Hello everyone, I'm Brother Xue. The types of cameras are becoming more and more abundant, and various manufacturers have also launched various names, so you must often hear various terms such as infrared, starlight, and black light, which may occasionally be confused. So what do these terms mean? Let's take a look at common nouns and what they mean.
1. What specifications affect the IPC image effect?
Before introducing the various terms, it is necessary to understand several important factors that affect the image effect of the camera, and it is the difference of these hardware/software factors that has the difference in the image effect of the camera.
Note: The effect of the image is also related to the ISP tuning ability and the rationality of the lens matching.
Different levels of hardware configuration combinations form different types of cameras, and we introduce common terms from three perspectives: hardware performance, fill light type, and special application functions.
2. Hardware performance terms
Ordinary infrared, starlight, super starlight, and black light actually refer to a kind of camera's tolerance for maintaining color in low illumination, for example, black light level IPC can maintain color under low light of 0.0005 Lux (illuminance unit), but star level or ordinary infrared must rely on fill light. Therefore, the higher the level, the better the hardware to match, and the ability to maintain color in darker environments.
Note: The switching illuminance defined by different manufacturers may vary depending on the hardware.
3. Type of fill light
Infrared, white, and warm light refer to the type of camera fill light, and the difference is in color temperature and wavelength. The white light machine and infrared camera that we often talk about refer to the IPC with the corresponding fill light. Infrared is the mainstream application, but after enabling infrared, the surveillance screen is black and white, and if you need to present a color picture, you need to use white/warm light to fill the light.
4. Special applications and functions
In addition to the above two types of nouns, there are other nouns to distinguish, but most of them are based on applications and functions, and many are defined or abbreviated by manufacturers.
WDR
The digital WDR does not achieve the purpose of expanding the imaging dynamic range in the real sense, but improves the contrast of the local area through the image post-processing algorithm of the software, which is generally realized by the camera ISP module. The range of gray scales that can be discerned by the naked eye is very limited, but in reality computers can distinguish very small gray scale differences, and it is through image processing algorithms that these small differences are enhanced to the naked eye. Later, on the basis of CCD hardware technology, there was a dual-frame synthesis WDR, and the solution was to use a CCD, but each point above was exposed twice in a single time, one long exposure (low shutter) and one short exposure (high shutter).
Therefore, each point has two data outputs, which is called "dual-output CCD", which uses DSP's unique image processing algorithm to cut the parts of the two images with appropriate brightness, and finally superimpose and synthesize and output an image that is clearly visible in both light and dark areas. Whether it's a digital WDR or a dual shutter WDR, the WDR effect is not ideal.
With the evolution of DSP and CMOS technology, DPS uses individual exposure and control technology for each pixel, coupled with the linear superposition of multiple frames captured by the CMOS sensor to form a complete image, which has a higher dynamic range than the CCD double exposure imaging. Numerically speaking, the dynamic range of CMOS cameras using DPS technology can reach 120dB or even 140dB with current processing technology. WDR technology has become an important indicator of a camera's performance. At present, the standard wide dynamic function has become the consensus of all IPC manufacturers.
Intelligent analytics
The camera from 2011 launched motion detection, video occlusion and other two or three intelligent analysis functions, to today, almost all mainstream manufacturers of cameras are equipped with more than 10 kinds of intelligent functions, of course, the vast majority of these intelligent functions are only limited to high-end industry products.
1. Diagnostic intelligent analysis. The diagnostic intelligent analysis of the camera is mainly for the accurate analysis, judgment and alarm of common camera faults such as black screen, blur, loss of PTZ control, and frozen images in video images, as well as video signal interference such as scene changes, items left behind/disappeared, etc.
3. Behavioral intelligent analysis. Camera technology focuses on the analysis and processing of dynamic scenes. Typical functions include: vehicle wrong-way driving, anti-zone intrusion detection, personnel focus detection, tripwire crossing detection, fast movement, personnel wandering detection, and passenger flow statistics.
High pixels
In 2010, the first year of HD was launched only 720P high-definition IP camera, until 2012, the mainstream security enterprise HD IP camera is still 1.3 million and 2 million, more than 300 pixels are still very few. With the introduction of CMOS technology, high-definition cameras have developed rapidly, and 3 million, 4 million, 5 million, 6 million, and 12 million pixel cameras have sprung up like mushrooms after a rain.
At present, ultra-high definition represented by 4K and 8K has become the standard configuration of various manufacturers. For users, 4K is not only the experience and enjoyment of vision, but the resolution of 4K is 4 times that of 1080P, if you use 4K camera and 1080P camera to shoot the same scene under the same field of view, 4K camera will use 4 times the amount of information used by 1080P camera to restore the scene, the picture is naturally clearer and closer to reality. From the point of view of "use", because the amount of information in the 4K picture is four times that of 1080P, based on more information, more accurate intelligent analysis can be realized, and once 4K is deployed on a large scale, the accuracy of intelligent analysis can rise to a higher level, and there will be richer and more surprising intelligent applications to be realized.
Low illumination
It is recognized in the industry that 0.001Lux and the following are called starlight cameras, which are widely used in safe cities, finance, hotel buildings, safe villages, ports, highways and other projects, without large-scale installation of supplementary lighting facilities, you can get better night high-definition color monitoring screen requirements. Starlight illuminance monitoring technology is mainly affected by factors such as lenses, image sensors, and back-end image processing technology.
At present, represented by AI ultra-low-light technology, through the refinement of the target image requirements of application scenarios, a large number of image samples and simulation data of vehicle bayonets, vehicle electric alarms, personnel bayonets and fully structured cameras under low light at night are collected, and a set of end-to-end deep learning models from collection, plotting, training and model transformation are designed. In addition, there are technologies such as super starlight, black light, and aurora.
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