Abstract speculation is a kind of suffering for many people, but for me, in those good days, it was a festival, a intoxication. - Nietzsche
Some people say that Nietzsche, Sartre, and Camus are philosophers who are easy to "chicken soup", partly because of their beautiful writing, suitable for chicken soup, and partly because their works are not so "philosophical". In contrast, Kant and Hegel suffered most of the misunderstandings within the scope of academic circles.
Nietzsche was known as the "poet philosopher" who had always sought to break away from the system to discuss philosophy, and even thought of writing in the form of poetry.
This makes Nietzsche's work a good fit to lead people into the door of philosophy, but it is also doomed to suffer widespread misunderstanding.
Heidegger had a special love for Nietzsche, and he once gave a series of lectures at the University of Freiburg dedicated to Nietzsche, and the book "Nietzsche" was compiled by Heidegger's manuscript on Nietzsche.
Under normal circumstances, teachers explain the ideas or philosophical works of philosophers, mostly in the form of textbooks, first introducing the life and main works of this character, and then explaining the content of important works in chronological order.
Heidegger is different, he said that Nietzsche is a bit of "I note the six sutras, the six sutras note me".
Of course, this is not to say that he "carries bootlegs" when he talks about Nietzsche, because there are different ways to understand philosophical works, as long as they are self-justified, there is no standard answer.
Heidegger reinvented Nietzsche with his own understanding.
His lectures are a bit like the idea of writing a thesis, each question in the lecture can be a separate thesis study, the topic is ready-made: Nietzsche's "existent" research, Nietzsche's view of art, Nietzsche and traditional metaphysics, and so on.
This way of explaining itself requires a lot of skill, and only a philosophical master like Heidegger can build it, and the average scholar can only hope for it.
In the lecture, Nietzsche only runs through the clues, wearing Heidegger's thinking on the problems of existence, art, metaphysics, etc., and he sometimes returns to the source of ancient Greek philosophy, and sometimes continues from ancient Greece to German classical philosophy.
Plato, Aristotle, Leibniz, Kant, Hegel, Schelling... These names appear in Nietzsche's speeches, and it can be said that Heidegger used Nietzsche to speak of his thoughts on philosophical problems, which are rich and complex.
Of course, Heidegger's speech, like his writing style of Being and Time, is very logical. He begins by introducing the general idea: discussing Nietzsche's "strong will" under the question of "what is the being?".
"What is the being" is naturally a philosophical question, and Heidegger here justifies Nietzsche: Nietzsche is not what people call a philosopher who does not consider abstraction, he just discusses philosophy in another way.
"Abstract speculation is a kind of suffering for many people, but for me, in those good days, it was a festival, a intoxication." - Nietzsche
This was written by Nietzsche during the creation of The Strong Will, and combined with Nietzsche's headaches, those good days may be related to headaches.
But at least it proves that Nietzsche does not reject abstract speculation, but on the contrary considers it a festival. In Heidegger's view, abstract speculation is the highest form of existence of human beings.
What is a Being?
In Nietzsche, all existence is a kind of generation. This generation is an act of will, and Nietzsche named the strong will as the basic characteristic of all beings in The Strong Will. Having a strong will is the basic feature of the existence of beings, that is, generation.
It can be said that the existence of the being itself is a strong will.
What is the strong will itself? The eternal reincarnation of the same.
Nietzsche thought of existence (the strong will) as eternal reincarnation.
Eternal reincarnation is not an infinite repetition in the Buddhist sense, not a stagnant present, but a present that returns to oneself.
In this way, Heidegger returned from Nietzsche to his "bootleg": time.
Time is Heidegger's concern for a lifetime, and his famous work "Existence and Time" is to discuss existence from time.
Heidegger argues that from the reflection of eternal reincarnation, Nietzsche thought about connecting existence with time, but not deeply.
So Heidegger considered Nietzsche to be the last metaphysical philosopher.
But why is the Being a strong will? What does existence have to do with eternal reincarnation? Everything seems to be inconspicuous, and even some scholars think it is contradictory.
Some people understand eternal reincarnation as "generated stillness," but isn't that contradicts the "generated" being?
From this, it is necessary to understand how Nietzsche's strong will was generated, and what kind of reincarnation the eternal cycle is.
This is the outline of Heidegger's lecture, which he will then focus on the connection between "eternal reincarnation as the highest prescriptiveness of existence" and "the strong will as the basic characteristic of all beings."