Foreword: In that unprecedented "Jing Dynasty War", Zhu Di, the fourth son of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, the King of Yan, rebelled with the king of the district domain and overthrew the emperor of the Great Unification Dynasty, which is unique in the long river of Chinese history. Although the success of the Yan King had the reason for his opponent Emperor Jianwen Zhu Yunjiao's own faint moves, there was also the fierceness of the Yan King himself who sacrificed his life and forgot death and was rich and dangerous, but without the help of one person, it was difficult for the Great Cause of the Yan King to succeed.
This person is the protagonist of today's article: Zhu Quan, the King of Ningxian. But how did this prince go from a fierce and courageous border guard to a man of pure heart and no question about the world?
Zhu Quan, born on May 1, 1378, in the eleventh year of Hongwu (1378 AD), was the seventeenth son of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Quan's biological mother is not recorded in the History of Ming, and according to the Records of Emperor Ming Yingzong and his concubines, her mother was of the Yang clan, but her status was low and she did not have a concubine title.
Schematic diagram of the distribution of The Fengguo of The King of Ning and the Three Guards of Duoyan
In April of the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu (1391 AD), the 14-year-old Zhu Quan was crowned king of Ning. In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393 AD), the kingdom of Daning in the first month of the first month. At that time, Zhu Quan's three elder brothers Zhu Li (朱楧) the Prince of Su, Zhu Zhi (朱志) the Prince of Liao, and Zhu Li (朱栴) the Prince of Qing were also out of Beijing. However, King Su was temporarily stationed in Pingliang because the Shaanxi garrisons were not gathered, the Liao king was temporarily stationed in Dashu Hebei because the Palace of Guangning in Eastern Liaoning was not completed, and King Qing was temporarily stationed in the city of Northern Guwei prefecture in Qingyang because Ningxia's grain was not enough. The four kings who agreed to do so together, in the end, only king Ning was a normal country of Daning.
Daning is outside the Xifeng Pass, east of Liaozuo, west of Xuanfu, is the strategic support point for liaodong and northern mo in the early Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang sent Zhu Quan to Daning, apparently placing high expectations on this son.
<h1>What is the relationship between Duoyan Sanwei and King Ning? </h1>
When it comes to King Ning, most people first think of the "Duoyan Three Guards", a Mongol cavalry that was regarded as an important help for Zhu Di to seize the world later, and was also considered to be the biggest dowry that King Ning brought to his fourth brother. Of course, it can't be said that everyone's feelings are wrong, after all, the "History of Ming" also said:
With 80,000 armor and 6,000 leather vehicles, the three guards of Duoyan are brave and good at war. The kings of the Society of Power will come out and be known for their good deeds. --Ming History Vol. 17 Liechuan V
So what is the combat effectiveness of duoyan sanwei? Is there any affiliation between them and King Ning?
The origin of Duoyan Sanwei
In the twentieth year of Hongwu (1387 AD), Feng Sheng, the Duke of Song, recaptured Liaodong. In the twenty-first year of Hongwu (1388 AD), Marquis Lanyu of Yongchang destroyed the Court of the Northern Yuan King in the Fishing Sea. At the end of that year, under the threat of the Ming army's blade, the Northern Yuan Liao king Azha Qiuli, who commanded the Mongol tribes east of Daxing'anling, sent an envoy to surrender. In the twenty-second year of Hongwu (1389 AD), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the establishment of the three guards of Taining, Duoyan, and Fuyu. The former Yuan Liao king Azazuli was the commander of Taining Wei, and the king of Ning, Tabin Timur, was the commander of Tongzhi. Haisa Nandaxi commanded Tongzhi for Fuyu Wei, and Delu Kucha'er commanded Tongzhi for Duo Yanwei.
Among them, Taining Wei was in the ta'er river (present-day Tao'er River, located in the xing'an league of Inner Mongolia and northwestern Jilin Province), Duoyan Wei was in the upper reaches of the Qu'er River (referring to the southern tributary of the Tao'er River) and the Duoyan Mountain, and Fuyu Wei was in the nen River and Fuyu River (present-day Wuyuer River, located in the western part of Heilongjiang Province). This is the origin of Duoyan Sanwei.
The fighting power of the three guards
With the push of the new Khan of the Northern Yuan, Duoyan Sanwei betrayed Daming and once again fell to his Mongol clan. For these two-faced and three-bladed Mongols, Ming Taizu was bound to make them suffer a little. In April of the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu (1391 AD), Zhu Di, the King of Yan, was ordered to carry out a cleansing campaign against Duoyan Sanwei, and it was Fu Youde, the Duke of Yingguo, who was cooperating with the Yan King. The result of the battle was not suspenseful, and duoyan Sanwei had no strength to fight back in the face of the attack of the Ming army.
(Fu Youde) restored the Relics of the Yan King and pursued the Yuan Liao King. The army is in charge of the line, and the class division is ordered. The enemy did not have equipment, because the submarine division went deep into the Black Ridge and broke the enemy crowd and returned. —Ming History Volume 129 Liechuan XVII
It can be seen from this that the range of activity of Duoyan Sanwei is still a long distance away from Daning, and its combat effectiveness is even more unsightly. From this point of view, Duoyan Sanwei has never been under the jurisdiction of King Ning, and it is absurd to say that he borrowed troops from him.
The real Ning King's guard
After Zhu Quan was crowned king of Ning, his old father Zhu Yuanzhang set up the Ning King Guard for him, named Yingzhou Zhongwei, with a strength of about 4,000 people. Yingzhou was the frontier town of the Tang Empire controlling the northeast region, including An Lushan, Li Guangbi, DaZuorong and other famous generals from here. Zhu Yuanzhang used the name of "Yingzhou" as the guardian of the King of Ning, reflecting the Ming Emperor's slight ambition for the northeast region.
Because the Ning King's guards had performed well in the battle against the Liaodong Jurchens, in April of the 28th year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the official establishment of the Ning King's Guard Command and Envoy Division. In addition to the original Yingzhou Middle Guard, the left and right guards of Daning were transferred from the Beiping Dusi to the left and right guards of Ningwang Yingzhou. At this point, the Ning King's guard system was complete, and its full name was the Three Guards of Yingzhou.
The War of Tranquility
<h1>Borrow the Yan King, accompany jing difficulties</h1>
After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang in the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398 AD), the emperor's grandson Zhu Yunjiao succeeded to the throne and changed the next year's name to Jianwen. From the era name, we can see that this Jianwen Emperor wanted to come against his grandfather. As a result, the effective prince's policy of shubian in the Hongwu Dynasty was completely destroyed, and the kings of Zhou, Qi, Dai, and Min were deposed as Shuren, and the Xiang kings were forced to commit suicide. Zhu Di, the most senior, prestigious, and powerful of the kings, was forced to rebel in July of the first year of Jianwen (1399 AD).
Among the several princes near Peiping at that time, King Gu abandoned the feudal state Xuanfu and led the escort army to flee back to Nanjing. The King of Liao left his escort and returned to Nanjing by boat from the feudal state of Guangning in Eastern Liaoning. As for King Ning, it is recorded in the History of Ming:
The dprk feared that the power would merge with Yan, so that the right to enter the summons, the power was not up, and the three guards were cut. --Ming History Vol. 17 Liechuan V
At that time, although Zhu Di defeated Geng Bingwen the Marquis of Changxing in the Battle of Zhending, the imperial court immediately sent Li Jinglong, the Duke of Cao, to take over military affairs, and the army was stationed in Dezhou, ready to attack Beiping City at any time. In the face of a huge official army, Zhu Di deeply felt that his own strength was insufficient, and looking around, the only one who could use it for himself was King Ning.
The King of Yan initially raised his army and discussed with the generals: "On the patrol of Yu Yu, see the armies of Daning. I have Daning, break liaodong, take the side to ride to help the battle, and the big things will be done. —Ming History Volume 17 Liechuan No. 5
In October of that year, Zhu Di instructed his son Zhu Gaozi to hold on to Beiping, while he personally led the elite to attack Daning. As for how Zhu Di dragged King Ning down during this trip to Daning, the records of the History of Ming and the Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming are completely different. So which version is closer to the truth?
Yan Wang Jing was difficult
Ming History Analysis:
The King of Yan then approached Daning from liu jiakou and came to ask for help. Quan invited the King of Yan to ride into the city alone, held his hand in mourning, and said that he had no choice but to rise up and ask for apologies on behalf of The Grass. Stayed for a few days, and was not prepared for doubt. Beiping Rui was outside the city, the officials entered the city slightly, and the Minister of the Three Guards and the Guards of the Yin Dynasty were all over. The King of Yan resigned, and the outskirts of QuanZu rebelled and embraced the power. The Three Guards rode and the pawns, and the one called Biji. The defending general Zhu Jian could not be defended and was killed in battle. The concubines and concubines of the royal palace all followed into Songting Pass, returned to Beiping, and Daning City was empty. —Ming History Volume 17 Liechuan No. 5
According to the Ming Shi, Zhu Di gained Zhu Quan's sympathy as a weak man, and then sent people into the city to secretly contact the Ningfu guards. When Zhu Quan left the city to bid farewell, he coerced Zhu Quan, the family members of the Ning Dynasty, and the escort officers and soldiers to return to Beiping together.
To be honest, there are too many loopholes in this. First of all, before Zhu Di arrived in Daning, the Jianwen court had already issued an edict to cut off the guard of the King of Ning, and the King of Ning himself was also a body to be punished, so how could he write to the imperial court for the King of Yan to be exonerated? Secondly, at that time, there were not only the guards of king Ning in Daning City, but also the defenders of the imperial court. Did the general Zhu Jian just watch as Zhu Di, who had long been deposed by Zhu Yunjiao, came and went freely in Daning City?
Ming Shilu Analysis:
Nong Yin, the division arrived in Daning. In the city, our army did not suddenly arrive, and the pawns closed the door and refused to defend. The upper number of horses rides around its city, and it is suitable for the southwest corner and the city collapses. The warriors ascended first, and the ants followed, and they were conquered. The capital commanded the room wide, caressed its people, and decided in an instant, and the city was undisturbed. Send Chen Heng's family slaves and report to the families of the soldiers in the city. Liu Zhen and others brought troops to help, and the sergeants heard that their families were unharmed and were disarmed. The three guards of The Power of Shi Ning were the imperial court cutters, and remained in the city. To the end, all are attached, and the king of Ning is returned to the king. - "The Four Books of the Records of Emperor Ming Taizong"
In order to cover up his intention to attack Daning, Zhu Di deliberately detoured to avoid Songting Pass guarded by Chen Heng, Liu Zhen and others, so the Daning defenders should be unprepared for the sudden arrival of the Yan army in the city. Since Zhu Di's rebellion, the military horses in Daning City have been successively transferred to the front, how could the imperial court guards not know the identity of Zhu Di's traitor, and how could they let him enter the city to meet king Ning? From this point of view, the record of the Ming Shilu is obviously closer to the historical truth than the Ming Shi. Even if Zhu Di did use intrigue and trickery in his attack on Daning, it was impossible for King Ning to remain so at ease under the premise that the imperial court was cutting down the domain.
<h1>Unload the donkey and change the seal to Jiangxi</h1>
During the three-year Jingnan War, Zhu Di personally led troops to fight outside for most of the time. The credit for staying in Beiping is generally awarded in the history books to Shizi Zhu Gaozi and Princess Xu of Yan. It is true that these two made great contributions during the first beiping defense war, but the reason why Zhu Di dared to go south thousands of miles to attack Nanjing after that was really not because there was King Ning assisting Shizi in Beiping?
In addition, the three guards of Yingzhou under King Ning also made great contributions to Zhu Di's fight against the world. After the war, when discussing the merits and rewards, he followed Zhu Di all the way to "battle Baigou, Break Xiong County, Take Cangzhou, take Cangzhou, attack Gaocheng, and ding lianghuai" in the camp prefecture to escort the commander Xu Li, and was given the title of Fengtian Yiwei Xuanli Wuchen, Tejin Ronglu Dafu, Zhu Guo, wu Kangbo. Eat a thousand stones, and inherit them from generation to generation.
Zhang Zhen, the commander of the Right Guard of Yingzhou who had meritorious service in the conquest of Xuzhou with Zhu Di, and the commander of the Guard of Yingzhou who had meritorious service in Guarding Beiping, promoted Zhu Juan to the position of Commander of the Capital.
King Yan ascended the throne
As for King Ning himself, Zhu Di once said a sentence: "When things are accomplished, the world is divided." Although Zhu Quan would not take this sentence seriously, what he did not expect was that the fourth brother Zhu Di's jealousy of him would be so deep. After Zhu Di ascended the throne, Zhu Quansong asked Hangzhou to be his new fiefdom. Hangzhou is a rich land in jiangnan, and Zhu Quan's move is also to show Zhu Di that he only wants to be a rich prince and wants nothing else. Unexpectedly, Zhu Di not only strictly refused to this, but also specially wrote back to him to approve it.
The book was given: "In Hangzhou, the former emperor tried to make the fifth son the King of Wu. After the archeological system, Tianzi Qi Nei did not seal the princes, so he changed to Henan. Jianwen did not obey the ancestral precepts and made his brother Yun Xi the King of Wu, which was not true. In the past, I have tasted the self-chosen fiefdom of Xu Brother, and I have not forgotten it. Nowadays, Bo Consults the Public, xian is called Jianning, Jingzhou, Chongqing, dongchang are all good places. The brother could choose one of the four counties and send someone to report it, so that he could run the royal palace. —Records of Emperor Ming Taizong, Vol. XI
Jianning is located in Fujian, Jingzhou is the old seal of the Xiang King, Chongqing is far away in Sichuan, and Dongchang is at the junction of the current shandong, Hebei and Henan provinces, which is not a good place.
Since the war in Shandong had not subsided at that time, Zhu Quan did not come to Nanjing to officially meet the new king until October. After many consultations with the fourth brother, the Fengguo of Ning was officially changed to Nanchang, Jiangxi. In February of the first year of Yongle (1403 AD), the kingdom of Zhu Quan, the king of Ning, Nanchang, was rebuilt by the Jiangxi Buzheng Sizhi.
When Zhu Quan went south, due to the haste of the incident, the three guards of Yingzhou did not accompany him. Zhu Di, on the other hand, announced that the left guard of Nanchang would be changed to nanchang guard after the King of Ning changed the title of Nanchang, and it was under the jurisdiction of the Palace of Ning. However, Zhu Di immediately sent Li Jun, the bo of Xiangcheng, to Jiangxi to train the military and the people, to defend the city, and the capital of Jiangxi and to escort the officers and troops and be subject to their control.
As for the three guards of Yingzhou, they did not have to go south, but were changed to Longqing Left Guard, Longqing Right Guard, and Kuanhe Guard, which were incorporated by the imperial court. Without a moment's hesitation, the elite troops of the Ning Dynasty palace were nationalized, and Zhu Di's means were much more clever than his nephew Zhu Yunjiao's.
<h1>Repeatedly suppressed, intoxicated with poetry books</h1>
Zhu Di's three generations of grandchildren were wary of King Ning
At this time, king Ning not only lost his elite guards, but also moved to Nanchang, which is located inland, which can be described as a tiger without teeth. However, Zhu Di's wariness of him never relaxed, and there were secret agents of the imperial court inside and outside the Ning Palace.
In November of the first year of Yongle, Zhu Di received a report from King Ning of "slandering the town of Wei", and without saying a word, he immediately sent someone to arrest Zhu Quan's cronies. In addition, in a letter written by Yongle to his younger brother King Zhou in the third year of Yongle, Zhu Di specifically accused King Ning of "committing more and more mistakes".
To what extent was Zhu Di mean to King Ning? We might as well take Zhu Quan's years as an example.
(Yongle 9th year leap December) Has not yet, Hubu said that the kings of the year to Give Lu Mi than to dry and less harvest, it is advisable to slightly bottle festival. The Ming Dynasty, Liao, Ning, Yi, Qin, and Jingjiang palaces all followed the old practice. - Records of Emperor Ming Taizong, Vol. 123
It shows that Zhu Di still looks like Zhu Quan is still quite taken care of, and when the household officials asked for a slight reduction in the ning wang shilu, he said that "all follow the old practice". However, according to Hongwu's twenty-eight years of changing the prince's age, King Ning was only five hundred stones because he was "far away in the border land, and the people were small and thin". After Zhu Di ascended the throne, he gave King Gu, who opened the Jinchuan Gate, three thousand stones, but he did not say anything to King Ning, who had moved to the interior and still had only five hundred stones.
Portrait of Zhu Gaozi
It was not easy to survive until Zhu Di's death, and the comrade-in-arms who insisted on Beiping with Zhu Quan, the crown prince Zhu Gaozi, ascended the throne as the new monarch. Zhu Gaozi was grateful for his old feelings, and ordered Ning Fu Shilu to "add 9,000 stones of rice, 10,000 stones of the first, and the true color of the branches." After thirty years as King ning, Zhu Quan finally got the prince of ten thousand stones, which was a bitter tear.
Zhu Gaozi's move made King Ning mistakenly think that his fate would change, so in September he went to the imperial court, saying that Jiangxi was not his fiefdom, and requested that he be given another land, but this time Emperor Renzong did not give him any face.
Soyun resided in Jiangxi, a country that was not sealed, and was not the same as the kings of fengzhen. The land of Gaijiangxi has been received by the former emperor for more than 20 years, and it is the southern screen of the country. Why not seal the town? Only uncle judges! —Records of Akihito, Volume II
Emperor Renzong died within a year of his reign, and was succeeded by his son Emperor Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji and changed his name to Yuan Xuande. In the early days of the Xuande Dynasty, the relationship between King Ning and Emperor Xuanzong was still harmonious. Emperor Xuanzong gave Ning Wang Leren, the Inner Envoy, and the Iron Flute, and this series of measures once again caused Zhu Quan to misjudge.
Portrait of Zhu Quan
In the fourth year of Xuande, Zhu Quan told the imperial court that there should be no rank below the zhenguo general, and the county prince and yibin should wear the qilin jade belt. It is believed that Emperor Xuanzong moved the various royal palaces to the imperial court in the first year of Xuande, and demanded that in the future, the rank of Emperor Taizu's descendants would be violated by the ancestral system.
Emperor Xuanzong was shocked that his uncle Zhu Quanshang had called him a disorder into a law. Because the words "turning chaos into law" were exactly the excuses for his grandfather Zhu Di to start a military campaign. Now that King Ning, who was the most jealous of his father, suddenly said this, Zhu Zhanji was extremely nervous.
Shangguan Song is called the Attendant: Since he took the throne, he has scrupulously abided by the Constitution. Gai ancestral saints know, legislation is sophisticated, in order to maintain the world, not for posterity can be lightly discussed. Yesterday, the grade of Lumi was fixed, and all of them were out of the old system, not from the decay. In the three years of this trip, there is a sudden remark, and its meaning is immeasurable. If you don't understand, you will have doubts and provocations, and things will be unpredictable. There should be a reversal. —Ming Xuanzong Records Volume 53
In May, in a reply to Zhu Quan, Emperor Xuanzong first stated that he was deeply "shocked" by his uncle's claim that he had violated the ancestral system. At the same time, he repeatedly said that in the first year of Yongle, Emperor Taizong had already set the rank of the general of the Jingjiang Palace as a subordinate to Erpin, and he only followed the old system of Emperor Taizong. In fact, Xuanzong secretly changed a concept here, the King of Jingjiang is a descendant of Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang's brother, and the King of Ning proposed that taizu's descendants cannot be judged by rank, and there is actually a difference between the two. However, now that the number of clans is increasing day by day, it is really difficult to manage without determining the grade, so Xuanzong finally issued a threat in his letter:
Or imprudently, the non-exclusive group of ministers will not stop talking, and the words of the world will be endless. Although the time is given to the righteousness of wanting to be all kinsmen, it is not easy to do so.
After feeling the thunderous anger of Emperor Xuanzong, Zhu Quan quickly wrote a letter of repentance in June. Of course, Xuanzong did not want to investigate deeply, saying, "Uncle Jin's deep self-inflicted blame shows that the void has taken a good heart." The husband is sensible, and the spring ice is clear, and there is no trace of it, let alone a mustard in the heart. ”
Immersed in the poetry of the landscape between the landscape
After this incident, Zhu Quan's fiery heart finally became completely cold. After Emperor Xuanzong's death, the crown prince Zhu Qizhen succeeded to the throne. In order to show his heart to the imperial court, King Ning asked for a tomb to be built for himself in the third year of orthodoxy. For Zhu Quan's initiative to show weakness, Ming Yingzong gladly accepted, "Ordering the Three Divisions of Jiangxi to operate it." ”
In the seventh year of orthodoxy, Zhu Quan played the imperial court and said that the place he had previously used to sacrifice the Antarctic Zhenren was given the name of the Antarctic Immortal Palace by the imperial court, please practice the precepts at the nearby Taoist Temple, and the Taoist priest gave the abbot the degree. The emperor again agreed to the request.
After King Ning immersed himself in the Dao, he befriended Zhang Yuchu, the 43rd generation of Daoist Celestial Master. Usually, he returned to the Bachelor of Literature every day, and Tuo Zhi Chong lifted himself, calling himself a zhen xian. There are two volumes of the "Treatise on The General Jian Bo", six more chapters of the "Commentary on the General Jian", seventy-four chapters of the "Ning Guo Yi Fan", two volumes of the secret history of the Han and Tang Dynasties, one volume of "Shi Duan", eight volumes of "Literary Genealogy", one volume of "Poetry Spectrum", and dozens of other annotations.
The collection of guqin scores compiled by Zhu Quan's hand, "Magical Secret Notation", is the earliest surviving collection of Chinese piano music. The Flying Waterfall Lianzhu Qin, which was made by his own hands, is also known as the first qin of the Ming Dynasty. The commentary monograph "Taihe Zhengyin Notation" is the earliest surviving miscellaneous opera score in China, and an important theoretical work in the history of Chinese opera.
The book "Tea Recipes" made by King Ning talks about tea drinking methods from four items: tea tasting, water tasting, decoction, and tea ordering. It was from Zhu Quan that people changed the original way of drinking tea, taking tea leaves and abandoning cake tea. In addition, he has also written miscellaneous dramas, famous for "Chong Mozi Alone Step Great Luo Tian" and "Zhuo Wenjun Elopement Xiangru".
Hua table in front of the tomb of King Ning
Conclusion: On September 15, the thirteenth year of orthodoxy (1448 AD), Zhu Quan, the King of Ning, died at the age of 71. The author has been thinking that if this King Ning Xian died a year later, when he saw that Emperor Yingzong Zhu Qizhen was defeated and captured at Tumu Fort, and that Zhu Qiyu, the King of Yingzong, had issued an unprecedented "QinWang Order" to the princes of the whole country after putting out fires and ascending the throne, he did not know how he would feel in his heart. But in any case, this leading general who had been in the limelight in the early years finally got a dead end after the second half of his life.