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Sino-Japanese friendship has a long history, and in the long years, an unknown number of people between the two countries have braved the terrifying waves and risked their lives, either crossing the east or coming west to contribute to the friendship between the two peoples. Among the most prominent figures are Jian Zhen of the Tang Dynasty and Abe Nakamaru of Japan.
01. Jian Zhen vowed to cross the east
In the fourth year of Chuihong (688), Jian Zhen was born in Jiangyang County, Yangzhou, commonly known as Chun Yu, and was ordained at the age of 14, and studied in Chang'an and Luoyang. His activities were centered on the Daming Temple in Yangzhou, which he presided over, mainly in the Huainan region. The Buddhist history books say that he had 35 famous disciples, each advocating one side and promoting his teachers. It can be seen that he has a high prestige in Huainan and other places.
In addition to being taught the precepts, jian zhen also learned about architecture and medicine. Master Dao'an, who had received bodhisattva ordination to Jian Zhen, was a famous architect at that time, and Emperor Zhongzong of Tang had commissioned him to build the Jianfu Temple and the Small Wild Goose Pagoda in Chang'an.
In the second year of Jinglong (708), Jian Zhen received full ordination from Hongjing in Chang'an. Hirokei is Dogan's brother and is proficient in medicine. He learned a lot of medicine and architecture from Hongjing and Dogan.
Jian Zhen was particularly enthusiastic about social activities, and during the 10-year period, he presided over the construction of more than 80 temples, cast countless statues, opened a compassionate hospital to help the poor, set up an unobstructed assembly to make equal offerings, and personally fried medicine for the poor and sick. In regular contact with the masses, he mastered a variety of cultural knowledge and united a group of technical personnel with special achievements.
Therefore, although Jian Zhen Dongdu wanted to pass on the precepts, he actually systematically introduced the most mature Tang Dynasty culture at that time to Japan in the form of the organization of the monastic community and with collective strength.
In the first year of Tianbao (742), the Japanese monks Rongrui and Puzhao came from Chang'an to the Daming Temple in Yangzhou to pay homage to Master Jian Zhen, and in addition to listening to him preach the precepts, they also hoped to gain his support and sent several disciples to cross to Japan.
Jian Zhen supported the demands of the Japanese monks, but the disciples believed that "there is no one who can go far away from the sea" and therefore did not want to cross the east.
At this time, Jian Zhen issued a solemn oath: "For the sake of the dharma, why spare life!" If people don't go, I'll hear them!" The disciples were deeply moved, and more than twenty of them were determined to cross the east with Jian Zhen.
In the first year of Tianbao (742), when he was preparing for the Eastern Crossing, the plan clashed with the Dao and Ruhai of the Jianzhen Eastern Crossing. Daohang believes that the level of Ruhai is very low and not enough to qualify for going abroad. Ruhai was furious, so he went to Huainan to interview him and falsely accused Daohang of colluding with pirates when he entered the sea. The interview shocked them when they heard the secret report, and although it was later found out that it was a false accusation, they still confiscated the ships and forbade them to go to sea.
02, Liudu finally succeeded
In December of the following year, Jian Zhen led 17 monks, including Puzhao, Rongrui, Xiangyan, and Si Tuo, and a total of 85 craftsmen, including Yu Zuoren, painters, engravers, castings, embroiderers, Xiuwen, and engravings, and crossed the east by military boat. Unfortunately, a storm was encountered in Wolfgoupu, Yuyao County, and the ship was broken.
After a month, Jian Zhen and his party went to sea again. Due to the strong wind and waves, soon after going offshore, the ship was damaged again and had to re-shore.
Yuyao Taishou placed them at Ashoka Temple in Juan County.
Tianbao Sanzai (744), preparing to cross the east, the Yuezhou monks complained to the state officials, saying that the Japanese monk Rongrui had deceived Jian Zhen to cross the sea and flee. As a result, Rong Rui was arrested, and the third east crossing failed.
After that, Jian Zhen sent his disciple Fa Jin and two retinues to Changle County to buy a boat, while preparing food and supplies to prepare for the fourth east ferry. Jian Zhen himself led more than thirty people, including Xiangyan, Puzhao, and Si Tuo, in the name of touring the Buddhist relics, marched south, passing through Linhai County, reaching Tiantai Mountain, and then passing through Linhai, Huangyan and other counties, preparing to go south to Yongjia County.
At this time, Lingyou and other Jian Zhen disciples who remained in Guangling, out of love for Jian Zhen, did not want him to go to a foreign country, and asked for an interview to dissuade Jian Zhen from crossing the sea. The interview envoy sent someone to track down Linhai County and welcome Jian Zhen back to Guangling.
Believers from all over the world heard that Jian Zhen had returned to Guangling and came to celebrate and comfort. Jian Zhen severely criticized Lingyou. In order to seek His Master's forgiveness, Lingyou stood for 60 consecutive days every night from one change to five changes. The monks of the various monasteries interceded for him together, and Jian Zhen forgave him. The fourth plan for the East Crossing was not realized.
In the spring of the seventh year of Tianbao, Jian Zhen planned to build ships, prepare supplies, and prepare for the fifth east crossing, and on June 27, Jian Zhen and his party crossed the river from Guangling (present-day Yangzhou) to the Jiangnan Canal from Jinling County (present-day Changzhou, Jiangsu) to Huiji (present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang), waiting for the monsoon to enter the sea.
On October 16, the official departure began. Two days after leaving the coast, it encountered a typhoon, and 14 days later the ship drifted to the south of Hainan Island. After landing ashore, they lived in Dayun Temple for a year and then went to Yazhou (崖州, in present-day Qiongshan South, Guangdong). Here, Jian Zhen presided over the construction of the Buddhist temple, the construction of a wooden statue of Shakya, the altar of preaching the precepts, and the teaching of the Vinaya. Later, he boarded the boat from Chenghai County (southwest of Qiongshan Mountain) and reached Haikang Commandery (present-day Leizhou, Guangdong), Xiangzhou (present-day Xiangxian County, Guangxi), Baizhou (present-day Bobai, Guangxi), Wuzhou (present-day Wuzhou, Guangxi), and Shi'an Commandery (present-day Guilin).
They lived in Shi'an for a year, and Nanhai County's Taishou Lu Yi sent people to greet Jian Zhen. Jian Zhen and his party traveled east along the Gui River from Shi'an to Duanzhou (present-day Zhaoqing, Guangdong) via Cangwu. The Japanese monk Rongrui died in Duanzhou, and Jian Zhen mourned.
Jian Zhen lived in Nanhae County (present-day Guangzhou) for several months and then set out for Sixing. Jian Zhen frequently experienced heat in the south, the eyes were sick, the treatment was ineffective, and the eyes were blind.
Jian Zhen crossed the Five Ridges, traveled north along the Ganshui River, and reached Luling Commandery (庐陵郡, in present-day Ji'an, Jiangxi), where his proud disciple Xiangyan died again. After that, Jian Zhen went east along the Xunyang Shun River, returned to Yangzhou, and lived in Longxing Temple.
In the eleventh year of Tianbao (752), on the way back from Chang'an, the Japanese ambassador's deputy envoy went to Yanguang Temple in Yangzhou, visited Jian Zhen, and urged him to continue to travel east to Japan.
Although Jian Zhen was 66 years old, and the monks and laymen of Yangzhou retained him, he was still determined to cross the Eastern Crossing to pass on the ordination. On November 15 of that year, Kanzen and his party crossed the ship of The Japanese Deputy Envoy Komaru. On the 21st, he drifted to Alneppo Island (present-day Okinawa). On December 7, we went to The Island of Rescue (present-day Yakushima). He left for help on the eighteenth and arrived in Addo County, southern Kyushu, on the twentieth. On February 4, 755, Tenbo arrived in Heijo-kyo (present-day BenNara) and was welcomed by the emperor and the following governments.
A total of 24 people arrived in Japan this time, in addition to the above-mentioned living people, there were also Tan Jing, Yi Jing, Fa Zai, Fa Cheng, Ren Han, Ling Yao, Huai Qian, as well as the Western Regions people An Rubao, the Kunlun people's military magic power, and the Bold Wave countryman Shan Cong. Among them were architects, painters, sculptors, as well as talents in medicine, embroidery, casting, etc., who were actually a cultural envoy.
03, in the day of death
Beginning with Trimble for fourteen years, Kanzen worked in Japan for 10 years.
First, he preached the ordination. In April of that year, Jian Zhen set up an altar in front of the Statue of Lushena Buddha, when More than 400 people were ordained by Emperor Shōmu Taishang, Empress Guangming Taishang, Emperor Xiaoqian, and officials below the empress, crown prince, and secretary of state, as well as more than 80 japanese monks, such as Lingyou and Xianjing, also abandoned the old and accepted the new.
In the autumn of 755, ordination began to be given to ordinary people, and only those who were ordained became legitimate believers.
At the same time, Kanzen carried and preached the Tendai Sutra, laying the foundation for the Tendai Sect in Japan. Tendai Sect developed greatly during the Heian period and played a great role in the culture of Japan's Heian period.
In addition to preaching the law, Jian Zhen and his disciples also made great contributions in architecture, art, medicine and other aspects. Jian Zhen led the creation of the Tang Zhaoti Temple, in which the golden hall, lecture hall and some important scriptures and statues can represent the highest level of sculpture in China's Sheng Tang Dynasty architecture, is the pearl of Japanese art, the Japanese people regard it as a national treasure, and has been well preserved so far.
The architecture of Tang Zhaoti Temple and Tang Zen Temple has played a great role in promoting the prosperity of Japan's tianping culture.
Jian Zhen was also a medicine and pharmacologist, and he cured the Empress Dowager of Japan from difficult diseases.
In Japan, there was a book called "The Secret Recipe of Kanjin Shangren", which is said to be his prescription record. At that time, Japanese pharmacy was in its infancy, and the authenticity of drugs was mixed, and the Japanese emperor ordered "dialectics".
Although Jian Zhen was blind in both eyes, he used his sense of smell to identify the variety of drugs and identify the performance of drugs, laying the foundation for ancient Japanese pharmacology. It is said that the "Miracle Pill" that is now passed down from Todaiji Temple in Japan was transmitted to Japan by Kanzen.
Because of this, until the Edo period (1003-1867), Japanese medicine bags were still painted with images of kansai.
In March of the first year of Guangde (763), Jian Zhen began to fall ill. The disciples made a portrait of him, which is still preserved in the Kaishan Hall of Tang Zhaoti Temple, which is the "Seated Statue of the Kanzen Monk", a national treasure of Japan. This is like "parietal bone show, trembling bone, high nose bridge, tight lips, quiet face, floating smile". It correctly shows the will and character of Jian Zhen.
On May 6, Jian Zhen died at the age of 76 at Zhao ti Temple.
04. Abe Nakamaru sent Tang
In the history of Sino-Japanese friendly relations, there is another outstanding figure, that is, the famous Japanese scholar Abe Nakamaru who loves China.
Abe Nakamaru was born in Yamato, Honshu, Japan in 689 AD. His father's name was Abe Funamori, and he served as a midshipman daisuke (equivalent to a five-pin official) in the Japanese central government.
Abe Nakamaru is "intelligent and good at reading", and his boyhood was spent in his home country. As early as more than fifty years before his birth, Japan began to carry out "dahua reform", and the politics, economy, culture and so on fully imitated the Tang Dynasty.
At that time, a university was set up to teach classics such as "Spring and Autumn", "Shang Shu", and "Book of Rites". The university has 400 inspectors and enrolls children of more than five grades.
According to Abe Nakamaru's family lineage, he was supposed to study at a university in China, because he had a certain foundation in Chinese culture, so he was selected to study in the Tang Dynasty.
In October of the fifth year of the new century (717), Abe Nakamaru arrived in Chang'an with the Japanese envoys sent by the Tang Dynasty.
At the same time as Abe, there were also famous scholars such as Jibei Zhenbei and others.
After Abe arrived in Chang'an, the Tang government assigned him to study at Taixue, where the students were the children of officials of five pins or more. The teachers of Taixue are mainly doctors of various classics and are well-known scholars in the country. Taixue's courses include "Book of Rites", "Zuo Chuan", "Ram Biography", "Shang Shu", "Book of Poetry", "Zhou Li", "Ritual Rites", "Li Ji" and other compulsory courses, as well as "Filial Piety", "Shuowen" and "Shiwu Policy".
Since the Tang Dynasty imperial examination required poetry to be tested, Taixuezhong also learned to write poetry. The study time of Taixue is 9 years, during which students must be proficient in at least two or more classics, and after passing the examination, they will be recommended by Taixue to participate in the imperial examination held by the Ministry of Etiquette.
Under the guidance of famous experts, after 9 years of diligent study, Abe Nakamaru not only mastered several classics, but also was good at poetry. During this period, because of his love of China, he changed his name to "Chaoheng" (or Chaoheng).
Around the sixteenth year of the new century (728), he served as the school secretary of the Left and Right Chunfang Bureau (from Jiupin), specializing in school books. From this time on, Abe Zhongmaru officially participated in the Tang Dynasty government for 40 years.
05. Make friends with Li Bai Wang Wei and so on
As early as the taixue study period, Abe Nakamaru became acquainted with Chu Guangxi. Chu Guangxi was a landscape pastoral poet of the Tang Dynasty, and Abe Zhongmalu often sang harmony with him, and his feelings were very harmonious.
When Japan sent tang envoys to Chang'an for the tenth time, Chu Guangxi heard that Abe Zhongmalu was preparing to return to China, and specially wrote a poem for him entitled "Luozhong Yi Dynasty School Shuheng" to express his feelings of farewell to Chaoheng. But this year he did not make the trip.
In the seventeenth year of the new century (729), Abe Nakamaru was transferred to the post of "Supplementary Que" (from Qipin), which belonged to Menxia Province. "Filling the gap" is the emperor's attendant, who has the right to criticize and suggest problems in the work of the emperor and the central government. Although the status is not very high, but there are more opportunities to contact senior central officials, so the position is quite important, it is a noble official position in the Tang court.
During this period, Abe Zhongmaru became acquainted with Zhao Hua, Wei Wan, and others. Wei Wan, known as the "Wangwu Shanren", was a Tang Dynasty jinshi and had a very close relationship with Abe Zhongmalu, and he had a dress made of Japanese clothing sent by Zhongmalu. Wei Wan liked this dress very much and often wore it.
Four years later, Abe Nakamaru left Menxia Province to serve as a "friend" of The King of Yi. This Yi king was Li Pu, the eleventh son of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang. "Friend" is a kind of official position, according to the "Tang Six Classics", the prince's palace set up a "friend", from the five pins.
The duty of the "friend" is to accompany the prince, learn and play with the prince, and educate the prince with feudal morality.
From then on, Abe Nakamaru could move among nobles and high-ranking officials, and was an official trusted by the Tang government.
At this time, the great poet Li Bai came to Chang'an at the invitation of Tang Xuanzong to serve as a "Hanlin offering" and was an advisor to the emperor's literary chapters. During the more than two years that Li Bai lived in Chang'an, in addition to getting to know He Zhizhang and others, he also got acquainted with Abe Nakamaru. The two often drank together and talked loudly.
During the Tianbao years, Abe Zhongmaru, who missed his homeland, embarked on the way home, but was shipwrecked at sea, fortunately rescued, and in the twelfth year of Tianbao (753), he returned to Chang'an from Jiaotong to Chang'an, serving as a secretary (director of the National Library), from Sanpin.
During this period, he became acquainted with the poet Wang Wei and became close friends. Later, when Abe Nakamaru returned to China again, Wang Wei was sent to the seashore and wrote a five-word poem entitled "Sending the Secretary Chao Jian back to Japan" to express his regret for farewell.
This time, however, he was unable to return to China. In the fifth year of the Gregorian calendar (770), Abe Nakamaru died in China at the age of 72.
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