Liu Xiong Zhang Da: The Impact of the Xinhai Revolution on Taiwan

The Xinhai Revolution, the first historic change in China in the 20th century, not only overthrew more than two thousand years of feudal autocracy and established the Republic of China, bringing about fundamental changes in the mainland of the motherland, but also had a profound impact on Taiwan, which was already under Japanese colonial rule. Before the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, Sun Yat-sen organized and prepared for the revolution in Taiwan. The victory of the Xinhai Revolution has greatly encouraged and inspired the revolutionary fighting spirit of the Taiwan compatriots. A number of patriotic young people rushed to the mainland to devote themselves to the revolutionary activities of the motherland; the revolutionary movement on the island to oppose Japanese colonial rule and "restore Taiwan" took place one after another under the influence of the Xinhai Revolution. Fundamentally speaking, these are the continuation of the Chinese national and democratic revolution and the embodiment of the patriotic spirit of the Taiwan people. On the occasion of commemorating the ninetieth anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution, it is of far-reaching historical and practical significance to review Dr. Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities in Taiwan and to discuss the influence and role of the Xinhai Revolution on Taiwan.

I. Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Activities and Influence on Taiwan Before the Outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution

Since the day of the revolution, Dr. Sun Yat-sen has put the reunification of the motherland in the first place, paid great attention to the future of Taiwan and the historical destiny of the compatriots of the motherland, and regarded "restoring Taiwan and consolidating China",[1] as one of the goals of the revolution, and waged unremitting struggle for this purpose.

1. Extend revolutionary organizations to Taiwan

When Taiwan was occupied by Japanese imperialism, it was the time when Sun Yat-sen established the Xingzhong Association in Honolulu. He was heartbroken and indignant about the indemnities for the land cut and the loss of treasure islands caused by the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government, and was determined to carry out a national and democratic revolution. After the establishment of the Honolulu Xingzhong Association, Sun Yat-sen immediately returned to Hong Kong, established the headquarters of the Xingzhong Association in Hong Kong in February 1895, and put forward the revolutionary program of "expelling the Tartars, restoring China, and establishing a United Government". This revolutionary program clearly expresses the goals of Sun Yat-sen's revolution: first, to overthrow the Manchu Qing Dynasty and establish a democratic republic; second, to recover Taiwan and other lost land and return the people of our homeland. In order to promote the anti-Japanese and anti-colonial movement in Taiwan and to turn the spontaneous struggle of the Taiwan compatriots into an organized and targeted revolutionary movement, Sun Yat-sen, while launching the insurrectional struggle in the interior, sent capable personnel to Taiwan and successively established revolutionary organizations.

The first is the establishment of the Taiwan branch of the Xingzhong Association. In October 1895, after Sun Yat-sen failed to launch the Guangzhou Uprising, he immediately sent Yang Xinru, a member of the Xingzhong Association, to Taiwan to explore the situation. In September 1897, Sun Yat-sen sent Chen Shaobai, a member of the Xingzhong Association, to Taiwan to carry out revolutionary propaganda and organizational activities. Yang Xinru was the cousin of Sun Yat-sen's old friend Yang Heling, who joined the Xingzhong Association in Guangdong in his early years; Chen Shaobai was Sun Yat-sen's earliest comrade who advocated revolution, assisted Sun Yat-sen in establishing the headquarters of the Xingzhong Association, and participated in the planning of the Guangzhou Uprising. The purpose of Sun Yat-sen's dispatch to Taiwan was to "connect the Chinese there and develop our forces." [2] After Chen Shaobai arrived in Taiwan, he first found Yang Xinru, who was working as an accountant at The Liangde Foreign Firm in Taipei, and after Yang's introduction, Chen Shaobai successively became acquainted with Wu Wenxiu, a Xiamen native of the Young Owner of the Liangde Foreign Firm, Zhao Manchao, a giant merchant in Guangdong, and Rong Qinian. Subsequently, Chen Shaobai went to Tainan again and wanted to contact several more comrades. However, "the Japanese police department sent four detectives to spy on them"[3] chen Shaobai's activities in Tainan were greatly restricted, and he had to return to Taipei a month later to organize activities. At the end of the year, Chen Shaobai, Yang Xinru, Wu Wenxiu and five or six other people established the Taiwan Branch of the Xingzhong Association (or Taiwan Xingzhong Association) in Taipei, using Yang Xinru's residence as the clubhouse. This was the first stronghold established by the Chinese revolutionaries in Taiwan, and it was also the beginning of the direct participation of Taiwan compatriots in the revolutionary activities of the motherland.

More than a month later, Chen Shaobai left Taiwan for Activities in Japan. In the spring of 1898, Chen Shaobai went from Japan to Taiwan and stayed for nearly half a year, mainly to carry out secret propaganda and organizational activities, and to raise 2,000 to 3,000 yuan of revolutionary funds. Although the Japanese colonialists implemented a high-pressure policy and the activities of the branch were greatly restricted, it was enough to show that the Taiwan branch of the Xingzhong Association had played its due role, and the Taiwan compatriots had begun to devote themselves to the revolution, and Taiwan was linked to the revolution on the mainland of the motherland.

The second is the establishment of the Taiwan branch of the League. On August 20, 1905, Sun Yat-sen and various revolutionary groups in the United Nations formally established China's first bourgeois political party, the China League Association, in Tokyo, Japan, and put forward the "Three People's Principles" program. The "nationalism" initiated by the "Three People's Principles" has pointed out the direction for the anti-Japanese and anti-colonial struggle of the Taiwan compatriots. After the establishment of the China League Association, the Three People's Principles gradually spread to Taiwan, and the time was ripe for the establishment of the Taiwan Branch of the Alliance Association (or The Taiwan Alliance Association). In 1910, the Fujian branch of the League sent wang Zhaopei, a member of the League, to Taiwan to develop a revolutionary organization. Wang Zhaopei was a gritty revolutionary fighter, and after arriving in Taipei, he registered to study medicine at the Taipei Medical School while secretly looking for revolutionary partners among his teachers and classmates, laying the foundation for the establishment of an alliance organization in Taiwan. Finally, he found a like-minded friend among his classmates, Weng Junming, a native of Tainan. Under the influence of Wang Zhaopei and the inspiration of the revolutionary purpose of the League, Weng Junming swore an oath to join the League on May 1 of the same year and became the first Taiwanese member of the Chinese League. In September, the Organ Department of the Chinese League in Zhangzhou appointed Weng Qiao (Weng Junming's pseudonym) as a member of the Transportation Committee, responsible for the development of Taiwan's affairs, and announced the establishment of the Taiwan Branch of the Chinese League Association (Taiwan League). [4]

When the Taiwan League was founded, on the eve of the Xinhai Revolution, the uprising movement led by Sun Yat-sen broke out continuously, and its scale and influence became greater and greater each time, which was a great encouragement to the Taiwan compatriots and revolutionary volunteers; more and more Taiwan compatriots accepted the revolutionary ideas, and the organization of the Taiwan League Association also developed rapidly, and it took on the role of leading the Taiwan compatriots to "restore Taiwan" to the armed anti-Japanese movement.

After the establishment of the Taiwan Branch of the Xingzhong Association and the Taiwan Branch of the League, the anti-colonial and anti-Japanese struggle of the Taiwan compatriots became part of the democratic revolution led by Sun Yat-sen.

2. Sit on Taiwan Island and direct the Huizhou Uprising.

In the process of running for the revolution and organizing and directing the revolutionary movement throughout the country, Sun Yat-sen visited Taiwan four times. The first time was before the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, and there were three times after the defeat of the Xinhai Revolution. Sun Yat-sen's first visit to Taiwan was to set up the command post of the uprising in Taiwan, and he sat on the island of Taiwan and directed the early Huizhou Uprising.

In June 1900, the Eight-Power Alliance, under the pretext of the rapid development of the Boxer Rebellion, seized the opportunity to expand its aggression against China and invaded the Tianjin-Beijing region. The ruling power of the Qing Dynasty was severely weakened. Sun Yat-sen judged the situation and decided to seize the opportunity to launch the Huizhou Uprising. He led important cadres to make specific arrangements on ships in Hong Kong and decided to set up a command organ for the uprising in Taiwan.

Why did Sun Yat-sen choose Taiwan as the commander of the Huizhou Uprising? The reason for this is that from a historical and geographical point of view, Taiwan has been a part of China since ancient times, and it is easy to echo with the southeast coast of the motherland and the Huizhou Uprising. Specifically, it is more convenient for a batch of ordnance raised and purchased by Japan to arrive in Taiwan, while Taiwan and Xiamen are only separated by water, and as long as the rebel army can occupy Xiamen and return from Taiwan to the mainland to receive help, it is the most convenient and fast. Second, the Taiwan compatriots have a glorious revolutionary tradition, and the established Taiwan branch of the Xingzhong Association has also laid the foundation for the revolution, so that Taiwan can provide effective support for the revolution in terms of personnel and weapons, and can be reached by the mainland. In addition, Sun Yat-sen also pinned his hopes on the support of Britain and Japan at this time. For these reasons, Sun Yat-sen decided to use Taiwan as a base for directing the uprising, a center for giving orders, and then try to infiltrate the interior after the uprising was launched. [5]

On September 25, 1900, Sun Yat-sen and his entourage took the "Tainan Maru" from Kobe to Taiwan via Maguan, arrived in Keelung on the 28th, and immediately established an uprising headquarters in Taipei. During this period, Sun Yat-sen met with the governor of Taiwan, Kodama Gentaro, and the civil governor Goto Shinpei, and the two promised to provide Sun Yat-sen with weapons, ammunition, and soldiers. When everything was in order, Sun Yat-sen ordered Zheng Shiliang, who was in charge of the uprising, to launch an uprising in Huizhou on October 8.

Zheng Shiliang, with the triad as the main force, raised more than 600 volunteers, 300 guns, and 900 rounds of ammunition to prepare for the uprising. When the revolutionary army was secretly assembled, it was perceived by the Qing army, so it strengthened its defenses and gradually formed a siege against the rebel army. Zheng Shiliang knew that the matter had been exposed and had to decide to launch an uprising in advance, and urgently informed Sun Yat-sen and asked for assistance. Sun Yat-sen issued an order: "If it can be highlighted, it can go straight to Xiamen." When you go to Xiamen, there is a way to receive help. [6] On October 6, Zheng Shiliang launched an uprising in Sanzhoutian, Huizhou, defeating the Qing army in a row and occupying the coastal areas around Qing'an and Dapeng to Huizhou and Pinghai, and the uprising quickly spread to more than 20,000 people. In order to obtain overseas assistance, the rebel army marched in the direction of Xiamen, Fujian.

In the good situation of victory in the uprising, Sun Yat-sen telephoned his Japanese friend Miyazaki Yinzang in Taiwan, "hoping to make preparations for the delivery of weapons",[7] and asked him to contact him to immediately transport the guns he had previously raised in Japan to the coastal areas of Xiamen and Huizhou to receive the revolutionary army; he also urged the governor of Taiwan, Kodama Gentaro, to quickly send troops west to the mainland to receive help. However, the original purchased arms were deceived by some Japanese and could not be transported to Xiamen. At this time, a major change occurred in Japan's political situation. Ito Hirobumi succeeded Aritomo Yamagata as prime minister. Contrary to the attitude of the former cabinet toward the Chinese revolution, he ordered the governor of Taiwan, Kodama Gentaro, not to have contact with the Chinese Revolutionary Party, to prohibit Japanese officers from joining the revolutionary army, and not to export weapons. Fearing that Sun Yat-sen's activities in Taiwan would endanger its colonial rule, Japanese imperialism began to sabotage Sun Yat-sen's plan to receive rebels from overseas.

The "assistance" that some of the Japanese ruling cliques have said to Sun Yat-sen is just another tactic of taking advantage of the opportunity to invade and occupy China, and has never had the sincerity to aid Sun Yat-sen's revolution. As for Kodama Gentaro, his real intention was to take advantage of the opportunity of "aiding" the Chinese revolution to send troops to occupy Xiamen, and after his plot was leaked, it caused dissatisfaction in Russia and other imperialist countries and accelerated the collapse of Yamagata's Aritomo cabinet. In this way, Sun Yat-sen's original plan to receive the rebel army from Tainei ferry was completely frustrated. Under the circumstances, there was no weapon to help, and we had to sit back and wait. Heartbroken, Sun Yat-sen had no choice but to send a letter to inform Zheng Shiliang: "The situation has changed suddenly, and foreign aid is difficult. Even in Xiamen, I am afraid that it will be in vain. Matters in the army are terminated by the self-determination of the commander. [8] As a last resort, the rebel forces were reduced to pieces and disbanded on the spot to preserve their strength and then plot righteous deeds.

On November 10, Sun Yat-sen, like when he came, still under the pseudonym "Wu Zhong", set sail from Keelung to Japan by "Yokohama Maru" to continue his revolutionary activities.

From arriving in Keelung on September 28 to leaving Keelung on November 10, Sun Yat-sen spent 44 days in Taiwan.

Although the Huizhou Uprising failed, the influence of Sun Yat-sen and Xingzhong at home and abroad was further expanded, and the seeds of revolution were sown in Taiwan, thus further promoting and strengthening the connection and influence of the bourgeois revolution with Taiwan. Taiwan's position as a revolutionary base in the National Revolution was also gradually revealed.

Ii. The Impact of the Xinhai Revolution on Taiwan

Just when Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary ideas and revolutionary activities exerted a great influence on the Taiwan compatriots, the Xinhai Revolution on the mainland of the motherland won victory. The Xinhai Revolution overthrew more than two thousand years of feudal autocracy and established the Republic of China. This earth-shaking change has greatly encouraged the revolutionary fighting spirit of the Taiwan compatriots. The Taiwan compatriots expressed their excitement at this victory in various ways and defended and continued this revolutionary struggle with practical actions.

1. The victory of the Xinhai Revolution and the celebration of Taiwan Island.

On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising was successful, the provinces responded one after another, and the Xinhai Revolution was victorious. When the news of the victory of the Wuchang Uprising reached Taiwan, everyone rushed to tell each other and every family celebrated the victory. Many people cut their braids overnight to celebrate. The excitement of Taiwan compatriots cannot be expressed in words.

In January 1912, when Sun Yat-sen became the provisional president of the Republic of China, he made it clear in a speech to Chinese and foreign journalists in Nanjing: "If China cannot recover Taiwan, it will not be able to stand on the earth." [9] This has greatly encouraged the Taiwan compatriots. The Taiwan compatriots deeply realized that only the motherland can help the Taiwan people to free themselves from the shackles of colonial rule, and they pin their hopes on the motherland and on the continuation of the Xinhai Revolution and the consolidation of the fruits of victory. At that time, someone in Dajiaxi built a "stone dare to be a" portrait on the anvil mountain, facing the mainland of the motherland, and erected a monument on the top of the mountain, which read the four big characters of "Ten Thousand Miles in the Mountains and Mountains", indicating that the heart is toward the motherland and the heart is toward the revolution. [10]

With the spread of the news of the victory of the Xinhai Revolution, the ideological concepts of the Taiwan compatriots have also undergone tremendous changes, and "democracy" and "republicanism" have also penetrated deeply into the hearts of the Taiwan compatriots. They celebrated and publicized this victory in various ways. At that time, a large number of portraits of Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and others were distributed in Shanghai, war pictures of the Wuchang Uprising, and the "New Three Character Classic" and "Popular Novel" with the theme of revolution. Merchants in Taiwan imported these paintings and calligraphy in large quantities, and bookstores around the island also reprinted them, whether in cities or villages, and people rushed to buy them. Some used this as an interior decoration, while others used these popular novels to publicize the activities of Chinese revolutionaries to relatives and friends.

Merchants in the downtown area also imported "Pulling Foreign Films" and "Puppet Shows" from the mainland of the motherland to publicize the revolution, and even hired storytellers to explain stories such as "Sun Yat-sen's Rendition" and "Xinhai Revolution Rendition" published in Shanghai. Women and children in ordinary families understand the Xinhai Revolution in simple and understandable terms.

Professor Chen Wenbin, a well-known patriotic scholar in Taiwan, once said that at that time, Shanghai issued portraits of Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing, and others on opposite sides and four open universities, as well as pictures of the Wuchang Uprising, which were sold well in both cities and villages in Taiwan. He said that when he was 8 years old, he saw a color picture at home, and his mother told him: "Since the Tangshan Revolution, the Qing Dynasty has fallen, and china has no emperor, it is a republic." He also told the story of Sun Yat-sen, "Which left a deep impression on my young mind and can still be clearly recalled half a century later."

Mr. Wang Wande, the leader of the Taiwan Cultural Association, also said: At that time, the people of all strata of Taiwan society, even ordinary housewives and children, knew about the Xinhai Revolution, and people summarized this major event into three sentences: "A revolution took place in Tangshan, the 'whirlpool' has abdicated, and Sun Yat-sen has become the president." The words "whirlpool barrel" and "Xuantong" are consonant and are the native language of "urine bucket". The people of Taiwan deliberately read "xuanun" as "whirlpool" to express their hatred and contempt for the feudal rulers of the Qing Dynasty. He also said that taiwan's Chinese private school students enjoy reading Shanghai's newly published "New Three Character Classics." The four opening sentences of the book are: "I am China, a democratic country; the yellow dragon flag, change five colors." ”[11]

It can be seen from this that the impact of the Xinhai Revolution on Taiwan compatriots is enormous. The victory of the Xinhai Revolution enabled the "Three People's Principles" to penetrate deep into the hearts and minds of the Taiwan compatriots, whose national self-esteem has greatly increased, and they have actively brewed an anti-Japanese national revolutionary movement, expelled the Japanese, restored Taiwan, and finally realized national independence, civil rights freedom, and people's livelihood happiness. A group of revolutionaries turned this into revolutionary action.

2. The volunteers of Taiwan threw themselves into the mainland of the motherland and continued the struggle of the Xinhai Revolution.

After the Japanese invaders occupied Taiwan, they carried out extremely cruel colonial rule and strictly restricted the contacts between the Taiwan compatriots and the mainland of the motherland, in an attempt to gradually dilute the national concept and national consciousness of the Taiwan compatriots in order to achieve the goal of enslaving and assimilating the Taiwan compatriots. The colonial authorities exercise strict inspection and control over mainland visitors to Taiwan; however, Taiwan compatriots who want to travel to the mainland must obtain the so-called "travel vouchers to cross China" in advance, and when applying for such travel vouchers, they must undergo detailed investigation by the Japanese police. As a result of the victory of the Xinhai Revolution, the Taiwan compatriots profoundly realized that only when the motherland is strong can Taiwan change the fate of the colonies and the Taiwan compatriots can truly be liberated. Therefore, when the news of the success of the Xinhai Shouyi Came to Taiwan, the Taiwan compatriots could not help but look to the west. The first thing they thought of was to break through the resistance, rush to the motherland, support and participate in this revolutionary struggle with practical actions, and defend the fruits of the victory of the revolution. After the defeat of the Xinhai Revolution, they continued to struggle in different ways.

On October 19, Penghu fisherman Zhang Jifu was the first to drive a dangerous boat, break through the Japanese blockade, and cross the sea to join the mainland revolutionary army of the motherland.

Subsequently, another group of defectors to the motherland joined the Fujian garrison's Sun Daoren troops one after another. When Sun Daoren was elected as the governor, the Taiwan compatriots paid for it and gave him great assistance. On November 11, Fujian province was restored,[12] and Taiwan compatriots also played a role here.

Luo Fuxing, a young taiwanese revolutionary who joined the League in his early years and participated in the Huanghuagang Uprising, met with Sun Yat-sen and stated his plan to resist Japan and restore Taiwan, and said that he was the precursor of the original effect, which won the praise of Sun Yat-sen. On the eve of the Xinhai Revolution, Luo Fuxing was running for revolution in Nanyang with Hu Hanmin and Zhao Sheng. After the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, Luo Fuxing was ordered by Huang Xing to gather more than 2,000 rebel troops from Nanyang to return to China to repay the service and participate in the Northern Expedition. Since the peace between the north and the south had been concluded, the team was disbanded in Suzhou. Subsequently, Luo Fuxing returned to Taiwan to organize the anti-Japanese patriotic struggle.

In order to alleviate the serious financial crisis of the Nanjing Provisional Government. Weng Junming, a member of the Taiwan League Association, and others vigorously called on Taiwanese people to donate generously, and soon raised 2,000 yuan. After the failure of the "Second Revolution" in 1913, Weng Junming and others deeply resented Yuan Shikai's betrayal of the Republic of China and the destruction of the revolutionary forces, and produced a plan to poison Yuan Shikai and his minions with germs. Weng Junming and Qiu Fengxiang, who were studying at the Taipei Medical School at the time, had cultivated a pathogenic bacterium, and they planned to send Weng Junming and Du Mingming to Beijing to poison Yuan Shikai and his minions. In the autumn of 1913, Weng Junming and Du Mingming were transferred to Beijing via Kobe, and when they left, they held a tragic oath-taking ceremony and left blood letters to bid farewell to their parents. When the two arrived in Beijing, they waited for an opportunity, but the germs did not work. Weng Junming was extremely disappointed and had no choice but to leave Beijing under a pseudonym and return to Taiwan. [13] Although the plan of Weng and Du to overthrow Yuan with their sick bacteria was unsuccessful, it showed the taiwan compatriots' enthusiastic response to the revolutionary movement of the motherland and their bold loyalty to defending the fruits of the victory of the Xinhai Revolution.

Lin Zumi was born in Wufeng, Taichung. When Japan occupied Taiwan, his father Lin Youmi led his family to cross back to the mainland, and Lin Zu stayed in Taiwan to manage the family property. Lin Zumi regarded himself as a descendant of the Han people, but only because of the family property relationship was he succumbed to the Japanese "shunmin", and his heart was very depressed. With the success of the Xinhai Revolution and the establishment of the Republic of China, Lin Zumi "strengthened his confidence in the motherland." [14] In the spring of 1913, Lin Zumi resolutely applied to the Japanese authorities to break off his Japanese nationality, immediately became a citizen of the Republic of China, and returned to his ancestral hometown of Zhangzhou, engaged in local industrial development, advocated local construction, and secretly sponsored the Guangfu Movement in Fujian and the "Battle of Yuan" in 1916, both of which were funded. [15] In 1915, under the influence of Sun Yat-sen, Lin Zumi was sworn to join the Chinese Revolutionary Party. When Yuan Shikai went against the will of the people and openly claimed the title of emperor, Lin Zumi rose up in anger and summoned people with lofty ideals from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou to his home to seek a revolutionary army. In 1917, Sun Yat-sen led a part of the parliamentarians and the navy to guangzhou to advocate the protection of the law, Lin Zumi responded in southern Fujian, and was appointed by Sun Yat-sen as the commander of the southern Fujian army, responsible for the military conduct of the southern Fujian protector. After Lin Zumi was ordered, he immediately set up a secret machine about Gulangyu Island and sent people to various counties and cities to make arrangements. During this period, Lin Zumi was arrested, and after being released on bail, he set up an organ department in Shantou to continue to plan the military deployment in southern Fujian. After that, Lin Zumi followed Sun Yat-sen in the second phase of the Dharma Protection Movement, and was successively appointed to the posts of military attaché of the Grand Marshal's Office, military attaché, and counselor of the base camp. Because Lin Zumi was loyal to Sun Yat-sen and committed to fighting for the Dharma Protection Movement, he was hated by the Beiyang warlords. On July 2, 1925, he was rounded up by Sun Chuanfang's troops stationed in Zhangzhou, and on August 23 of the same year, he was generously inaugurated. Lin Zumi sacrificed his life for the revolutionary cause.

The above are only some examples of Taiwan compatriots going to the mainland of the motherland to participate in the revolution, which fully demonstrates the patriotic spirit and firm revolutionary will of Taiwan compatriots under the influence of the Xinhai Revolution.

3. The revolutionary movement to restore Taiwan under the influence of the Xinhai Revolution

Ever since Japanese imperialism seized Taiwan, the Taiwan compatriots, who have a glorious tradition of patriotism, have waged this indomitable struggle. Under the influence of Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities in Taiwan, the Three People's Principles gradually spread to Taiwan, more and more Taiwan compatriots accepted revolutionary ideas, and people of insight launched armed resistance to Japan one after another. In particular, the success of the Xinhai Revolution has greatly encouraged and inspired the Taiwan compatriots and renewed their strong will and desire to resist Japan and struggle against colonialism. The revolutionary struggle in Taiwan is linked to the Xinhai Revolution and has emerged a new upsurge, constituting a new stage of struggle. In the four years from 1912 to 1915 alone, there were 9 large-scale anti-Japanese activities directly or indirectly linked to the Xinhai Revolution, and these 9 anti-Japanese struggles had a common feature, that is, the goal of the struggle was to "expel the Japanese and recover Taiwan."

Directly related to the Xinhai Revolution was the Taiwan Restoration Movement led by Luo Fuxing.

After the Xinhai Revolution, Sun Yat-sen sent Luo Fuxing, a taiwanese revolutionary youth who had participated in the Huanghuagang Uprising, and others to Taiwan to engage in anti-Japanese activities, develop members, mobilize the people, and prepare for the anti-Japanese uprising. In October 1912, Luo Fuxing was ordered to arrive in Taiwan, and decided to use Miaoli, a settlement of Hakka compatriots, as a base to contact comrades, instigate the revolution, and secretly set up the headquarters of the Revolutionary Party of the League in Taipei. In order to facilitate the mobilization of the organization, the Miaoli branch of the Taiwan League was subsequently set up, and branches and liaison offices were set up in Taipei, Taoyuan, Changhua, Tainan, Keelung, and Yilan, and revolutionary organs were set up in Taichung County. Due to Luo Fuxing's call to "expel the Japanese and restore Taiwan", the revolutionary organization developed rapidly, and it was scheduled to rally on October 10, 1912, the anniversary of the victory of the Xinhai Revolution. The plan was to capture Nantou first and respond to the anti-Japanese revolutionary uprisings in various parts of the north and south. However, due to leaks, the plan of the uprising was detected by the Japanese. The Japanese invaders preemptively launched a large-scale search and arrest in advance. At that time, Shen Arong and hundreds of other resistance fighters did not hesitate to fight. However, due to being outnumbered, Shen Arong and other important cadres were arrested by the Japanese police, and the revolutionary action was temporarily defeated.

On March 15, 1913, Luo Fuxing held a congress of Comrades of the Taiwan Revolution in Miaoli and issued the Declaration of the Great Revolution. The manifesto enumerated the 21 crimes of Japanese imperialism and called on the people of Taiwan to rise up and cooperate with the Xinhai Revolution, expel the Japanese and Kosovo, and restore the rivers and mountains of the motherland. The manifesto put forward the necessity of revolution from five aspects, saying: "One is that Mr. Sun Yat-sen has led the national revolution, which has been successful, and everyone in the Republic of China enjoys freedom and equality. Second, when Japan rules Taiwan, it has abused the Taiwanese people and imposed heavy taxes on them, seized their industries, and lost their livelihood, and has become more and more depressed and miserable. The people of Taiwan, who were originally Chinese nationals, had absolutely no reason to submit to Japan permanently; they must entangle the compatriots on the island and join the revolutionary party of the League, and the party members should form up as an army camera to kill and drive the Japanese people outside the island, restore Taiwan's homeland, build a revolutionary government, and seek the welfare of the people. As for weapons and grain, they can be secretly imported from China from Tamsui Port, Hou'an Port, Overnight Port, and so on, to make their own bombs in Taiwan and rob the Japanese Chinese owners. In the end, the Japanese will be expelled, a revolutionary government will be established, and the fruits of the Three People's Principles will be enjoyed. [16] The declaration was warmly supported and responded to by Taiwan compatriots, and nearly 100,000 people joined the revolutionary ranks in a short period of time.

In April 1913, Luo Fuxing instigated Zhang Huoluo in Taichung and Hsinchu, Li Aqi established revolutionary organs in Tainan and organized an uprising, and Luo Fuxing mobilized comrades from central and northern China to respond. In this way, the whole island echoed, overthrowing the Japanese rule in one fell swoop, and scheduling the event to be held in the tenth month of the lunar calendar. However, due to the leak of the incident, the Japanese police preemptively attacked, and a number of revolutionary backbone cadres were arrested one after another.

In the extremely difficult situation of the revolution, Luo Fuxing followed the instructions of Sun Yat-sen earlier and sent a letter to Fuzhou on August 19 to contact Sun Daoren. On September 18, he received a reply from Sun Daoren agreeing in principle to support the Taiwan uprising. However, at this time, the Taiwan colonial authorities were already on guard against the revolutionary movement led by Luo Fuxing, and under the comprehensive search of the Japanese police, the number of revolutionary comrades arrested was increasing day by day. In the face of the harsh situation, Luo Fuxing was not discouraged and continued to instigate lai lai and other revolutionary comrades in Taichung to lead the uprising. On December 1, Lai Lai gathered hundreds of revolutionary comrades, planted the five-color flag of the Republic of China as a symbol, and revolted at Huludun (present-day Fengyuan). The Japanese authorities brought in a large army to surround and annihilate, 578 people were arrested and 20 people were executed. This revolutionary action failed again.

Under the deteriorating situation, on December 15, 1913, Luo Fuxing accepted the urging of his comrades to temporarily leave Taiwan for the mainland to seek help; when he arrived at Tamsui Harbor on the 18th, he was arrested by the Japanese police who had ambushed him in advance, and the sealed letters, rosters, diaries, and telegram codes he carried with him were all seized. [17] Luo Fuxing was coerced and tortured in prison, but he was unyielding and regarded death as a homecoming. On March 3, 1914, Luo Fuxing and other revolutionary leaders were hanged in Taipei Prison, and members of the Revolutionary Party of the League were executed, sentencing a total of 261 people, and more than 10,000 people sat in the baojia. Although the Japanese aggressors temporarily suppressed the anti-Japanese movement to restore Taiwan headed by Luo Fuxing, they were even more afraid that the further awakening of the national consciousness of the Taiwan compatriots would cause a larger-scale revolt, so they did not dare to publish the truth of the incident, and only called the anti-Japanese revolutionary movement that responded to the Xinhai Revolution and aimed at restoring Taiwan as the "Miaoli Incident" in a general and vague manner.

The revolutionary movement led by Luo Fuxing lasted for one and a half years and included five uprisings launched by Shen Arong, Zhang Huoluo, Li Aqi, Lai Lai, and Luo Fuxing himself. On the whole, it was directed and commissioned by Sun Yat-sen and launched and organized by the Revolutionary Party of the League, and this revolutionary movement was essentially a continuation of the Xinhai Revolution in Taiwan.

Other uprisings under the influence of the Xinhai Revolution included:

In March 1912, Liu Qian led the Lin Qupu Uprising. Liu Qian, a native of Qiangzai Liaozhuang (present-day Lugu Township, Nantou County), nantou, firmly believed in god and Buddhism, often preached anti-Japanese ideas when preaching Buddhism, and called on Taiwan compatriots to rise up against Japanese imperialism with the principle of causal cycle. When he learned the news of the victory of the Xinhai Revolution, he strengthened his anti-Japanese confidence even more. In March 1912, under the influence of the Xinhai Revolution, Liu Qian took the opportunity of the Japanese colonial authorities forcibly occupying the bamboo forest on which the peasants of Nantou Linqupu depended for their survival and plundered the folk industries, and mobilized the peasants to "expel the Japanese from Taiwan Island" and "save the people from water and fire",[18] which received the active support of many masses. At dawn on March 23, in the name of celebrating the success of the Xinhai Revolution, the rebel army gathered the people around Nantou and Lin Qipu to drink and cheer, and the crowd was excited, Liu Qian and Lin Qizhen led hundreds of villagers armed with large knives to attack the Japanese police station near Lin Qipu (present-day Zhushan Town, Nantou County), killing the Japanese patrol was equivalent to sleeping, and seizing all kinds of guns and materials. After that, the rebels rushed down the hill and prepared to attack the Lin Yuanpu Japanese Police Branch.

Because of the disparity in strength between the enemy and ourselves, Liu Qian led the crowd to retreat into the mountains. Japan dispatched a large number of military and police officers into the mountains to search and arrest and encircle and suppress the anti-Japanese armed forces. The rebel army fought back and stubbornly resisted, but the uprising was declared a failure due to the disparity between the many. Liu Qian, Lin Qizhen and eight others were arrested and sentenced to death on April 10 of the same year. Although the scale of the Lin Qupu Uprising was small, it was a product of the influence of the Xinhai Revolution.

Tuku Uprising led by the Yellow Dynasty: The Huang Dynasty was a native of Dapitouzhuang (present-day Dapi Township, Yunlin County), Chiayi, who always cared about the revolutionary activities of the motherland, worshipped Sun Yat-sen, and hated the reactionary rule of the Japanese colonists. He and the old man Huang Laotong often talked about the revolutionary passages of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and had the idea of leading the people to overthrow the tyranny of the Japanese. The victory of the Xinhai Revolution inspired them. Huang Chao said to Huang Laojian: "We are also the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, we should learn from Mr. Sun Yat-sen, and everyone should rise up to expel the Japanese and restore Taiwan." You see a few months ago, Liu Qian had only a dozen comrades, and he was able to eliminate the Japanese Dinglin Police Station. If we gather comrades, we will certainly be able to build up a revolutionary cause. [19] Under the propaganda and organization of the two men, an anti-Japanese contingent was organized and decided to start an incident in Chiayi Tuku. On June 27, 1912, the Huang Dynasty pretended to be a pardon from God Xuantian, claiming that one million nationalist troops would come to help the war, encouraging the masses to rise up against Japan and swear an uprising. Using kitchen knives and other weapons, the rebels attacked the Japanese police, occupied villages and towns, and attacked Chiayi City. However, due to the backward weapons of the rebels and the lack of necessary training, under the siege of the enemy's superior forces, they were quickly suppressed by the Japanese army. More than 200 people who participated in the uprising were arrested. On September 3, after a trial by the Tainan District Court, Huang Chao was sentenced to death, and 2 others were sentenced to life imprisonment and 12 sentences.

Rokkaku Uprising led by Luo Atou: Luo Atou was a native of Nanshizhuang, Dianzaikou Branch Office, Chiayi County, who had a national consciousness and hated the Japanese invaders. He moved to Rokko in 1913. He made a living hunting, and under the cover of superstition, he preached to the people of the whole island and prepared to launch an anti-Japanese uprising. He allied with Luo Shi and the Luo Chen brothers, gathered about 100 zhishi, and became self-reliant, preparing to revolt in July of the lunar calendar in 1914, first capturing the Liujia Branch Hall. Because of the revolutionary action was detected by the Japanese police, Luo Atou led more than 80 comrades to attack the Rokka Branch Hall on the night of May 7 in advance, killing five Japanese policemen and engaged in a gun battle with the Japanese police. The Japanese authorities transferred military police from Chiayi, Tainan and other places to suppress it. Luo Atou, Luo Chen, Luo Qicai and others committed suicide in the mountains because they were exhausted; the rest of the rebel leaders were arrested one after another. The uprising failed.

Xilai'an Uprising led by Yu Qingfang and others: This uprising, also known as the Yu Qingfang Incident, or the Yu Qingfang Incident, was the most tragic anti-riot movement that took place in Taiwan during the Japanese occupation period, and its leaders were Yu Qingfang, Jiang Ding, Luo Jun, and others. Yu Qingfang, a native of Changzhi Township, Tainan, was determined to resist japan due to the influence of the Xinhai Revolution and Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and began to operate in the area of Xilai'an on Dizai Street in Tainan in 1913. After a long period of organizational planning, on May 25, 1915, Yu Qingfang, in the name of the Grand Marshal of the "Great Ming Mercy Country" and secretly with Dr. Sun Yat-sen as the supreme leader, secretly issued an anti-Japanese document, calling on the people of Taiwan to hold an uprising and expel the Japanese invaders. The masses from all over Taiwan participated in the uprising one after another, and the momentum was huge, and the party members spread throughout Tainan, Taichung, Nantou, Chiayi, Aji, and other places. Since the rebel army had not yet contacted Taipei at that time, it was "encircled and suppressed" by the Japanese army. From June onwards, Japanese police simultaneously imposed martial law in Tainan, Taichung, Chiayi and other places, and began to hunt down and kill volunteers preparing for the uprising. Yu Qingfang and others did not flinch, and in July gathered more than a thousand comrades, raised the flag, and waged a fierce battle with the Japanese invaders, killing more than 30 Japanese people, burning many official warehouses, shaking the whole island, and more than 3,000 peasants near and far responded to participate, attacking four realms. In August, the rebel army conquered the street of KouBa, occupied the nearby highland of Hutou Mountain, and built a village with danger, forming a horn. As a result, the momentum grew stronger and louder, and the number of Taiwan compatriots participating became more and more numerous. The Colonial Authorities of Taiwan mobilized heavy troops to attack the rebels. On August 22, Yu Qingfang and more than 1,900 rebels were finally rounded up by the Japanese police. The uprising, which lasted for nearly three months, was suppressed.

Although the above-mentioned Taiwan compatriots' anti-Japanese and anti-colonial armed uprising failed, their struggle was directed at the Japanese aggressors, dealt a heavy blow to Japan's colonial tyranny, and profoundly expressed the aspirations and demands of the broad masses of Taiwan compatriots for the motherland and the restoration of Taiwan, thus constituting a new stage in the Taiwan compatriots' resistance to Japanese rule. It is the continuation and extension of the Xinhai Revolution in Taiwan, and the national and democratic revolutionary spirit has been carried forward in Taiwan. It laid the foundation for the eventual recovery of Taiwan.

[1] Zeng Yishuo, "The Founding Father and the Revolutionary Movement in Taiwan", (Taiwan) Young Lion Cultural Undertaking Company, March 1978 edition, p. 55.

[2] Xie Dongmin et al., The National Revolutionary Movement and Taiwan, Central Cultural Relics Supply Society, May 1980 edition, p. 45.

[3] Xie Dongmin et al., The National Revolutionary Movement and Taiwan, Central Cultural Relics Supply Society, May 1980 edition, p. 50.

[4] Li Yunhan, "The Historical Origins of the National Revolution and Taiwan's Restoration", Young Lion Bookstore (Taiwan), 1971 edition, p. 25.

[5] Chen Xiqi, editor-in-chief: Long Compilation of Sun Yat-sen's Chronology, Zhonghua Bookstore, August 1991, pp. 220-223.

[6] Miyazaki: Thirty-Three Years of Dreams, jointly published by Flower City Publishing House and Sanlian Bookstore Hong Kong Branch, August 1981 edition, p. 238.

[7] Miyazaki: Thirty-Three Years of Dreams, jointly published by Flower City Publishing House and Sanlian Bookstore Hong Kong Branch, August 1981 edition, p. 219.

[8] Miyazaki: Thirty-Three Years of Dreams, jointly published by Flower City Publishing House and Sanlian Bookstore Hong Kong Branch, August 1981 edition, p. 241.

[9] Zhuang Zheng: The Life and Aspirations of the Founding Father, Chung-Ang Ilbo, Taiwan (condensed edition), pp. 358-359.

[10] Lin Qiquan: Miscellaneous Talks on Taiwan, Sichuan Education Publishing House, June 1984, p. 186.

[11] Xu Mengshan, "The Xinhai Revolution and the People of Taiwan", in Xinhai Revolution in Various Places, China Literature and History Publishing House, September 1991, pp. 433-434.

[12] Yang Baofa, ed., The National Revolution and Taiwan, p. 85.

[13] Huang Jilu, "Historical Materials On Taiwan and the Chinese Revolution," Biographical Literature, vol. 11, No. 5, p. 27.

[14] Zeng, The Father of the Nation and the Revolutionary Movement in Taiwan, p. 92.

[15] Xie Dongmin et al., The National Revolutionary Movement and Taiwan, Central Cultural Relics Supply Agency, Taipei, p. 141.

[16] Zeng, The Father of the Nation and the Revolutionary Movement in Taiwan, pp. 52-53.

[17] "Compilation of Materials of the Xinhai Revolution", China Social Sciences Press, December 1981, p. 289.

[18] Zeng, The Father of the Nation and the Revolutionary Movement in Taiwan, p. 88.

[19] [19] Zeng, The Father of the Nation and the Revolutionary Movement in Taiwan, p. 89.