Stuart is the name of a family and dynasty in British history.
The Stuart dynasty, originally known as the House of Stewart, was a dynasty that ruled Scotland between 1371 and 1714 and England and Ireland between 1603 and 1714.
The Stuart family originated on the Brittany Peninsula in France.
At the beginning of the 12th century, the Stuart family moved to England, and one member of the family was appointed by the King of Scotland as the head of the court "Stuart", after which the family inherited this position for generations, that is, gradually became his surname.
At the beginning of the 14th century, Walter of the Stuart family married the daughter of King Robert I of Scotland, and his son succeeded Robert I as King of Scotland in 1371, known as Robert II. The Stuarts began to rule Scotland.
In 1503, James IV of the Stuart family married the daughter of King Henry VII of England. James VI, a descendant of the Stuart family, succeeded to the English throne in 1603 as King James I (reigned 1603–1625). The Stuart dynasty began to rule England.
The monarchs of the Stuart dynasty as we know them were Mary I of Scotland and her grandson Charles I, who had tragic endings.
Mary Stuart, six days after her birth, became Queen of Scotland. In order to escape his marriage to Edward VI, he was sent to France at the age of 5, where his mother, Marie de Guiss, took over as regent.
Mary Queen of Scots
She lived, grew up, was educated, and lived in luxury and stability in France.
In 1558, he married François II of France. In the same year her Catholic cousin Mary I of England died, and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth I, sister of Mary I, took the throne according to the laws of England, but Elizabeth I was Protestant and was considered heretical in the case of Catholicism as the only religion at the time; as the only orthodox heir to the throne in England, which made Protestantism the state religion.
Through the fear of paganism in European countries and the rejection of paganism by the Roman Catholic Church, Mary Stuart declared herself a legitimate heir to the Throne of England. He refused to approve the Treaty of Edinburgh, refused to recognize Elizabeth I as Queen of England, and used the coat of arms of the English crown for his own troops.
François II
In 1560, François II died, and in the French court he was snubbed by his mother-in-law Catherine de Medici, forced by the turmoil in Scotland, and returned to Scotland the following year.
Mary was Catholic, and she was dissatisfied with the Scottish nobility and Calvinists, telling the Pope that she wanted to re-establish the Catholic faith within the kingdom of Scotland.
In the early morning of July 29, 1565, she insisted on marrying Henry Stuart of England and held a grand Catholic wedding in Edinburgh.
This greatly enraged her cousin Elizabeth I, who had been her formal friend, and Henry Stuart, as a courtier, continued to stay in Scotland in defiance of Elizabeth I's edict, after which the two queens fell out.
Elizabeth I
On 15 June 1567, the Scottish nobility launched an armed uprising.
On May 16, 1568, Mary. Stuart fled Scotland and set foot on English soil, hoping to gain British asylum. After much political deliberation by her cousin Elizabeth I, she did not decide to send her back to Scotland, but decided to imprison her in England itself. Mary Stuart thus began the rest of her life in captivity.
In 1587, the goddess Queen Mary. Stuart was sent to the guillotine for his involvement in the assassination of Queen Elizabeth I of England, and poor Mary became the first monarch in European history to be sent to the guillotine.
In the same year, her son James married Princess Anne, daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark.
James even tolerated the execution of his mother by Queen Elizabeth I in order to secure the throne of England and secure his rule.
Her grandson Charles I was the only king of England to be executed as a king, and the execution of her grandchildren generations apart is rare in world history.
The fortunes of the Stuart family and dynasty were, on the whole, very bad, either because the monarchs were not harmonious or against the people.
And in Mary. There were also many murders of Scottish kings before Stuart, and the curse was always with this family and dynasty.