Writers believe that "literature originates from life and is higher than life", those literati think that they have obtained the quality of text, in fact they are too confident, life is far richer than words, but also much more exciting, hanging a leak may overestimate them; official historians think that the old ancestor's song pen is a proper virtue, especially for His Holiness, for the official, do not know that under those so-called "rules", many real histories are drowned. However, those in power who live in the high hall sometimes completely ignore the feelings of the grassroots at the grass roots, and the people living at the bottom of society are in a chaotic world, which is really pitiful, and those who understand the mistakes often use "the heavens and the earth are not kind, and all things are dogs" to explain the pity and helplessness of weak and small lives. At the beginning of the eighteenth year of the Republic of China, the suffering of the people of Jingyang was the most annotated, saying that the northwest warlord Feng Yuxiang had appointed the governor of Jingyang County, whose name was Sun Guoqing, and when he consulted the literature, he did not know where his hometown was. When was he born and died? The important experience of shengping is also difficult to describe in detail, and the only fortunate thing is that there are still traces of his being a political Jingyang side. The movie "Let the Bullets Fly" tells that there are bandits who rob the official government and accuse themselves of being confused with the officials and the people under their rule as the county chief, which seems to be really wonderful and abnormal, but my Jingyang County Sun Guoqing, who is clearly the official of his parents, actually has bandit behavior, which is even more evil. For the sake of information, only record his words and deeds in Jing, and expect the people of Jing to remember forever.
I. Report on the National Day Relief of the People's Republic of China during the NianFeng Period
"Guanzhong District North Road Supervision and Relief Commissioner Shu Rang Submitted to the Supervision of jingyang disaster relief situation" (March 11, 18) "... The commissioner arrived in Jingyang on March 1... However, the county officials, gentry, and businessmen made serious preparations and actively carried out the work, and they were the first to start with the matters of the pingyu and the porridge factory, and the achievements were still considerable. The commissioner also consulted with the gentry and added emergency relief..."
"Li Minggao, Inspector of Jingyuan Relief Affairs, and Sun Guoqing, Chairman of Jingyang Relief Branch, investigate the disaster situation" (November 19, 1818) ... Sun Guoqing of The county met to follow the outline of the work, the details were for sure, the branch had done all kinds of things such as pingyu and charity, all of which were verified, and there were no drawbacks such as going up and down, and the investigation was too serious, most of the township houses were demolished, the family was bankrupt, the four walls were erected, the people lived in the ancient temple shed, the wives and children were sold, countless people died, more than 4,000 people died, more than 1,600 families fled, and more than 4,000 people ... The National Day is now the right county seal, there is the truth of being close to the people, depending on the people suffering from this disaster, sleeping and eating, want to save in time, the relief money is told, it is difficult to cook without rice... (Excerpt)
Since the beginning of the disaster in Jingyang in 1929, there was no way to transport grain from outside, because feng controlled the provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu, wars broke out, according to the above information, Sun Guoqing and his people should be from 1928 when the county seat of Jingyang was breached, that is, Jingyang. In March 29, the Shaanxi Relief Commissioner went to Jingyang to plan disaster relief, and after more than half of the time, Sun Guoqing should have been accused to the provincial government, and in November, Shaanxi fu sent Li Minggao and others to inspect the disaster relief situation, and conducted a special inspection of the accusation against The Governor of Sun County. What is strange is that Sun Guoqing has survived the "difficulties" and is instead considered by the commissioner to be "close to the people". The Jingyang disaster is still continuing, how to spend 192 according to the current data is still unknown, only clearly know that the county did not have a harvest in agriculture that year, the disaster situation continued to develop to a more serious level, but Sun Guoqing in the middle of the most serious winter, actually did a "big thing" in the history of Jingyang, raising funds to establish the Jingyang County People's Library. When a large number of victims died every day, he and Zhou Zhongdu, the relief director of Jingyang who specially adopted the poor, raised funds to buy books to enlighten the people's wisdom.
"Shaanxi Zhongshan Bao" 1930.1.10.2, "Since Sun Guoqing's governor of the county, sharp intentions have been new, and it has recently returned to the military ... □ to collect ancient editions of books, in order to spend no money, in the autumn of financial difficulties, in vain, just in time for the Commercial Press, out of 10,000 libraries, all-encompassing, its advertisements have been seen in the newspapers, to run a library, less money and more meritorious, long-cherished wishes can not be borrowed, so they raised funds to make an appointment, while appointing Zhou Zhongdu as the director of the people's library, preparing everything, and on the new Year's Day of the nineteenth year, in the Library of Xu Gong Ancestral Hall, recruited various organs, specially opened the inaugural meeting cloud. ”
In the year of the famine, the shrewd and capable Governor Sun County, on the one hand, helped the victims of the disaster, personally entered the people, and asked for warmth; on the other hand, he developed cultural undertakings and enlightened the people's wisdom. It seems that there is no problem in all aspects, but the disaster situation in Jingyang County from 1928 to the end of 1930 seems to be much more serious, only the fourth paragraph of the national map "Compilation of Relief Materials", how the governor of Sun County, the reader himself:
"'Jingyang Disaster Situation' December 18 ... Recently, according to yao Yitingjun, the county's relief director, who came to the province and talked about the results of Yi's own investigation in various places, more than 60,000 victims had starved to death in the whole territory of Jingyang, and all over the eastern and southwestern areas had fled to a few places, and there were only ruins in deserted villages, and there were few people in twenty or thirty miles..."
In September 1930, Cai Xiongting (one of the members of the disaster inspection team organized by various newspapers): "The disaster situation in the whole county is the heaviest in the northeast, the autumn is half a hammer, the harvest is less than 20%, the two corpses are hungry on the side of the road, they have not been buried, the middle class is above, because they have no age, they are demolished and sold for easy food, forty-five out of ten, the graves of rich families, all of them have been stolen and excavated." The description was sent to the Shanghai Daily, and then the trip to the Sanyuan and Dali areas, and then sent back a telegram with the following description: "Dead bodies on the side of the road are not uncommon, nearly Sanyuan, occasionally feel strange smells and touch the nose, are the corrupt people who are starving in the mass grave, Jingyang Gaoling and other counties are roughly the same as Sanyuan, the autumn harvest is less than 20%, less than one-tenth of the wheat is planted, and the deaths and escapees account for an average of half of the population of each county." ”
In 1930, the Jingyang County Relief Association sent a telegram to the Shaanxi Disaster Relief Association in Luping, saying: "Hunger and famine and robbery, with Weibei Jingyang as the most serious, the victims have no houses, no food, digging grass and filling the intestines, often diarrhea and diarrhea, going to winter snow several feet deep, lack of clothing and wages, freezing and starving the dead, since the beginning of spring, the widows have been begging for food, and the pillow of death has been killed." ”
In this five-year-long natural disaster that killed tens of thousands of people in Jingyang, Sun Guoqing can be called a "man-made disaster", and the direct result is that hundreds of disaster victims will die on the basis of natural disasters. In fact, the direct existence of the sun county magistrate and the like also had an immeasurable impact on the social order of Jingyang County in the 1930s.
2. The relationship between the governor of Sun County and the social order of Jingyang
When Sun County was in office, few people dared to expose his evil deeds, and when he fell with the Feng warlords, his evil consequences were highlighted one after another. Newspapers in Shaanxi Province have reported that their deeds have gradually become known to people, and the people of Jingyang hate him to the extreme, calling him "Sun Devil", saying that like the Japanese devils, they really belong to the flow of eating people and not spitting bones.
The report of the Northwest Culture Daily on November 6, 1931, was like a movie script, revealing the true face of Sun County's governor, who colluded with bandits, demanded bribes, indulged in his actions, and became the source of chaos in Jingyang. The text reads as follows: "... Eighteen years of famine, bandits colluded with the people, groups of people, often robbing people day and night, the average person knew that the bandit leader was Liu Junrui and Henan silversmith Wang Jiaoyun, and the other ruiwu were still unknown. In April and May, Liu Junrui was arrested, and people knew that his life was not guaranteed... Liu Bandit's henchmen actually colluded with The Henan merchant Zhang Tingchen with more gold. When Sun Guoqing was the governor of Chang County, he was corrupt and perverted the law, and he did no evil, Zhang Tingchen actually married Kunzhong with the county magistrate because of his township party relations, and he was in cahoots with the county magistrate, and Zhang Fu bribed the county magistrate Yang for eight hundred yuan, and was arrested by the giant bandits, Liu Junrui was able to get away with it, and after Liu Bandit was released from prison, he was even more arrogant and wanton, and he was slaughtered and poisoned by him in Chunhua and Jingyang Beixiang and other places! Liu Bandit was bribed by Zhang Tingchen to the county magistrate for two thousand yuan a month, so the county magistrate mostly ignored the local bandit cases, let alone hunted them down, and then the wings grew into wings and feathers, and gathered more, not only Liu Junrui was rampant in Jin Guiqingliu and so on... Ge Bandit, taking He Chaozhi as his confidant, will rob Yinyang clothes and send them to his home, He Cai Dun has a different heart, pretends to ask Ge Bandit to talk about secret tricks, Ge Bandit enters the circle, that is, he is captured and killed, and the head is released from the county to plug the mouths of the people... Zhang Tingchen was appointed as the director of the Shiqiao Town Public Security Bureau, and he took care of the bandits, while Zhang and Liu Bandit secretly colluded and exchanged voices, Liu Bandit robbed people and lost, Zhang Ji fraudulently used hidden guns to collude with bandits and other crimes, sent a team to arrest, detained him in prison, and was allowed to get out of prison after accepting bribes. (Excerpt)"
The first time I read the report, I couldn't help but be shocked, straight to the people to shoot the case, Jingyang has a county magistrate like this, why do I Jing people die? Later, it was found that follow-up reports, although the protagonist has changed, for Sun Guoqing County Governor is sufficient circumstantial evidence, the record is as follows:
Northwest Culture Daily, 1931.12.25.3: "Ju Yu Ma Junhui was twenty-eight years old... On the evening of June 18, 18th year of the Republic of China, Zhang Tingchen, the leader of the bandits, led a crowd of more than a dozen people, each holding a long and short fast gun, and surrounded the minzhuang, and the people were trapped in their homes, unable to get out, because they were desperately fighting with rifles... On the morning of the twenty-third day of this month, he ordered the gang of bandits to have long hair, hang their eyes to lead the way, and go straight to Minzhuangmeng... Later, Sun Guoqing, the county magistrate of this county, because he had a friendship relationship with Zhang Bandit, did evil from top to bottom, and acted in adultery, and every month Zhang Bandit bribed the county governor Yang 2,000 ... The county magistrate also recruited Zhang Bandit as the director of the public security sub-bureau of Shiqiao Town in this county; Zhang Bandit gained power, remembered his old vendetta, and even framed the people for harboring guns and led a team to arrest them; at that time, the people did not know the truth, mistakenly believed that the public security personnel, opened the door and invited in, the bandit entered the room, did not ask for innocence, tied the people up, forcibly took the car, carried them home, lynched and hanged, and was harshly demanding. Because of the pain of her son, the mother of the people did not hesitate to sell grain, and took measures to pay the bandit five hundred yuan to the ocean, and then opened the Tobacco And Soil Account of Miao Baoyuan in Shiqiao Town, and the Chen Dahong Meat Restaurant Rice Money County, a total of three hundred yuan, Zhang Bandit began to release the people, cursed Zhang Bandit, the bandit nature did not change, the greed did not die, had to put the people to death, and instigated the party henchmen Prince He, who carried pistols everywhere every day to seek revenge on the people... On the morning of the twenty-eighth day of the twenty-eighth month of the year, he led his henchmen to carry out the robbery with great fanfare, and on the first day of the first month of the nineteenth year, he led thirteen members of the party in daylight, carrying twelve long guns and four short guns, and plundered again, robbed the people's homes, snatched three suitcases, and seven bags, and when he went, he took one rifle and one saber with him, and when he went, he took the people's back gun and a saber with him, and the governor of Housun County was dismissed from his post, and Zhang Bandit lost his trust, knew that he was not lawless, and absconded without knowing where he was going. ”
Zhang Tingchen, the most powerful subordinate of Sun County, was very arrogant, daring to suppress the rebel Ma Junhui with an open flame four times, and finally Ma Mou avoided the disaster of Sanyuan, but he could not calm his mentality, and his people were so disgusting that after Sun Guoqing left his post, the evil party left behind could still harm one side, and there was no scruple. According to follow-up reports, Sun Guoqing formed a gang with the gentry of Jingyang, who was known as the "Eight Brothers" at the time, and could also protect the officials and gentry in the political arena of Jingyang, Ma Junhui had a friend named Zhao Huairen, who was a member of the county public security bureau, and after capturing Zhang Tingchen, he was thrown into prison again, which shows how bad the political ecology of Jingyang is. The Xi'an Daily (July 29, 1932) specifically explains the relationship between Zhang Tingchen and Sun Guoqing, and its article is as follows:
“...... At that time, the acting county magistrate was Sun Guoqing, who greeted the power with kindness, his subordinates were stable, and he had been in Jing for several years, and he did no evil, and now Zhang Jianxun, who was detained in Jingyang County, was detained as a merchant of a city well, and he was in harmony with Sun Yi, and he first wrapped up the tobacco paste of the whole county, took the opportunity to make a fortune for Sun Lang, personally made a big fuss, ran amok, and all the merchants who did not agree with their own wishes, that is, they were forbidden or punished, the official law was privately owned, the shopkeepers were all pawns, there was nowhere to control white, there was no place to hide, it was Zhang Jianxun (that is, Zhang Tingchen), who had been together for a long time, who was adulterous, and so he was indiscriminately charged with the public security bureau chief of Shiqiao Town. After his appointment, yi was unscrupulous, and when he saw the wealth, he had evil thoughts, falsely accused liang of being a bandit, and even sold the law to get the wealth, such as falsely accusing Ma Junhui of being taken to a detention center and accepting a bribe of four hundred yuan. The evil deeds of the bandits and the people (such as the prince who released the bandits and the head of the public security bureau) at that time showed the eyes and ears of the people...".
"Northwest Culture Daily" 1932.1.28.3 "According to Yun: When Sun Guoqing was changjing, Zhang Tingchen was the first important person in the county, so the major gentlemen in the county did not tend to be inflammatory, and competed to make friends, that is, the eight brothers at that time were also sensational. Although Zhang zhang has not lost a penny due to the outbreak of the old case, and because of the mutual promotion relationship between the gentlemen and bandits in the past, remembering the previous situation, there should also be a "rabbit dead fox sorrow", so Zhang can get away with it, and his family assets can also be safely preserved. Now that Zhang has escaped, this case is still not understood, because Ma Mou has a heavy vendetta and is not thoroughly investigated, I am afraid that he will not be able to give up and rest in the clouds. ”
Sun Guoqing, as the head of a county, herds hundreds of thousands of Jingyang people, did not know at all about seeking the well-being of the people under his rule, but instead used the people as the source of their wealth, colluded with the bandits to divide the fat, and indulged in bandits to seek wealth and kill, so that under the county magistrate, there was a group of unscrupulous gentlemen who waved the flag as evil. Ma Junhui and Zhao Huairen were originally public officials, and they could not be exempted, and the suffering of ordinary people could be imagined.
After Sun Guoqing left Jingyang, he inquired into the archives in many ways, and it is not known what the end was; Zhang Tingchen's later ending was not found, whether he was arrested by the Shaanxi government and brought to justice, or whether he was at large. Although ninety years have passed now, the nightmare of eighteen years of famine still hangs over the hearts of the people of Jingyang, and now the people who write history may forget the governor of Sun County, consult the history of Jingyang County and the introduction of literature and history, and there is no Sun County Governor, which is a pity, and the close-up article is recorded.
concentrate:
1. Liu Junrui A native of the northwestern township of Benjingyang, Mr. Feng Riqian's "Red, White, and Black in the Troubled World" has several strokes, and it is said that he had friends with individual members of the Northern Guerrilla Brigade before the establishment of Wei, and in 1931 he was absorbed by Bi Meixuan's department, and it is said that he later robbed and was finally arrested and shot. His words and deeds are still circulating in the second town of Qiaowang today.
2. Those who are officially called "bandits" by the Kuomintang in the quotation should be treated with caution. The author does not agree that all those who rebel against the Rulers of the Kuomintang are called "righteous soldiers", the key is to see what he has done to the ordinary people, and it seems that it is not improper to call those who harm the ordinary people on one side as bandits.
3. Zhang Tingchen Most of the reports are this name, Zhang Jianxun is also this person, and the two should be the relationship between words and numbers.
Resources:
1. "A Piece of The Disaster situation in Jingyang", December 18, selected from the National Map "Compilation of Relief Materials of the Republic of China ∙ Part IV"
2. "Li Minggao, Inspector of Jingyuan Relief Affairs, and Sun Guoqing, Chairman of Jingyang Relief Branch, investigate the disaster situation" is selected from the above
3. "Telegram to the Shaanxi Disaster Relief Society in Luping", 1930, selected from ibid
4. Northwest Culture Daily, 1931.11.6, 1931.12.25.3, 1932.1.28.3 National Map Literature
5. Xi'an Daily, 1932.7.29 National Map Literature
6. "Red, White and Black in a Troubled World" Feng Riqian