Wen | Mo Xuan recommended the book
preface
When we study ancient poetry in middle school, we always say a word, "sending love to the landscape". At that time, you said it with the mood of answering the question correctly, and you did not understand the real power of these four words.
In my opinion, as an expression of emotion, "sending love to the landscape" is transmitted by the relay emotions of the literati throughout the ages, and in the end, it is an emotion that is very worthy of modern people's playfulness.
In traditional Chinese culture, nature is often not an objective world as the opposite of man, but a spiritual world that can be used as emotional sustenance and even communication with people. There is a core in Chinese thought, that is, "the unity of heaven and man."
Tongcheng Yao Nai
Today, we take the Tongcheng school article Yao Nai's "Dengtai Shan" as the basis for appreciation, and you analyze in detail "What is the meaning of sending love to the landscape?" ”
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >: The Cultural Concept of Chinese Landscape Poetry: Taishan and the Confucian Spirit</h1>
The feelings placed in the landscape are diverse. Wang Xizhi's "Orchid Pavilion Collection" is about his own perception of life and death; Liu Zongyuan's famous "Eight Records of Yongzhou" has both political and life double depression, and also a kind of inner tranquility that examines through the natural world.
The Book of Dengshan Mountain
(1) Sending affection is a unique cultural expression
Let me first talk about a trick for reading the travelogues of the ancients, that is, very few people write about landscapes and itineraries without emotion.
So what emotions did Yao Nai want to pin when he wrote About Taishan?
A cursory look at its "Dengtai Mountain", you can feel that this article is highly emotional, in today's words, it is particularly positive energy. To say that the energy source of this emotion, we must first start from the author before and after writing the article.
(2) The perfect fit between life encounters and the landscapes seen
The three great ancestors of the Tongcheng Sect are Fang Bao, Liu Daxun and Yao Nai, and Yao Nai's article is the best. Yao Nai entered the Hanlin Academy at the age of 33 and resigned at the age of 41. The article mentions that "since the Beijing Division rode the wind and snow, liqi river, Changqing, through the northwest valley of Mount Tai, beyond the limits of the Great Wall, as for Tai'an." "It's about the trip to resign.
The Five Mountains: Tarzan
There is a saying that Yao Nai resigned due to illness, but he deliberately wrote an article about how he climbed the mountain with knee-deep snow, where is the appearance of illness?
He resigned as an active choice, the officialdom did not conform to his ideals, he said that if a gentleman's ambitions could not be carried out, it was better to calmly advance and retreat, so as not to encounter shame.
(3) Yao Nai, the steadfastness and ambition of a Confucian gentleman
Yao Nai is not going to be a hermit this time, his plan is to use teaching and writing to fulfill his responsibilities. After climbing the mountain, he began to lecture and write.
Therefore, Yao Nai's mountain climb this time did not have any confusion and contradictions about life, but was full of joy to get rid of the shackles, mixed with the steadfastness and ambition of a Confucian gentleman.
We should note that the destination of his trip was Tarzan. Taishan represents the Confucian spirit. For Confucians, climbing Mount Taishan is itself a ritual of following Confucius.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, the symbolic role of landscape scenery: sunrise and great Confucianism</h1>
Landscape is the expression of life in the big picture, if you want to taste the overall temperament, you must first taste the details of the landscape, that is, the specific scenery in the landscape. Let's read this article and see how Yao Nai injected the Confucian spirit and internal force into the natural landscape of Mount Tai.
(1) The grand and free writing perspective in landscape prose
The first sentence of the Book of Mount Deng tai reads:
The sun of Mount Taishan, the wenshui flows west; its yin, Jishui flows east. The Yang Valley is all in Wen, and the Yin Valley is in the Economy. When its north and south are divided, the ancient Great Wall is also. The highest sun view peak is fifteen miles south of the Great Wall.
It seems that this is just an explanation of the geographical environment, and in the eyes of experienced people who are experienced in reading, it is actually a big deal. Why?
Tarzan Dawn Fog
Taishan is characterized by being big, powerful, and great; the corresponding temperament is real and majestic, not the ethereal of the fog cover of cloud mountains. To summarize Tarzan, you can't dwell on the details, you can only write from the macro.
However, Mount Taishan is the highest peak in the geographical region, and there were no planes in ancient times. Then you really have to have the heart of the world to write Tarzan from this perspective. "The Yang Valley is all in Wen, and the Yin Valley is in the Economy." When its north and south are divided, the ancient Great Wall is also like an abstract painting, Wenshui, Jishui and the Great Wall, three lines outline the outline of Mount Tai. Simple and straightforward, piercing the reader's eyes.
(2) The symbolic significance of "sunrise" for WTO accession
Accompanying Yao Nai on the mountain was his friend Zhu Xiaochun, the prefect of Tai'an. They climbed up more than 7,000 steps, passing the threshold-like Tianmen Stone Cliff. Along the way, the fog was thick, the ice slippery stone steps were almost impossible to climb, and finally reached the top of the mountain before the evening.
Tarzan Steps
Then, Yao Nai began to write about the sunrise of Mount Tai, which was a portrayal of the Confucian sentiments he had pinned on. What is the image of sunrise? In a single day's plan, it is thriving and actively joining the WTO.
Next is the famous sentence in this article:
Cangshan mountain negative snow, bright candle sky south; looking at the evening sunshine of the city, Wenshui, wandering picturesque, and the mid-mountain living fog is like a natural.
"Bright candle heaven south" is wonderful, candle is the candle of the candle, here as a verb used, is the meaning of "shine" - there is snow on the mountain, and the sunset contrast, illuminating the sky in the south;
In addition, his description of the mid-mountain clouds is a residential "residence" word, which is a wonderful and stable use, and does not appear difficult and strange.
Tarzan Rising Sun
This kind of moderation is also very good from the aesthetic point of view, peking opera masters sing opera, only arrange a few wonderful singing voices in a play; introverted and implicit literary scholars, often only show their talents in a few words.
(3) The unique aesthetic imagination of Confucians
I will just say the last sentence of the article: The mountains are bent and bowed like a group of students worshiping the teacher in front of Riguan Peak, which is the association that Confucian students can produce.
The whole article does not have a single positive sermon, but it contains the fortitude and courage of Confucianism throughout. Forty years after writing this article, Yao Nai spread the theory of Tongcheng school literature in academies in Yangzhou, Nanjing, and other places.
Yao Nai died at the age of 84 and taught a large number of famous disciples in the literary circles. Under the impetus of him and Hou Xue, the Tongcheng school reached its peak during the Yongzheng Qianlong period, forming several bases such as Wuxi in Jiangsu and Xiushui in Zhejiang, enlightening the "Xiangxiang school" of Zeng Guofan, influencing the culture and education of the entire Qing Dynasty, and being the last important school of ancient Chinese literature. Judging from his later literary achievements, Yao Nai's hesitation and ambition in ascending Mount Tai at that time were really not the arrogance of his youth, but the pattern of great Confucianism.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, the defined landscape temperament</h1>
Du Fu's "Wangyue"
The status of Yao Nai's "DengtaiShan" in ancient texts is similar to the status of Du Fu's "Wangyue" in poetry. Both of them wrote Taishan, embracing pure Confucian realism. Taishan's temperament is thick and energetic, which is just suitable for expressing the lofty ambition of Confucianism to "embrace the world".
Du Fu's "How about Dai Zongfu, Qilu Qingwei." Create Zhong Shenxiu, yin and yang cut the dawn", two sentences wrote out the realm of Mount Tai. A thousand years after Du Fu, there was Yao Nai again.
Just as Du Fu and Yao Nai defined Taishan's Gang Jian Xionghun, Li Bai defined Lushan's Xianfeng Dao Bone. The fact that the landscape was enshrined by the ancients became an externalization of Chinese cultural feelings.
The landscapes we talk about today have their own temperaments, not only because of the terrain and landforms, but also contain the cultural meanings brewed by the poetry of the ages.
Landscape temperament
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Moxuan said</h1>:
Yao Nai's theoretical contribution to the Tongcheng school was to emphasize the need to attach equal importance to "righteousness, evidence, and lexicon." In an article, righteousness is the connotation of thought, lexicon is an external form, and "examination evidence" is the main achievement of Qing Dynasty scholarship, which is conducive to the rigor of learning. In today's language, the article should be "ideological, academic and literary."
bibliography:
[1] Study on the rise and fall of the Yao family and the Tongcheng school in Tongcheng[D]. WANG Kongfeng. Shanghai University 2013
[2] Yao Nai's poetic thought and poetry creation[D]. WANG Ruoqiong. Anhui Normal University 2012
[3] Yao Nai's thoughts on language education[D]. XIN Ru. Tianjin Normal University 2012
[4] "Poetry of the Literati"—A Study on the Poetry of Yao Nai[D]. WANG Yihua. Xiangtan University 2011