At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the famous historian Zhang Dai said in "Tao'an Dream Memories": "There are only three families in the world, the Kong family in Shandong, the Zhang family in Jiangxi, and the Zhu family in Fengyang..."
Because it was during the Ming Dynasty, the "Fengyang Zhu Family" referred to the Zhu Ming Dynasty.
"Shandong Confucius" refers to Confucius's "Yanshenggong" lineage, which is inherited by Confucius's descendants, and by the end of the Ming Dynasty, Yanshenggong Kong Yanzhi was the 64th generation grandson of Confucius.
The above two families, the "Zhu family" represents the imperial court, and the "Confucius family" represents the cultural orthodoxy of China for more than two thousand years, who does Zhang Dai refer to in the "Jiangxi Zhang family"? Why can it be juxtaposed with the Zhu and Kong families?
The three major religions of ancient China, Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism. Among them, Buddhism is a foreigner, and Taoism and Confucianism have long been juxtaposed, playing a very important role in the inheritance of Chinese culture, and the "Zhang family" in Zhang Dai's mouth is the "Zhang Tianshi family" that has been orthodox and inherited by Chinese Taoism for more than two thousand years.
The Zhang Tianshi family influenced China in 1800, and for a long time people referred to the Zhang family and the Kong family as the "South Zhang bei Kong". Today, I would like to share with you this mysterious family and its embarrassment after 63 generations.
Before that, I solemnly state that Taoism is not a superstitious idea, it is also part of Chinese culture, please respect all readers when reading this article.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > Zhang Daoling, 123 years old</h1>
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the founding hero Zhang Liang was called "Mou Sheng" by posterity, and Zhang Liang helped Liu Bang to make an immortal contribution, however, he did not love power and was obsessed with the way of Huang Lao. After Zhang Liang's death, his descendants also became proficient in this way and passed it on from generation to generation. By the time of the fall of the Western Han Dynasty and the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty by Liu Xiu, Zhang Liang's 7th grandson Zhang Dashun was a hardcore follower of his ancestor Zhang Liang. Zhang Dashun "good immortal art", he gave birth to a son, named "Ling", hoping that this son can inherit the ancestors' aspirations and ascend to the tomb into immortals. This child named Zhang Ling, because he opened up the Taoist Tianshi Dao, so posterity called him "Zhang Daoling", also known as "Zhang Tianshi".
When Zhang Daoling was young, he was brilliant, and when he was 7 years old, he was able to recite a "Tao Te Ching" backwards like a stream. Later, he was sent to Taixue to study by his family, and Zhang Daoling read ten thousand volumes in Taixue, and astronomical geography and Heluochenwei knew everything. At that time, there were more than a thousand students in Taixue, and everyone studied Confucian learning, but Zhang Daoling lamented that Confucian learning could not solve the philosophical problem of "life and death", so Zhang Daoling decided to abandon Confucianism and learn the way of Huang Lao instead.
At the age of 26, the imperial court appointed Zhang Daoling as the Commander of Jiangzhou, Jiangzhou, which is now Chongqing, where there are many mountains and rivers, Zhang Daoling often went to the mountains to think about life, and soon he resigned and concentrated on cultivation. The imperial court cherished Zhang Daoling's talent, and the two emperors of Han Zhang, Han and Emperor successively sent people to find Zhang Daoling and wanted to hire him to enter the dynasty as a taifu, Zhang Daoling had no intention of pursuing a career, he only wanted to travel through the famous mountains and rivers, visit the Dao and seek immortals.
Later, Zhang Daoling and several of his disciples came to Yunjin Mountain in Jiangxi Province, which has beautiful scenery and is a place of cultivation. According to legend, Zhang Daoling lived in Yunjin Mountain for several years, settled down in a house, and practiced Dan here. Because of Zhang Daoling's Daoist skills, Yunjin Mountain is often infested with dragons and tigers, so Yunjin Mountain is called Dragon and Tiger Mountain by posterity. This is also the reason why Jiangxi Longhu Mountain is a Taoist holy land. (The picture below is the TianshiFu of Longhu Mountain)
Around 142 AD (during the reign of Emperor Shun of Han), Zhang Daoling claimed that he had received the personal transmission of Taishang Laojun to sweep away demons and save all the people for the people, so Zhang Daoling founded Taoism and honored Lao Tzu as the ancestor of Taoism, with "Tao" as the highest faith. The Taoism founded by Zhang Daoling is called "Zhengyi Mengwei Dao", also known as "Tianshi Dao". Zhang Daoling's wide collection of disciples was once very popular in Sichuan, Shaanxi and other places. Because it is necessary to take five buckets of rice to join the religion, it is also called "five buckets of rice teaching". At that time, the Tianshi Dao could be divided into 24 parishes according to the region, which was very large.
According to Taoist legend, Zhang Tianshi lived to the age of 123 and was "chengxian", and before his death, he left Dan Yao, the second sword of slaying evil, and the "Yangping Zhidu Gong Seal" to pass on to his eldest son Zhang Heng, and left a will, and the descendants of the Zhang family inherited his mantle for generations.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, the Tianshi family, not flattering the court</h1>
The name Zhang Heng is not unfamiliar to everyone, but Zhang Daoling's son Zhang Heng is only the second generation of "Heavenly Master", and zhang Heng, the Eastern Han astronomer who made the earth movement instrument, is not the same person. There are very few Taoist records about Zhang Heng, but the third generation of Heavenly Master Zhang Lu is a celebrity.
Anyone who has read the Romance of the Three Kingdoms knows that when Liu Bei wanted to take Yizhou, there were two main enemies, one was Liu Zhang, and the other was Zhang Lu. Zhang Lu is only a small role in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but in the history of Taoism, it cannot be ignored. At that time, Zhang Lu occupied Hanzhong and governed Hanzhong in a way that combined politics and religion.
Zhang Lu's way of governing Hanzhong was very peculiar, and he did not hesitate to manage within the rule, and all of them used the teachings to govern the people. For example, the sharia says that if the people make a mistake, they will be forgiven three times. By the fourth time, the penalty will be heavy. If you have made a small mistake, you need to build a hundred steps to atone for your sins.
This way of governance is somewhat similar to the current "driver's license deduction", and surprisingly, the Hanzhong ruled by Zhang Lu was like a paradise in the chaotic world at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In 215, after defeating Ma Chao, Cao Cao went south to defeat Zhang Lu and capture Hanzhong. Cao Cao was well aware of Zhang Lu's weight in the hearts of the people, and instead of killing Zhang Lu, he made Zhang Lu the Marquis of Langzhong, and Zhang Lu moved to Yecheng, which also promoted the development of Tianshi Dao in the Central Plains. Later, Liu Bei killed Xiahou Yuan and captured Hanzhong, and Zhang Lu, a figure, seems to fade out of history.
During the Two Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the world was in constant war, and in order to escape the world, many children of the family chose to join the Wudou Rice Sect, such as wang Xizhi, the "Book Saint", who was one of them. Many people know that the Southern and Northern Dynasties were the golden opportunity for Buddhism to develop in China, but in fact, at the same time as Buddhism developed, Taoism also developed greatly.
In the Tang Dynasty, because the Tianzi surname was Li, Laozi (Li Er) was the ancestor, and Taoism respected Laozi as the ancestor, so Taoism received royal weight. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang and Li Zhi, the 12th Heavenly Master Zhang Heng was summoned several times.
During the kaiyuan dynasty, Tang Xuanzong summoned the 15th Heavenly Master Zhang Gao three times, and allowed Zhang Gao to set up an altar in Chang'an City, and also exempted him from taxes around Longhu Mountain. Since then, almost all the Emperors of the Tang Dynasty have summoned the "Heavenly Master" at that time, each with a reward. With the imperial court as a patron, Taoism flourished in the Tang Dynasty.
The Zhang Tianshi family can continue for more than 1800 years, not by taking the east wind of the imperial court, because this family has its own unique wind and bone in the process of inheritance.
The Song Dynasty was the Wenzhi era and the golden age of the development of Taoism, and the third emperor of the Song Dynasty, Song Zhenzong, became addicted to Taoism after reaching the "Alliance of The Yuan". In 1015 AD, Emperor Zhenzong of Song sent people to Longhu Mountain several times, and finally invited the 24th Generation Heavenly Master Zhang Zhengsui and gave him "Mr. Zhenjing", and from then on, all the Heavenly Masters of the Song Dynasty were given "Mr." by the Emperor.
Song Renzong reigned for a long time, as the son of Song Zhenzong, Song Renzong summoned the 25th Heavenly Master Zhang Qianyao and asked him how he could soar to immortality.
Zhang Qianyao replied:
This non can assist the political religion also! If His Majesty can return to simplicity and simplicity, then the world will be peaceful...
This means that the emperor should not pursue immortality, but should rule without doing anything, and use the simplest way to seek the blessing of the people is the king's way.
The eighth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Huizong, was a prodigy, who was not professional in calligraphy, painting, and poetry, and at the same time, Song Huizong was also a devout Taoist. Emperor Huizong of Song once sent someone to ask Zhang Jixian, the 30th Generation Heavenly Master, to ask how to live forever? Zhang Jixian replied:
This savage thing is not a pleasure for the lord of man. But if you are pure and do nothing, you can be the same as Fu Yao Shun.
This means that, Qiu Xian asked, is it the "wild man" who pursues things, and the emperor has the things that the emperor should do.
It can be seen from here that the reason why the Zhang Tianshi family has been able to pass on for many years is that in addition to their advocating Taoism, it is also because their family has an "unattractive" wind bone. They don't lose themselves in order to please the emperor.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > three, behind the north hole of the south zhang</h1>
Emperor Huizong of Song once asked Zhang Jixian about the fortunes of the Northern Song Dynasty, and Zhang Jixian said:
"Red Horse Red Sheep Sign, Please Shude".
This means that in the Year of the Horse and the Year of the Goat there will be bad omens, and more blessings should be made.
In 1126, the Jin people went south, and the momentum was like a broken bamboo, and Emperor Huizong of Song abdicated urgently and let his son Song Qinzong ascend the throne. This year, that is, the first year of Jing Kang, the year of the horse in the lunar calendar.
The following year, the Jin army attacked Kaifeng, and the famous "Shame of Jingkang" occurred in the Northern Song Dynasty, and thousands of people such as Emperor Huizong of Song, Emperor Qinzong of Song, emperors, concubines, and ministers were abducted by the Jin people. Zhang Jixian's so-called "Red Horse and Red Sheep's Sign" was all fulfilled.
Before the shame of Jing Kang occurred, the Song Hui Sect sent people to Longhu Mountain to ask Zhang Jixian to enter Beijing first, trying to get him to use "spells" to break the enemy, but Zhang Jixian refused fruitlessly and had to set off.
Don't you know that since ancient times, the rise and fall of a country can not be pinned on a "person outside the square", Zhang Jixian was forced to be helpless, set off for Beijing, unfortunately, on the day that jin soldiers attacked Kaifeng (January 9), he died in the middle of the road.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, Tianshi Dao was also valued and rewarded by the imperial court, and after the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty, Kublai Khan summoned the 36th Generation Heavenly Master Zhang Zongyan and appointed him as "Si Han Tianshi", and from then on, the name "Tianshi", in addition to being a title within Taoism, also became the official title of the imperial court. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang was a maverick emperor. Zhu Yuanzhangyun: "The Son of Heaven, is there a Heavenly Master in the world?" Therefore, he changed the Heavenly Master to a "real person" and appointed the 42nd Heavenly Master Zhang Normal to control the affairs of The World's Taoism.
In 1506, when Emperor Mingwuzong Zhu Houzhao ascended the throne, he asked when summoning the 48th Heavenly Master Zhang Yanxuan:
"Qing Zhizu is not a god?" The immortals are still visible today, can they also be learned? ”
In short, Ming Wuzong was asking how to become an immortal?
Zhang Yanpeng's answer, like his ancestors in previous generations, advised the emperor to give up the spring and autumn dream of immortality, and honestly seeking the happiness of the people is the right way. Later, the Jiajing Emperor and the Wanli Emperor both believed in Taoism, and the status of Taoism in the Ming Dynasty became increasingly revered.
That is to say, from the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the "Jiangxi Zhangjia" had the capital to compete with the "Shandong Confucius Family". Therefore, at the beginning of this article, Zhang Daicai mentioned that there are three families in the world, namely the Zhu family, the Kong family and the Zhang family. Because the Zhu family is royal and cannot be compared, the Zhang family and the Kong family are called "South Zhang Bei Kong".
In fact, behind the "South Zhangbei Kong" is a certain form of ancient Chinese cultural development, and at the same time, it is also a new height for the development of Taoism.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > fourth, the embarrassment of inheritance</h1>
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, after the Shunzhi Emperor entered the Pass, he decided to learn from the Han people Zun Kong, and at the same time as zun Kong, he did not teach for the reason, but the Manchus believed in Lamaism and were somewhat alienated from the Taoists. During the Qianlong period, the imperial court even disqualified The Taoist Celestial Master from entering the palace for a visit. It was not until the Daoguang year that the Heavenly Master was restored to the palace, and that was because Zhang Cunyi, the 57th Generation Heavenly Master of the Daoguang Years, helped the Qing court pray for rain and succeed.
In 1912, Puyi abdicated, and the Zhang Tianshi family in Jiangxi did not have the title of "Tianshi" given by the imperial court to protect him, and the relevant treatment was canceled by Li Liejun, the governor of Jiangxi. Later, Yuan Shikai restored the imperial system and briefly restored the title of "Heavenly Master" of Longhu Mountain. After Yuan Shikai's death, Zhang Tianshi was once again coldly received by the Beiyang government.
In 1924, the 62nd Generation Heavenly Master Zhang Yuanxu died of illness, and his eldest son Zhang Enpu inherited the mantle as the 63rd Heavenly Master.
The Canghai Sangtian, the Zhang Tianshi family in 1800, encountered the great changes of the times. Due to the chaos of the war, Zhang Enpu was displaced for many years, and in 1949, President Jiang was preparing to go to Taiwan, and before leaving, he specially explained that he must bring 3 important people with him. The three people are:
(1) The 77th grandson of Confucius, the 31st generation of "Yan Sheng Gong" Kong Decheng.
(2) The Seventh Living Buddha, Jiahu Tuktu.
(3) Zhang Enpu, the 63rd generation of Zhang Tianshi.
These three people were called "worth ten thousand gold" by President Jiang because they represented Confucianism, Lamaism and Taoism respectively.
In this way, the 63rd generation of Tianshi Zhang Enpu was coerced out of the mainland and came to Taiwan, where he established the "Office of the Heavenly Master of the Sihan Dynasty in Taiwan." Embarrassingly, Zhang Enpu left too hastily, and lost the ancestral holy sword and seal on the road, leaving only Zhang Daoling's personal "Yangping Zhidu Gong Seal" still on his body.
As Zhang Enpu grew older, he began to cultivate the next generation of successors. According to the regulations of the ancestors, the throne of the Celestial Master was generally inherited by the eldest son. As a result, Zhang Enpu began to cultivate his eldest son Zhang Yunxian early. Zhang Enpu taught Zhang Yunxian Taoist techniques every day. It is said that this successor named Zhang Yunxian was extremely talented, however, Hui Ji was injured, and in 1954, Zhang Yunxian died in front of Zhang Enpu due to a heart attack, and the white-haired man sent the black-haired person at the same time, which meant that the succession failed.
After Zhang Yunxian's death, the Zhang family immediately contacted Zhang Enpu's second son, however, the other party had no interest in monasticism and wanted to be a scientist on the mainland. In desperation, the Zhang family had to find Zhang Enpu's cousin Zhang Yuanxian, in 1969, Zhang Enpu died, and two years later, Zhang Yuanxian announced that he was the 64th Generation Heavenly Master.
However, Zhang Yuanxian's Heavenly Master was not so good. Later, a man named Zhang Meiliang claimed to be the son of Zhang Enpu, and he took out the "Yangping Zhidu Gong Seal", and in the midst of the exclamation of the crowd, he announced that he was the 64th Generation Heavenly Master.
At the same time, there were two 64th generation heavenly masters, one was Zhang Enpu's cousin, one was a "pro-son" and a relic, which was Zhengshuo? This is hugely controversial.
Coincidentally, when the two were attacking each other, a zhang surnamed Pangzhi named Zhang Daozhen quickly held a succession ceremony and announced that he was the 64th Generation Heavenly Master.
This is good, the original "two-person turn", now it has become the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". All three Celestial Masters had their own hardcore supporters, and all had relics, all of which declared their authority to the outside world. In short, the 64th generation of heavenly masters is still continuing, and it is not clear who is orthodox.
It is also mysterious to say that in the I Ching, the Bagua can give birth to 64 Gua, and the orthodox Zhang Tianshi, only passed down to the 63rd generation, is doomed to not be perfected in the darkness, I don't know if it is Providence or coincidence.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > five, the author has something to say</h1>
In China, Taoism has a long history, from the "Huang Lao Doctrine" in the pre-Qin period to the later Tianshi Dao and other branches, Taoist culture has long been integrated into the blood of the Chinese nation. In the "rule of Wenjing" of the Han Dynasty, there is a shadow of "Huang Lao", and China's Yixueli and Taoism are also intertwined, and to this day, there are still more than 30,000 Taoist believers in China, and there are more than 2,000 Taoist temples in the country. In the long history of China, the influence of Taoism on the Chinese nation cannot be ignored.
Taoism advocates the unity of heaven and man, rule by doing nothing, and in the final analysis, exhorting kings to be good and protecting the people is the "Tao" in their hearts.
Taoism has been passed down for about two thousand years, and the Zhang Tianshi family has played a pivotal role in it. However, we do not have to cling to who the 64th generation of Zhang Tianshi really is, because with the reform of the religious ethnic system, it is only a matter of time before the "hereditary system" of the Zhang Tianshi family is broken, which is inevitable for development.
It is believed that in the process of democratic development and reform of China's religious system, Taoism, as the religion that originated in China, has long been reborn in its development. With the development of socialism, Taoism has once again been integrated into the mainstream of the times, making positive contributions to the peaceful reunification of the motherland and the harmonious development of the world.