The Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (National Academy of Administration) Library and Culture Center has rich resources of ancient books, Lantai stone room, full of dazzling colors, many special collections, and precious value. This article selects rare and well-bound rare books in the library's collection, illustrates them, and illustrates them with pictures and texts for readers to enjoy.
Overprinting Overprint, that is, brushing on the same page to present a variety of colors, red, black two colors of vermilion ink overprint is the most common, in addition to three-color, four-color or even five-color, six-color overprint, it makes the book present a colorful appearance, very beautiful. Overprinting technology has appeared since the Yuan Dynasty, at the end of the Ming Dynasty "since the middle of Wanli, to the end of Chongzhen, fifty years," the atmosphere of overprinting books has been endless, among which the overprints of the two families of Min Qiling and Ling Mengchu in Wucheng County are the most well-known, and a variety of exquisite overprints in the collection are from these two printing workshops.
In the forty-fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1616), Min Qi engraved the vermilion ink overprint "Tan Gong"
In the forty-eighth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1620), Min Qiling engraved a three-color overprint of "Chu Ci"
During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573-1620), Ling Mengchu's Zhu Mo overprint "Su Changgong Table"
In the twenty-fourth year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1685), the five-color overprint of the "Imperial Selection of Ancient Wenyuanjian" contains the comments of the predecessors, the annotations made by 11 people, including the Kangxi Imperial Approval and Xu Qianxue, and the Wuying Hall of the Inner Mansion was issued with a five-color overprint. Its engraving, coloring, printing are extremely fine, Zhu, ink, yellow, blue, green five colors are bright and gorgeous, reflecting the high level of multi-color overprinting technology in the early Qing Dynasty. Before the invention of the folding printing press, books were mainly copied on silk and paper, in the form of long scrolls, with a wooden shaft installed at the left end, which was unfolded when reading and usually rolled up. If you want to consult the middle and back parts of the scroll, you need to open it from the beginning, and then roll it up after reading it, some large books are like Buddhist scriptures that accumulate hundreds of thousands of words at every turn, and the use of scroll binding, it is time-consuming and laborious to read. In the Tang Dynasty, Buddhist believers who had suffered a lot from flipping through the books, inspired by the Indian Sanskrit folders, folded the scroll-bound Buddhist scriptures evenly left and right according to a certain number of lines and widths, and glued the book covers to the front and back, making them books that could be read at any time, which greatly facilitated reading. Because it is folded repeatedly, it is called "folding book" and "folding book", its characteristics of being easy to read, quite popular with religious people, the Buddhist scriptures and Taoist collections are engraved in the past dynasties and the Taoist collection mostly adopt this binding form, and the folding and book slips are also often used in this form.
Ming Yongle Beizang's "Decision on Tibet" in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty (1403-1424) Inner House original, the cover is covered with silk, red clouds and black background, decorated with golden Falun, Tuanlong, the back is a dark yellow silk surface, decorated with auspicious clouds and dragons, the decoration is gorgeous, the production is exquisite, the words are as big as money, the font is beautiful, it is a typical court version.
The diagram of Shakyamuni's statement at the beginning of the book shows the peak of engraving of religious engravings in the Ming court.
In the 33rd year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1907), the manuscript of the branch was originally folded and framed, with a wooden board for book cover, and cardboard for the backing paper. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the branch was reorganized from the old household department, similar to the modern Ministry of Finance, and at this time, one of the "five foreign ministers" of the imperial family, Zaize was appointed as the minister of the branch.
After the popularization of manuscript engraving printing, a considerable number of ancient books were still copied. After the Song and Yuan dynasties, the meaning of the manuscript is no longer equivalent to the ordinary manuscript, but specifically refers to the books that circulated in handwritten form when the book was written, such as some large books in the inner government that were not engraved, but only passed down in the form of manuscripts, such as the "Yongle Canon" in the Ming Dynasty, the "Siku Quanshu" in the Qing Dynasty and the actual records of the previous dynasties. In addition, some private manuscripts that were copied meticulously and neatly and did not have other copies in circulation are often classified as manuscripts.
The Qing Inner Mansion Red Silk Book "Qing Shi Lu" and "Qing Shi Lu" have two kinds of large and small editions, and the letter book is covered with yellow and red silk satin. Among them, the small yellow silk book is a manuscript that is submitted to the emperor for review at any time during the editing process, and is stored in the cabinet record database. After the approval of the Imperial Review, the large and small red silk books were copied. There are two big red silk books, one is stored in the Emperor's Palace, and the other is stored in the Shenyang Forbidden City; There are two small red silk books, one is stored in the Qing Palace for the imperial view, and the other is stored in the cabinet record library for review. The collection of "Records of Emperor Mu Zongyi of the Great Qing Dynasty" and "Records of Emperor Dezong Jing of the Great Qing Dynasty" are two kinds of small red silk books, as the book of the Imperial Reading, the decoration materials are exquisite, the dragon and phoenix cloud pattern red silk writing, the inner page is surrounded by bilateral silk columns, ink pen regular script, and the handwriting is fine.
In the ninth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1859), Shao Ziyi Hall examination paper, this volume is a relatively special manuscript document. Anhui Taiping Gongshi Shao Ziyi is erudite and good at writing, and has a great advantage in the Qing Dynasty palace examination that focuses on calligraphy, and has won the first place in the second class, but he missed the special introduction of Emperor Xianfeng in the Qianqing Palace, and was demoted to the end of the third class according to the practice of "delaying the first grade", and fell from the fourth place in the top to the 180th place in the last place. In the Qing Dynasty, there were only three people who lost their rankings because they could not be seen, except for the two who were punished when the regulations were first formulated in the Qianlong period, there was only one Shaw Brothers who knowingly committed crimes, so this palace examination paper can be described as a different kind of preciousness. Although Shao Ziyi lost his reputation in the palace examination, he performed well in the re-examination and the court examination, and after the comprehensive results of the three subjects, he was still retained as a Beijing official, unlike some Jinshi with ordinary qualifications, who could only be released to the county, and later served as the prefect of Jiujiang and Jianchang in Jiangxi. When he took office in Jiujiang, Zeng Guofan praised him for "being well-organized, knowledgeable in everything, and not long in office, and the initial government was already prudent", which shows his excellent talent.
In the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915), Zhu Silan's fine manuscript "Juren Journal" In the early years of the Republic of China, the internal history supervisor of the Beiyang government followed the example of the former Qing emperor's banquet and invited the famous Confucianism at the end of the Qing Dynasty to be hired as the internal history. The collection of three volumes of fine manuscripts was written by Wang Shoupeng (29th year of Guangxu, 1903), Liu Chunlin (30th year of Guangxu, 1904) and Zheng Yuan (20th year of Guangxu, 1894), the champions of the late Qing Dynasty. The three of them are all proficient in calligraphy, and the last champion Liu Chunlin is even more respected by the world for his small letters, so although the historical value of this book is not very high, the copying of the handwriting is very worthy of appreciation. Butterfly costume "History of the Ming Dynasty: Art and Literature" contains: "The books of the Secret Pavilion are all left behind by the Song and Yuan Dynasty, and they are all exquisite. The installation is folded upside down, and the surrounding area is extroverted, and the insects and mice cannot be damaged. The binding method of "folding upside down and facing outward" mentioned here is a popular form of book binding called butterfly binding in the Song and Yuan dynasties.
Butterfly costume prevailed in the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, it is to take the side of the book leaf with words as the standard, fold it in half face to face and stick the back of the book page by page, and then use a piece of hard paper as the front and back cover, after opening the book leaf to the two sides of the separation, like a butterfly spreading its wings and flying, so it is called a butterfly suit. After the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the butterfly costume basically withdrew from the binding stage, and only retained in some books such as paintings and chess games that needed to be displayed in full editions.
During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty (1796-1820), the Mustard Seed Garden Painting Biography and the Mustard Seed Garden Painting Biography are divided into three parts: the first collection, the second collection, and the third collection, which are classic textbooks of traditional Chinese painting and a compulsory book for people to learn painting. Since the early Qing Dynasty, it has been continuously reprinted for future generations. The collection of "Three Collections of Mustard Seed Garden Paintings" is a five-color overprint of the Jinling Tongwentang edition in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, with a wide opening, specially framed as a butterfly with a bag back for the display of flowers, with a five-color overprint, elegant engraving, and exquisite engraving.
Because the butterfly book opening is easy to wear, the space around the layout is often designed to be particularly wide. In the sixteenth year of Ming Zhengde (1521), the library reprinted the text of Chao Qian's book "Between the Flowers" of the Southern Song Dynasty. Movable type A movable type book refers to a book that is typeset with movable type. According to the different raw materials for the manufacture of movable type, it can be divided into clay, magnetic, wood, copper, tin, lead movable type and other categories. Among the ancient movable type printed books, clay, magnetic, and tin movable type books are very rare, and the handed down texts are mainly wooden movable type books and copper movable type books.
Ming Zhengde ten years (1515) copper movable type book "Art and Literature Gathering" Ming Hongzhi, Zhengde years, Wuxi Hua's, An's with copper movable type printing books, the font is ancient and clumsy, scarce, known as the treasure of the Tibetan world. The collection of "Art and Literature Gathering" is a zero kind of the copper movable type book of Yinlan Xuetang published by Hua Jian, a member of the Hua clan, as a living specimen of the copper movable type, which is very precious.
Among the movable type books, the wooden movable type book has the largest number and is the most common. In the Qing Dynasty, the Wuyingdian Collector's Edition book series was typeset with movable wooden type, which was the largest movable type printing project in the ancient history of the mainland. At that time, because the compilation of the "Siku Quanshu" was too long, the Qianlong Emperor ordered the Confucian ministers to edit the "Yongle Canon" in the scattered and simple zero articles and rare Song and Yuan rare books in the world, first printed and circulated, because the selected books are varied, the carving plate is not easy, so it was decided to use the jujube wood movable type set of plates, the book is printed. The series of books was printed by the Wuying Palace 300 copies, of which 40 were used by the royal family and the ministers, printed on white history paper, and the rest were printed on yellow bamboo paper, and sent to the provinces.
There are more than 20 kinds of zero kinds of Wuyingdian Collector's Edition book series in the collection, most of which are printed on bamboo paper, preceded by "Imperial Theme Wuyingdian Collector's Edition Ten Rhymes (Orderly)", Emperor Qianlong wrote a poem and wrote a preface, elaborating on the ins and outs of the birth of the "Wuyingdian Collector's Edition", and by the way, he blamed himself for not taking the copper movable type cast by Emperor Kangxi to recast the copper coin (in fact, it was recast the Buddha statue of Lama Temple, and Emperor Qianlong's memory was wrong). The lower end of the catalog page is also printed with the six characters of "Wuyingdian Collector's Edition", the font size is different, the staggered is obvious, the ink is fine, the black is shiny, it is the heirloom fine product in the ancient wooden movable type print.
Because of the abundant copper resources on the Korean Peninsula, copper movable type is prevalent, and many Korean copper movable type books have been circulated to China in modern times. The collection of the second year of Guangwu in the Joseon Dynasty (the 24th year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, 1898) cabinet bronze movable type book "Imperial Decree of the Emperor", stamped with the seal of "Treasure of Qinwen", imitated the seal of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the Joseon Dynasty established the Korean Empire in name only in the gap between the Japanese and Russian forces competing for the peninsula, and Joseon Gojong, as the so-called "founding emperor", deliberately imitated the etiquette system of the Ming Dynasty, "the etiquette and music rules, the clothing and crown system, the profit and loss of the Han, Tang and Song emperors, and the Ming Dynasty shall prevail", and imitated the lighting to make the "treasure of Qinwen" Zhu Wen Dafang seal, for the purpose of "books, literature and history". But the funny thing is that in fact, the Ming and Qing dynasties only had the "Seal of Qinwen" and not the "Treasure of Qinwen". At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, I don't know which historian mistakenly wrote the sentence "The treasure of the Qin Dynasty is used in books, literature and history, etc.", and it is likely that the Joseon Dynasty adopted the mistaken record in the "History of the Ming Dynasty" and cast the wrong seal.
In the eighth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty (1635), the inner house engraved the "Primary School Collection Notes" This book is the inner house engraved book, and there is Emperor Chongzhen's "Imperial Republication Primary School Preface" in front of the book, and the preface is at the end of the text and the front of the second volume of the volume, all of which are stamped with the seal of "Qinwen's Seal". The Tang people wrote the scriptures
Tang people wrote scriptures Buddhism was prevalent in the Tang Dynasty, and Buddhist classics were in great demand, and before the invention and popularization of printing, copying scriptures became the main way to spread Buddhist books. Through pious and frequent scripture writing activities, the Tang people left many handwritten scriptures for future generations. After modern times, a large number of ancient documents from the 4th to the 11th centuries have been found in the Dunhuang Tibetan Scripture Cave, of which more than 90% are hand-copied Buddhist classics in the Tang Dynasty, which is the most important part of the existing Tang people's scriptures. In addition to the royal scribes, there were also monastic monks and a large number of folk scribes. Some of these folk scribes are full-time scribes, and some are ordinary civilians, so the Tang people write scriptures in the style, grass, subordinate, seal, and are more popular, which can be called the culmination of ancient folk calligraphy, and has formed a special calligraphy genre - Tang people's scripture writing style.
Write the positive verses
The back of the scriptures shows a volume of the Tang scriptures in the museum's collection, which is a fragment of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, missing the beginning and end, and the front and back are copied with scriptures. The obverse text is neatly copied, and the content is the middle part of the Vimala Sutra translated by Kumarosh, starting with the fifth middle paragraph of Manjushri Asking Questions, and ending with the eighth part of the Buddha's Path. The back verse is crudely copied and the content is unverifiable. The paper used to write scriptures is hard yellow paper, which is a common paper used by Tang people to write scriptures. The Tang people soaked the paper in the tiller liquid, and used its medicinal properties to kill insects. The dyed paper is naturally yellow, with good toughness, strong transparency, insect resistance, and can be stored for a long time. People often say that "the paper longevity is 800 years of silk for a thousand years", and the Buddhist scriptures in the Dunhuang testament still exist in the world after thousands of years, which has a lot to do with the use of hard yellow paper. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the "Four Libraries" were opened, and the collection of books from all over the world was extensive, and the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book" was completed, and the by-product of the book repair, the "Four Libraries Library", also became a cherished ancient book in the world. "Siku Manuscript" refers specifically to the books that are included in the Siku Quanshu and used as transcriptions. At that time, there were a lot of books sent into the Siku Museum all over the country, except for a few rare and unique books, most of them had duplicate editions, and the Siku Pavilion only selected one of them as the base book, on which the proofreading, deletion, and annotation were carried out, and finally copied into the "Siku Quanshu", which was full of proofreading and annotations, "flower face manuscripts", in order to be called "Siku Original", and those who were sent to the Siku Museum at the same time, but were not selected to transcribe the books in the end, can only be called "Siku Collected into the book".
In the eighteenth year of Hongzhi of the Ming Dynasty (1505), Jiajing rebuilt the "Valley Quanshu" and "Valley Quanshu" is a collection of works by Huang Tingjian in the Northern Song Dynasty. The Siku Quanshu "Valley Collection" selects the Ming edition as the base book, and there are the proofreading of the Siku Librarian, as well as the Manchu and Han rectangular seals of the "Hanlin Academy Book Hall Guanfang", which contains a large number of proofreadings and clips, and the similarities and differences between the text of the Siku book "Valley Collection" after the book is written, and it can be seen that this book is indeed the base of the Siku.
In the twenty-second year of Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty (1543), he engraved the "Classification Supplement Li Taibai Poems" in the collection of "Classification Supplement Li Taibai Poems", and the first page was covered with a Manchu and Chinese rectangular seal of "Hanlin Academy's Book Hall Guanfang", which contained a clip to sign the correct and wrong errors, and it can be known that it is also the base of the four libraries. Among them, volume 29 and volume 30 are signed, and the title at the end of the signature is "Wu Xianzhen", and it can be seen that this person is a native of Taigu County, Shanxi, and in the 35th year of Qianlong (1770), he entered the Shanxi Provincial Township Examination Yakui (sixth place), and then entered the country to study, and should be selected to act as a transcription in the Siku Museum, so he signed himself in the book of the Siku Dynasty as "transcribing the supervisor Wu Xianzhen". The transcription of the Four Treasury is not an official official, and it needs to be "self-prepared to serve with an axe". Although he worked for the imperial court at his own expense, the candidates were still eager to be selected. The reason for this is that the officialdom was full at that time, and even if he was born as a jinshi, he might be waiting for many years and there was still no shortage to make up, and Emperor Qianlong issued an order to stop the "donation" of spending money to buy officials, and the road to office for "quasi-officials" became more and more crowded. As a transcription of the four libraries, it can be obtained through "discussion" after the expiration of five years, which can be described as a shortcut to the south, so it is highly favored. Although Wu Xianzhen was the sixth in the province's township test, he also actively joined the transcription army, and finally because of his meritorious work in repairing books, he was released to Lishui Zhi County in the 44th year of Qianlong and successfully landed.
Clip sticks pasted in the book
(3) Official paper printing The ancient paper production was small and the price was high, so in the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, there was a kind of "old things utilization" books, first disassembling the discarded official documents or private documents, printing the text of the book on the blank back, and then rebinding into a book, this special brush printing book, called the official paper print. The official paper print has a unique cultural and historical value, its front is a newly printed ancient book engraving, and the back is the original text of discarded archives and documents. Due to the binding, the back of the page cannot or should not be easily opened, so the content of the back document is generally unknown, and it is a hand-me-down document that has not been developed and used, and it is a good material material for the study of history.
The paper used in the Ming Dynasty official document paper "Wonderful Ancient and Modern" is the paper of the Ming Dynasty, with a Zhu silk bar, and there are Zhu Wen seals such as "Suzhou Mansion Confucianism Seal", "Taicang Prefecture Confucianism Record" and "Changzhou County Seal", and occasionally see the ink seal "Four Books of Scripture Discussion Table Judgment Policy". In the Ming and Qing dynasties, they tried to use scriptures, righteousness, theories, tables, judgments, and strategies. The paper used in the collection of printed copies is supposed to be a surplus of local Confucian examination papers, which were later bought by bookshops or private individuals to print books.
"Taicang Prefecture Confucianism" Zhu Yin
During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573-1620), the book "One Hundred and Three Collections of the Six Dynasties of the Han and Wei Dynasties" was printed on the paper of the household registration book of the Ming Dynasty, and the official document on the back mainly recorded the autumn grain and summer taxes of the people of Yingzhou Township, Fang and Li in Datong Prefecture, Shanxi Province during the Jiajing period (1522-1566), as well as the information of family members, etc., which has a certain original historical value. The seal is a book made of seals and seals. The recorded seals are generally copied and engraved with ancient seals of the past dynasties and private seals of famous artists.
In the first year of the Ming Dynasty (1621), the "History of the Emperor's Seal" was printed in 4 volumes, engraved with the names of the emperors, generals, and literary cloth clothes of the Ming Dynasty, and a total of 584 square meters, each printed annotation and small biography. Seal carver Shao Qian (1581-1666) in historiography quite attained, but depressed all his life, "Emperor Ming Seal History" is his "want history but can not history" of the creation of the product, through the "use of the seal to write history" art form, the 584 square seals engraved into a Ming Dynasty biography, become the earliest historiographical thematic print. The high artistic value and the small number of surviving books have made this book always attract the attention of the Tibetan community.
What is even more precious is that this book is still a trial copy, and the ink of the publisher's correction is left in the book. As shown in the picture above, the positions of Wang Shouren and He Jingming's seals are reversed, and the reviewer annotates on them that "He Jingming's and Wang Shouren's seals should be exchanged", prompting the engraving to be corrected. In ancient times, before the book was engraved into the official release, a number of samples would be printed out for correcting the text, testing the quality of the engraving and the printing effect, and if there was dissatisfaction or the need to modify the place, it was marked on the sample, so that the engraver could re-revise the edition until it was finalized, and the books printed in this process were called trial prints, generally only a few more than ten copies, and those that could be passed on to future generations were even rarer. As a trial copy of rare ancient books of the Ming Dynasty, this book can be preserved to this day, which can be described as precious.
Comparing the trial copy (left) in the collection with the definitive copy (right) in the collection of the National Atlas on the same page, it can be seen that the seals of He Jingming and Wang Shouren have been significantly different from the original engraving after the engraving was re-engraved, in addition to correcting the errors pointed out by the proofreading. Beginning in the late Ming Dynasty, after the book plate was engraved, some printers liked to try to print a small amount of eye-catching and expensive red and blue colors first, so as to facilitate the inspection of the ink and correct the errors, and then officially print with ink. Among them, the blue copy is mostly proofread and revised by craftsmen, so it also produces the words "blueprint" and "blueprint". This kind of engraving because it is the first attempt of the new edition, the calligraphy and painting must be clear, the layout is beautiful, and the development is later, more with the above good paper, exquisite binding, to feed relatives and friends, because the overall printing is not much, the surviving blue print is very rare, so it is cherished by the world.
In the forty-seventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1619), "Enlun Lu" this book was collected when he was appointed as the right of Shaanxi Province to participate in politics, Tao Min soldiers prepared Bi Ziyan's grandparents, parents, and his own wife and three orders, which is the Bi family engraved book, in order to show the honor and status of the family, the expensive blue pigment was specially selected to be printed into a blue print.
In the twenty-seventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1599), Enxian County was an old county in Shandong Province, which was placed in the early Ming Dynasty, revoked in 1956, and was assigned to the three counties of Pingyuan, Xiajin and Wucheng. The collection of "Enxian Chronicles" on the Qing Dynasty Manchu and Han Zhu Yin "Enxian Seal" should be the collection of Enxian County Ya. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was popular to use blue printing to print the chronicles, and this book should be engraved in the Ming Dynasty, and it was stored in the county government as a library book after it was printed.
In the third year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1877), the blue print of the "Zeng Wenzheng Gongshu" at the end of the Qing Dynasty began to increase with the reduction of the cost of pigments, and the printing began to increase, like the "Zeng Wenzheng Gongshu" shown in the picture above, which has become more common, and because it is closer to this generation, the blue font is more eye-catching than the Ming version. Soon after, in the early years of the Republic of China, red and blue prints gradually became fashionable, and people often printed and published their own poetry collections, or ancestors, village sages or beloved works, etc., with red and blue brushes, compared with the Ming and Qing dynasties, the degree of preciousness is not the same.