Out of precautions, the Yuan Dynasty, under the name of "insufficient pasture north of Jinshan", sent heavy troops to the north of Jinshan to strengthen military control.
After The death of KuanJin, He also took the throne as Khan successively, such as Buhua, Timid Farewell, Yan only Jitai, and Dulai Timur. During their reign in the Chagatai Khanate, on the one hand, they maintained various exchanges with the Yuan Dynasty envoys and tributes, and recognized themselves as the "kingdom of the clan domain" of the Yuan Dynasty. On the other hand, it has gradually embarked on a more autonomous development path.
Gold leaf excavated from the ruins of the ancient city of Alimari
Internally, the khanate carried out drastic reforms of the monetary, religious and other systems, and the focus of the khanate's rule gradually shifted westward.
After taking the throne, he "moved to the river, and even to the south of the land, where he built a palace 2.5 parasan from Naheshab, located in the lower reaches of Kashkadariya, which is said to be the place of 15 Velst", and the name of the city was "Karshi" (also known as "Khalshi").
It is also not spent on the reign of the first time, and the Yuan Dynasty has a contradiction on the border issue. The Yuan army defeated the Chagatai Khanate's army at battles such as the Shihe River (present-day Irtysh River) in Ye'er. After the war, the two sides gradually reached an agreement on the territorial issue.
Emperor Yuanyingzong (1303-1323)
When talking about the territorial relations with the Chagatai Khanate, Emperor Yuan Yingzong made it clear that "I do not want the people of the other land, but my people do not suffer from border troubles, and the soldiers are exempted from hard labor. It can be seen that the cessation of the war has become a common desire of both sides.
In 1329, the Yuan Dynasty promulgated the Classics of the Classics, which ranked the Chagatai Khanate alongside the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate.
The Chagatai Khanate, which embarked on the track of independent development, has always had economic exchanges with the Yuan Dynasty. They offered wine, Western horses, golden crows, tigers, leopards, etc. to the Yuan Dynasty in the form of tribute. Later, various contradictions occurred within the Chagatai Khanate, coupled with the attack of natural disasters, which gradually declined and eventually split into the eastern and western Chagatai Khanate.
Tamerlane (1336–1405), founder of the Timurid Empire
In 1370, Timur supported the puppet ruler and became the supreme ruler of the river. He established the Timurid Empire as the heir of the Chagatai Khanate, the capital of Balihei (later moved to Samarkand). And this is a new piece of history.