Nixon
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" > preface</h1>
President Nixon of the United States, who had contacts with both Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek, once commented on both men:
In the final analysis, Chiang Kai-shek's wisdom is a small wisdom, an unfree wisdom that is busy with the will of the individual to survive. Mao's wisdom, on the other hand, is great wisdom, a kind of free wisdom that transcends the individual's will to survive. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek appeared nervous, restrained, and nervous, while Mao Zedong appeared generous, dashing, and unhurried.
What has happened in the past few decades also confirms Nixon's words, and Chairman Mao really has a pattern and wisdom that Chiang Kai-shek cannot reach.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="85" > Chairman Mao joined forces with 19 Red Army generals to write to Chiang Kai-shek</h1>
On January 20, 1924, the First National Congress of the Kuomintang held in Guangzhou brought together for the first time two important historical figures, Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek.
This time, though, the two didn't interact. Chairman Mao attended as a representative of Hunan and spoke at the congress many times. Chiang Kai-shek, on the other hand, just attended the meeting as an observer, sitting silently and listening.
Two years later, the two met again at the Second National Congress of the Kuomintang. This time, Chiang Kai-shek also became a representative, and he spoke passionately on the stage about the imminent reunification of China. Since then, they have begun to play different roles, with opposites and cooperation.
The Second National Congress of the Kuomintang
The idea of China's reunification, with only one China, has become their lifelong consensus, and it has not changed even after Chiang Kai-shek's retreat to Taiwan.
However, the two men have completely different views on how to deal with foreign aggression and internal contradictions. This difference has further highlighted Chairman Mao's spirit of great love in worrying about the country and the people and putting the country and the people first.
In 1926, in order to compete for leadership, Chiang Kai-shek maliciously created the Zhongshan Incident against the Communists, and Chairman Mao denounced Chiang Kai-shek for this. The following year, Chiang Kai-shek launched another April 12 counter-revolutionary coup. From then on, he began to frantically encircle and suppress the Communists.
Even though Japan has launched a large-scale invasion of China, burning and looting at home. When the people were not happy with their lives, wailing all over the wilderness, and the land was becoming more and more degraded, Chiang Kai-shek still did not relax the encirclement and suppression of the Communists. He even practiced a policy of non-resistance, adhered to his so-called policy of "foreign countries must first be at home", and watched hundreds of people die tragically at the hands of the invaders.
Zhongshan ship incident
In this regard, the Communist Party and people from all walks of life have repeatedly called on Chiang Kai-shek to stop the civil war, unite to resist Japan, save the people, and save the increasingly broken national land. But Chiang Kai-shek chose to ignore these calls.
The Communists were so distraught that Chairman Mao, together with 19 Red Army generals, wrote a letter to Chiang Kai-shek on December 1, 1936:
...... Although we ordered the Red Army to stop attacking Mr. Mister's troops and to retreat step by step, we could not return Mr. Mister's hatred... How indignant the people of the whole country were against the Japanese attack and how enthusiastic the assistance to the anti-Japanese soldiers of Suiyuan was, and how much all the efforts of the husband were concentrated in the civil war of internecine warfare.
...... It is Mr. Ze's thoughts, the heart of the heart, and the national vendetta can be repaid, the land can be protected, the lost land can be restored, the sir must also be a glorious anti-Japanese hero, Tu Zhu Ling Smoke, Fragrant Hundred Worlds, Mr. Why did he not come out of this Yahweh? Our people dare to be sincere and sincere, and once again ask Mr. Sir, to make a decision at the moment, to allow our people to save the country, to turn enemies into friends, and to resist Japan together.
We sincerely do not want to see the people of the world and the future generations gathered and called it, the one who died in China is not someone else, Chiang Kai-shek is also, but I hope that the people of the future generations of the world will regard Mr. Li as a great master who can change in time to save the country and save the people.
Chairman Mao in his youth
While earnestly persuading Chairman Mao, he also considered Chiang Kai-shek thoughtfully to avoid him from falling into the name of the country in the future.
However, before Chiang Kai-shek's reply was received, the Xi'an Incident, which shocked China and foreign countries, took place. Hearing that his old rival had become a prisoner of the order, Chairman Mao's first consideration was not personal gains and losses, but the future of the country.
He sent Zhou Enlai to Xi'an to peacefully resolve the Xi'an Incident with the efforts of all parties, and Chiang Kai-shek was unscathed. After that, the two parties of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party fought against the same enemy and united to resist Japan.
Later, Chairman Mao personally wrote to Chiang Kai-shek again, praising his contribution to the war against Japan:
Mr. Keikan, Mr. Jieshi:
Comrades Enlai returned to Yan'an, praised Mr. Shengde, and admired Wu Jie. He led the whole nation in an unprecedentedly great revolutionary war, and all the people in the country revered him.
The same people believe that the unity and unity in this period is more important than any other period, and only the parties and factions and the people of the whole country can do their best to prevent and break the enemy's sabotage plot under the unified leadership of mr. ,...... Only in this way can we achieve the goal of stopping the enemy's attack and preparing for a war counterattack.
Early Chairman Mao and Zhou Enlai
Chairman Mao bluntly expressed his admiration for Chiang Kai-shek, and his words were full of enthusiasm, as if he were talking cordially with a friend.
Chiang Kai-shek's continuous and insanity against the Communists over the past few years led Chairman Mao to lead the Red Army in an arduous twenty-five-thousand-mile long march, causing our Party to lose many outstanding talents, causing Chairman Mao's wife, He Zizhen, to produce under extremely difficult conditions, causing them to lose several children. Chairman Mao put down all these things in the face of the overall situation.
It was precisely because Chairman Mao had such a broad mind that he would persuade Chiang Kai-shek bitterly that the Chinese people would burst out with boundless strength of unity and win the great victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan.
Hearing the broadcast of the Japanese surrender, many Chinese couldn't even believe it. Someone bought the newspaper, watched it repeatedly, confirmed it several times, and then rejoiced, ran to the street and jumped and jumped, and for a while did not know how to celebrate.
Chiang Kai-shek
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="95" > compare the positions of the other party</h1>
As soon as the Japanese side announced its surrender, Chiang Kai-shek began to act. On the one hand, on August 11, he urgently sent a telegram to Peng Dehuai and Zhu De, asking their group army to "stand by" and not to "act without authorization." Deprived them of the right to accept the surrender of the Japanese army.
On the other hand, Chiang Kai-shek could not wait to send Chairman Mao three telegrams in a row, strongly requesting Chairman Mao to go to Chongqing for negotiations.
Although he knew that Chiang Kai-shek did not have good intentions, for the sake of the overall situation and to avoid the recurrence of gun smoke at home, Chairman Mao still chose to go to the appointment. Although US Ambassador Hurley used the US national character to guarantee Chairman Mao's personal safety in the negotiations in Chongqing, Chairman Mao still prepared for the worst, and even said bluntly: "I am ready to sit in the classroom."
After arriving in Chongqing, Chiang Kai-shek did not have the sincerity of negotiations, stood on high, and even wrote in his diary that "Mao Zedong really came at the call..." This sentence obviously did not treat the two parties with an equal heart. In this case, the negotiations will not go smoothly.
Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek was still not satisfied when the Communist Party continued to make concessions, recognized Chiang Kai-shek's leadership position, recognized the Kuomintang regime, and even abandoned the term "coalition government" and only demanded "participation in the government."
Hurley poses with Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek said that acknowledging the Liberated Areas is absolutely not feasible, and after the CPC has truly achieved the unification of military and government orders, it may consider inviting CPC personnel to serve as provincial personnel or provincial chairmen.
Even for Chairman Mao, Chiang Kai-shek intended to give the post of provincial chairman only. And it is in the case of a concession. Kuomintang insiders said Chiang Kai-shek was ready to send Chairman Mao to remote Xinjiang to serve as chairman of the Xinjiang government.
In the end, after constant bargaining and quarrelling, the two sides finally reached an agreement more than a month later and signed the Double Tenth Agreement. But all this is nothing more than Chiang Kai-shek's delay in time and preparations for "suppressing the Communists."
However, Chiang Kai-shek eventually made a mistake in his wishful thinking. As the heroic soldiers of the People's Liberation Army swept across the land of China like a whirlwind of clouds, Chiang Kai-shek was defeated and eventually retreated to Taiwan.
Although the Communist Party won the support of the people, Chairman Mao's attitude toward Chiang Kai-shek remained tolerant. Unlike the post that Chiang Kai-shek gave him as governor of Xinjiang, the post given to Chiang Kai-shek by Chairman Mao fully reflects his pattern and belly.
Chongqing negotiated Chairman Mao Chiang Kai-shek
In October 1956, Zhou Enlai said in a conversation that if Chiang Kai-shek was willing to liberate Taiwan peacefully, he would not be made a local governor, and would arrange for Taiwan to be under their control at the central level.
In November of the same year, Zhou Enlai led a delegation to visit seven east Asian countries, including India and Myanmar. While attending the welcome banquet prepared for him by India, a reporter asked about Taiwan. Zhou Enlai said: If Chiang Kai-shek has made a contribution, he can stay anywhere in China according to his own wishes.
A reporter asked: "Will he be given the position of minister?" Zhou Enlai laughed:
"The minister is a little too low, and the position given to Chiang Kai-shek will never be lower than the status of a premier of the State Council!"
Although these words were said by Zhou Enlai, they also represent chairman Mao's meaning. If there had been no consensus between them, Zhou Enlai, who had always been rigorous, would not have made such a statement on such an occasion.
Therefore, although they have been opponents for decades, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai and other Communists have great respect for Chiang Kai-shek and even admire him. Chiang Kai-shek, on the other hand, did not have such a mind when talking to foreigners about the Communists.
Nixon took off his coat for Premier Zhou
Nixon recalled: "Chiang Kai-shek has never shown them such respect in all his conversations with me. ”
Not only that, Chairman Mao also complained with virtue. In 1949, after the soldiers of the People's Liberation Army entered Xikou, Chairman Mao immediately ordered:
"When occupying Fenghua, we must warn the troops not to destroy Chiang Kai-shek's residences, ancestral halls, and other buildings!"
Although Chiang Kai-shek had already run to Taiwan at that time, the two sides of the strait were still one family, and Chairman Mao wanted to leave the roots of Chiang Kai-shek's homesickness.
Because of this order, Chiang Kai-shek's former residence has been well protected. Even during that particular period, there was no major damage. Later, the central government also specially allocated funds for the repair of Chiang Kai-shek's former residence.
However, many years ago, Chairman Mao's wife Yang Kaihui not only died under the guns of the Kuomintang, but also the ancestral grave of Chairman Mao's family was dug up many times by Chiang Kai-shek in retaliation.
In 1972, during a meeting with President Nixon, Chairman Mao even transcendently referred to Chiang Kai-shek as an "old friend." At that time, he took Nixon's hand and said humorously:
"Our old friend Chairman Jiang disagrees with this matter!"
Mao Zedong met with Nixon
This sentence very cleverly draws Chiang Kai-shek into the dialogue between China and the United States, and makes the relationship between the three parties clearer.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="99" > what Chairman Mao did after Chiang Kai-shek's death</h1>
The reason why Chairman Mao was so tolerant and generous to Chiang Kai-shek was, on the one hand, because of his temperament. On the other hand, it is also because both have the principle of "adhering to one China". For the sake of the overall situation, Chairman Mao was willing to put aside private issues. It is precisely because of this that Chairman Mao said:
"Whether It is good for Chiang Kai-shek to be president in Taiwan, or Hu Shi, or Chen Cheng, I think it is still Chiang Kai-shek. But in international cases, we will not go with him. As for being president or him... Ten or twenty years will change, and we can give him a little soldier, let him engage in espionage, engage in the Three People's Principles, and make a proper estimate of anything in history that should not be denied. ”
After the outbreak of the Korean War that year, the United States sent the Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait. On the grounds that the Communist Occupation of Taiwan would endanger the security of the Pacific region, he put forward the theory that "Taiwan's status is undecided."
At this time, Chiang Kai-shek hoped to borrow American troops to help him defend Taiwan. But he will never allow the Americans to succeed in their plot to separate Taiwan from China. Therefore, in the face of extreme contradictions, Chiang Kai-shek ultimately did not agree with this formulation of the United States and adhered to the one-China principle.
In order to show his attitude to the world, Chiang Kai-shek immediately asked Ye Gongchao to speak publicly:
"Taiwan is part of China's territory! China's sovereignty over Taiwan remains widely recognized by all countries. The Kuomintang accepted the U.S. defense plan, but this did not affect the Kuomintang's position on safeguarding China's territorial integrity! ”
Since then, no matter how the international situation has changed, Chiang Kai-shek has not changed this position. In 1974, South Vietnam took advantage of the special period in the country to send warships to invade the Yongle Islands in the Paracel Islands, and at the same time sent troops to occupy the two islands of Ganquan and Jinyin, and removed the five-star red flag on the island.
In the face of South Vietnam's offense, Chiang Kai-shek ordered people to issue a statement: The two islands of Ganquan and Jinyin are China's territory and cannot be violated! At the same time, when faced with a request from his subordinates on whether to intercept the Communist fleet that sailed south through the Strait, Chiang Kai-shek pondered for a long time and said only one sentence: "The war in xisha is tight!" ”
Obviously, Chiang Kai-shek did not make a mistake on this issue. He was also well aware of the Americans' little abacus. When he met with Japanese Prime Minister Sato that year, he said bluntly:
"The United States does not want to get involved in the vortex of 'counter-attacking the mainland', so it has two Chinese ideas, which want to make peace for a while." However, I absolutely oppose this idea of his, and the Communist Party of China will not accept it! It can only be an illusion. ”
Chiang Kai-shek in Taiwan
Chairman Mao also affirmed him of this, saying that he still had some conscience.
It is precisely for this reason that Chairman Mao has never given up communication with Chiang Kai-shek and wants to realize the reunification of the motherland at an early date through calm negotiations between the two sides. In the end, the two sides found a suitable middleman - Cao Juren.
Cao Juren was a patriot who was impartial to both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, had contacts with both sides, and was regarded as a guest of honor. Therefore, Cao Juren came to Beijing in July 1956 to brief Zhou Enlai on Chiang Kai-shek's wishes. Subsequently, Zhou Enlai proposed the "Third Kuomintang-Republican Cooperation." Chairman Mao soon received Cao Juren.
However, for historical reasons, the contact between the two sides was forced to break. It was not until 1972 that Chairman Mao again took the initiative to promote negotiations between the two sides (Cao Juren was dead). In October of that year, Chairman Mao asked the personnel who had gone to the United States to visit Gu Weijun, a Kuomintang man in New York, and sincerely invited the other party to come to the mainland to have a look.
Cao Juren
The following year, Chairman Mao asked Mr. Zhang Shizhao to take a special plane to Hong Kong to help the two sides communicate.
In this way, mr. Zhang Shizhao, who was 92 years old, accompanied by medical staff, nannies, secretaries and other people, boarded a plane to Hong Kong. With the efforts of Mr. Zhang Shizhao, the two sides finally got in touch again. Unfortunately, Zhang Shizhao died in Hong Kong shortly after due to fatigue.
However, Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek still did not give up continuing their efforts. Two years later, during the Spring Festival, Chiang Kai-shek secretly approached Chen Lifu and asked him to send An invitation to Chairman Mao to visit Taiwan through special channels in Hong Kong.
At this time, Chairman Mao was also making continuous efforts, and at his request, the Communist Party released all the Kuomintang war criminals on the mainland, including those who had not been reformed. And provided them with a generous subsidy of 100 yuan per person.
Moreover, Chairman Mao also said that they could go wherever they wanted. For those who want to stay, they will be assigned jobs according to the situation, and those who have lost the ability to work can be raised.
Chen Lifu
For those who want to return to Taiwan, they will not only help them to go back, but also give them enough travel expenses. If you are not satisfied with going back and want to come back again, you are always welcome. Such an attitude can be described as full of sincerity.
Seeing that everything is developing in a good direction, the reunification of the motherland seems to be close at hand. However, just as Chen Lifu was seeking to communicate with the Communist Party, Chiang Kai-shek died of a heart attack on April 5, 1975, and communication between the two sides was again interrupted.
After hearing the news of the death of Chiang Kai-shek, an old rival, the guards around Chairman Mao were extremely excited and quickly reported this "good news" to Chairman Mao.
But Chairman Mao not only did not have any joy, but even had a dignified face and a sense of loss. At that time, he only said "I know" and did not speak again.
It is reported that Chairman Mao later privately held a personal memorial service for Chiang Kai-shek. On that day, Chairman Mao did not seem to have even an appetite and ate only a little. Moreover, Zhang Yuangan's "Farewell Words" was also released all day. The room was full of funeral atmosphere.
Amnesty for war criminals
In addition, Chairman Mao also changed this poem a little. The original "lift up the great white, listen to the golden wisp" was changed to "Jun and go, do not care". It was as if I was saying a final goodbye to a good friend.
At this point, no one should be able to understand Chairman Mao's mixed feelings. As Communists, I hate Chiang Kai-shek for brutalizing our Party members. However, as a Chinese, he also appreciated Chiang Kai-shek's contribution to the anti-Japanese resistance and his resolute defense of one China.
Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek's death not only made Chairman Mao feel that he had lost a person worthy of admiration, but also made it impossible to realize the great cause of the reunification of the motherland as soon as possible.