1 Scope
This regulation stipulates the production environment of green food rapeseed, sowing preparation, full turning and returning of rice straw to the field, planting technology, pest and weed control, harvesting, storage, production waste treatment and production files.
2 Normative references
The following documents are essential for the application of this document. Where a reference is dated, only the dated version applies to this document. For undated references, the most recent version of the document (including all change orders) applies to this document.
GB 4407.2 Seeds of cash crops – Part 2: Oilseeds
NY 414 低芥酸低硫苷油菜种子
NY/T 391 Green food - Environmental quality of the place of origin
NY/T 393 Green food - Guidelines for the use of pesticides
NY/T 394 Green food - Guidelines for the use of fertilizers
NY/T 500 Straw Crushing and Returning Machine Work Quality
NY/T 658 Green Food Packaging General Guidelines
NY/T 1056 Green food storage and transport guidelines
3 Origin environment
The environment of the place of origin should comply with the provisions of NY/T 391: select areas with good ecological environment and no pollution; The soil is loose and fertile, convenient for drainage and irrigation, far away from industrial and mining areas and highways and railway trunk lines, and avoids pollution sources.
4 Preparation for sowing
4.1 Field preparation
Priority is given to paddy fields for planting rapeseed. 12~15 days before mechanical harvesting of rice in the previous stubble, drainage and drying of the field.
4.2 Breed selection
Choose rapeseed varieties with high yield, dense tolerance, disease resistance, lodging resistance, and approved or registered. The quality of the seeds is in accordance with the provisions of NY 414, and the quality is in accordance with the provisions of GB 4407.2. You can choose Sichuan oil 36, Rongyou 18 and other varieties.
4.3 Stubble arrangement
Rice was preferentially selected for the previous crop, and rice-rape rotation was implemented, and varieties were reasonably matched. The rape was cultivated in direct seed, and the harvest period of the previous rice was no later than late September.
4.4 Fertilizer management
The rice straw should be fully crushed and returned to the field, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be reduced as appropriate. Generally, the field can be applied with a one-time bottom application of special slow-release fertilizer for full nutrient rape, and the seedlings should be topdressed 20 d~25 d before wintering, and the fertilizer application should comply with the provisions of NY/T 394.
5. The rice straw is fully turned and returned to the field
5.1 Harvesting Machinery Requirements
The semi-fed crawler combine harvester with straw crushing and throwing device is selected.
5.2 Rice straw returning operations
The rice is mechanically harvested after yellow ripening. The height of stubble is required to be 20 cm~25 cm, and the length of straw crushing is 10 cm~15 cm. Control the speed of the harvester to ensure that the straw is crushed and evenly spread on the field. After the rice is harvested, the rapeseed direct seeding machine operation is selected to complete the joint operation of multiple processes such as deep rotation of 20 cm~25 cm, stubble extermination, straw turning and returning to the field, ditching, furrowing, sowing, fertilization and suppression. The qualified rate of straw crushing is more than 90%, there shall be no straw accumulation in the field, no missing cutting, and the straw returned to the field meets the requirements of NY/T 394 and NY/T 500.
6 Cultivation techniques
6.1 Sowing period
The suitable sowing period for direct seeding rape is from late September to early October.
6.2 Seeding amount
The individual growth of direct seeding rape is insufficient, and the rapeseed is easy to hang the roots and die seedlings in the overwintering period after the straw is turned and returned to the field, so the planting density should be appropriately increased. Proper dense planting can also effectively inhibit the occurrence of weeds and sclerotinia sclerotinia in farmland.
The sowing amount per mu was increased by 0.05 kg~0.10 kg on the basis of the conventional dosage, and adjusted according to the sowing date and 1000-grain weight. Sowing from late September to early October, the seed dosage per mu is 0.30 kg~0.35 kg, to ensure that the basic seedling requirements of 30,000~35,000 plants per mu during the wintering period are met; On this basis, if the sowing date is delayed by about 5 days, the sowing amount per mu will increase by 25 g~30 g. The sowing rate should be increased in low-lying fields and plots with poor moisture conditions.
6.3 Sowing and fertilizing
The rapeseed seeding machine was selected to complete the joint operation of multiple processes such as deep rotation of 20 cm~25 cm, stubble extermination, straw turning and returning to the field, ditching, furrowing, sowing, fertilization and suppression.
When sowing, sowing should be carried out in accordance with the width and narrow row configuration of 25 cm wide row and 15 cm narrow row, and the sowing depth should be controlled at about 1.0 cm~2.0 cm according to the weather, and appropriate suppression should be carried out to promote the contact between seeds and soil and improve the seedling emergence rate in the field.
底肥每亩施N-P2O5-K2O-微量元素含量为25%-7%-8%-5%的全营养油菜专用缓释肥35 kg～40 kg。
After sowing, clean up the "three ditches", and the depths of the compartment ditch, waist ditch and surrounding ditch reach 15 cm~20 cm, 20 cm~25 cm, and 25 cm~30 cm respectively, so as to ensure that the three ditches are matched and the ditches are connected, and there is no water accumulation on the compartment surface, which can reduce the damage of sclerotinia in the later stage.
6.4 Top dressing
The use of top dressing should comply with the provisions of NY/T 394. 20d~25 d before the wintering period, the defertilized fields grabbed moisture and rain, and 5.0 kg~7.5 kg of urea was sprinkled per mu.
7. Pest and weed control
7.1 Major diseases, insects and weeds
The main diseases in the direct seeding rape field are sclerotinia sclerotinia disease, and root swelling disease needs to be prevented and controlled in some areas. The main insect pests are cabbage insects and aphids. The main grass damage is gramineous weeds and broad-leaved weeds.
7.2 Principles of prevention and control
In accordance with the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control", adhere to the principle of "agricultural control, physical control, biological control, supplemented by chemical control".
7.3 Prevention and control measures
7.3.1 Agricultural control
In the fields with root swelling disease, comprehensive measures such as planting disease-resistant varieties, avoiding continuous cropping with cruciferous vegetables, reasonable dense planting, combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, deep tillage and drying, and cultivation of strong seedlings can improve the disease resistance of rapeseed and reduce the harm of root swelling disease. If the varieties resistant to root swelling disease are planted, the sowing date is delayed by about 10 days compared with the conventional sowing date, which can stagger the peak incidence of root swelling disease and effectively reduce the occurrence of root swelling disease. Returning rape straw to the field and implementing water-upland rotation can effectively reduce the occurrence of sclerotinia sclerotinia disease. Reasonable dense planting, planting density should be 3.0~35,000 plants/mu, combined with the method of cultivating loose soil to inhibit the occurrence of grass damage.
Spraying rape leaves with 1%~3% superphosphate solution at the beginning of the oviposition of adult cabbage insects can reduce the amount of eggs on the plant by 50%~70%, and has the effect of foliar fertilization.
7.3.2 Physical control
Clean the farm, kill the pupa of cabbage insects, and reduce the source of the next generation of insects. During the larval peak period, they are caught manually in the early morning when the dew is not dry, or they are netted when the adults are active.
Hang 20 ~ 30 pieces / mu of yellow board with a size of 30cm × 60cm evenly in the field, evenly smear butter on the yellow board, trap and kill winged adult aphids, and the hanging height of the yellow board should be 40cm ~ 50cm higher than the plant.
7.3.3 Biological control
Brassica cabbage: spray 800 times of microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis emulsion and powder (containing 10 billion live spores per gram) before the third instar of the larvae, and the application time is 2~5 days earlier than the appropriate control period, and avoid strong light, low temperature, heavy rain and other adverse weather; or 2.5% spinosad suspension 1000 times ~ 1500 times liquid spray control, the application time is about 3 days earlier than that of ordinary insecticides. Or use the plant-based insecticide 1% azadirachtin aqueous agent 800 times ~ 1000 times liquid spray.
Aphids: protection of natural enemies or artificial breeding release of aphid cocoon bees, grass lacewings, aphid flies, a variety of ladybugs and aphid molds, etc. can reduce aphid damage, release 3500 aphid cocoon bees per mu of field, control aphids effect is better, during the period should not hang sticky insect board and insecticidal lamp, to create a good living environment for natural enemies.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: When sowing rapeseed, the biocontrol bacterium Scutellus sclerotinia wettable powder is evenly covered on the surface or with irrigation water to the root area of rapeseed, or sown to the rape field with seed dressing, so as to decay the sclerotia in the soil, inhibit the germination of sclerotia, and realize the integration of sclerotinia and sowing; At the early flowering stage of rapeseed, spray shield mold wettable powder evenly on the aerial parts of rapeseed. When harvesting rapeseed, spraying compound biological agents (Trichoderma, etc.) on rapeseed straw can decompose sclerotia and reduce the number of bacterial sources in the field. Generally, a spray application device can be installed on the combine harvester to realize the integration of rape harvesting, straw returning and sclerotinia prevention and control.
7.3.4 Chemical control
Before sowing, select high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue seed coating agent for seed dressing or seed coating, and the dosage of seed coating agent should not exceed 2% of the seed amount. The selection of 70% thiamethoxam seed coating agent can effectively reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases.
During the key period of Spodoptera exigua control, when the number of 100 insects in the field reaches 20~40, it needs to be controlled, or chemical control can be carried out when the butterfly is damaged during the flowering stage.
Aphid control should be applied at the seedling stage, budding stage and flower horn stage. When the rate of aphid plants at the seedling stage and budding stage reaches more than 10%, and the rate of aphid branches at the flower angle stage reaches 10%, the control is carried out.
When the flowering rate of the main stem of rape is 90%~100%, the rate of leaf disease is about 10%, and the middle and lower stems and leaves of the plant are applied in time. In areas where rape is planted in a contiguous area and has a large area, drones can be considered for aircraft spraying.
The use of the above pesticides shall comply with the provisions of NY/T 393. Strictly follow the safe application interval of pesticides, and refer to Appendix A for specific chemical use of diseases, insects and weeds.
8 Harvest
When the middle and upper stems of the plant are obviously green, and the horn fruit is yellow, it can be harvested mechanically, so that it can be harvested, bundled, pulled, and piled up, and stacked for 4~5 days after harvest to promote ripening, and then threshing, drying, and storage. In areas with conditions, rapeseed combined harvesting should be used to harvest, and the processes of cutting, stem separation, threshing, and rapeseed cleaning can be completed at one time.
9 Storage
When the moisture content of rapeseed grains is less than 8%, the bag is put into storage. Storage facilities, surrounding environment, health requirements, warehousing, stacking, etc. shall meet the requirements of NY/T 1056.
10 Disposal of production waste
In the production process, pesticides, inputs and other packaging bags are collected for harmless treatment, rape straw is crushed and returned to the field at the same time as harvesting, and the field is appropriately irrigated in advance, and rice is planted preferentially, which can reduce the number of sclerotia.
11 Production Files
Producers should establish production files to record varieties, fertilization, pest and weed control, harvesting and field operation management measures; All records should be true, accurate, standardized, and traceable; Production files should be kept by special personnel and counters for at least 3 years.
Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
List of chemical control of major diseases, insects and weeds in green food rapeseed production
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Source: Qionglai Agriculture