Most of the textbooks put the Song and Yuan together, and I don't agree with it. Because, before you, the Qin and Han dynasties were put together, and the Sui and Tang dynasties were put together, why didn't the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties talk about them together? They were all unified dynasties, and it is not easy to talk about a unified dynasty in the era of division, and the logic is inconsistent! Therefore, I will only talk about the five dynasties of the Liao, Song, Xia, and Jin.
1. Ideology.
Science. The emerging trend of Confucianism should cover the deep thinking of Buddhism and Taoism about the universe and nature, and also link these ideas with the traditional Confucian concern for real life. By the Song Dynasty, the emerging Confucianism had gradually established a more sophisticated conceptual system centered on "Li" or "Tianli", hence the name "Lixue". In a broad sense, Lixue refers to the entire philosophical trend centered on the discussion of the question of the life of the Heavenly Dao, including various schools of thought, and in a narrow sense, it refers to the doctrine represented by Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, and Zhu Xi with reason as the highest category, that is, Cheng Zhu Lixue. Wang Anshi Xinxue, Sima Guangshuo, Su Shi's Shu Xue, Ercheng (Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi) brothers' Luo Xue, Zhang Zai's Guan Xue, etc., are collectively referred to as science.
1. Background.
1] From the Three Kingdoms to the Five Dynasties, Confucianism, which mainly interpreted the words and phrases of scriptures, became increasingly rigid, and its social influence was generally inferior to that of Buddhism and Taoism.
2] Since the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, a group of scholars have tried to explore the ideological connotation of Confucian scriptures, emphasizing that scholarship serves reality, especially hoping to give full play to the role of Confucianism in strengthening social ethics and morality and establishing basic values.
2. Rise
1] Representative figures. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi brothers in the Northern Song Dynasty and Zhu Xi in the Southern Song Dynasty.
2] Ideological proposition.
(1) Theoretical system: focus on abstract thinking, including cosmology, outlook on life, epistemology, and methodology.
(2) The connotation of "reason": "reason" is the fundamental principle of nature and society, also known as "heavenly principle".
(3) The goal of life: it should be to "preserve the principles of heaven and destroy people's desires", that is, to overcome excessive desires through moral cultivation, and finally realize the full experience of "heavenly principles", so as to achieve the spiritual realm of "saints".
3. Impact.
From the late Southern Song Dynasty onwards, Cheng Zhu Lixue was officially revered and had a profound impact on history.
4. Lu Jiuyuan founded the study of mind.
Reason is in people's hearts.
2. Literature.
1. Song Ci
1] Rise: A new poetic style that appeared in the late Tang Dynasty, the word, entered its heyday in the Song Dynasty.
2] Features: The length of the sentence of the word is unequal, and it is used to sing with music, and it is divided into different word cards according to the musical score, each with a fixed format.
3] Representatives: Su Shi and Xin Qiji of the bold school and Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao of the graceful school have the most outstanding lyric achievements. The word "Yooyong" reflects the commodity economy.
4] Poetry. Represented by Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, and Su Shi, Lu You has the most poems.
2. Books
During the Song and Yuan dynasties, the storytelling performances of Wazi were very popular in the city. The base book of the story is called the book of words, which is actually an early vernacular novel.
3. Prose
The eight masters of the Tang and Song dynasties, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan of the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Su Xun, Su Zhe, and Zeng Gong of the Song Dynasty are representatives.
3. Art.
1. Calligraphy
There are many famous calligraphers, and compared with the Tang Dynasty, they are more in pursuit of individuality and informal.
Xingshu - Su Shi, Cai Xiang, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, Wei and Jin demeanor, the pursuit of individuality, intentional cannot.
Song Huizong's thin gold book is unique in the world.
2. Painting
1] The most prominent achievements in painting are landscape paintings, which do not emphasize realism, but pay attention to artistic conception and brush and ink taste. The level of flower and bird painting and figure painting is also very high.
2] The Imperial Court Painting Academy - Realism.
Literati painting - artistic conception, civil politics, science flourishing, literati ideals. Poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing are combined.
Genre Painting - Zhang Zeduan, Commercial Development, Cultural Popularization, Urban Development.
3. Sculpture.
Taiyuan Jin Temple colored sculpture, Sichuan Dazu stone carvings, etc.
4. Architecture.
Fourth, science and technology.
1. Typography.
1] Policy. Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty abolished the ban on the printing of books. The three major engraving systems of official engraving, workshop engraving and home engraving were formed. The popularity of books has increased dramatically. Song characters have been flourishing for a long time.
2] Engraving printing has become quite popular.
3] Bi Sheng, a craftsman in the Northern Song Dynasty, invented movable type printing.
Song carved books
2. Gunpowder.
It was mass-produced and used in the military. The Northern Song Dynasty's "General Essentials of the Martial Arts" introduced various gunpowder formulas. Initially, it was mainly incendiary weapons, but later explosive gunpowder weapons appeared, and at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, tubular muskets were invented to fire bullets.
3. Compass.
1] The Warring States period has inventions such as Sinan that indicate the direction.
2] The compass made by artificial magnetization in the Northern Song Dynasty was widely used in navigation.
4. Shen Kuo of the Northern Song Dynasty.
He is the author of "Mengxi Writings", which recorded and summarized many scientific and technological achievements at that time. It proposes a 12-year calendar, 31 days for the big month and 30 days for the small month, with 12 solar terms to determine the month, and remove the leap month, which is a thorough solar calendar.
5. Medicine.
Song Ci's "Record of Clearing Grievances" pioneered forensic science.
5. Minority culture.
1] Liao: successively created Khitan large characters and small characters.
2] Jin: He created the Jurchen script, set up the Jurchen Jinshi Department in the imperial examination, and answered questions in the Jurchen script.
3] Tangut: The Tangut script has been preserved in large numbers through excavated documents.
6. Education.
1. School.
1] The central government has set up Guozijian (Guozixue), Simenxue, Taixue, Martial Arts, Arithmetic, Calligraphy, Painting, Medicine, etc., Guozijian accepts the children of ministers with more than three grades, and Taixue accepts the children of officials from three to eight grades. Wang Anshi changed the law, implemented the three-round method in Taixue, entered the outer house for the first time, studied for two years to pass the inner house, and passed the upper house for two years, and the outstanding ones can directly participate in the palace examination.
2] Qingli New Deal, vigorously set up local Fangzhou schools and county schools, and accepted the children of low-level officials and ordinary people who were excellent in studying.
3] Academy. Rising in the Tang Dynasty, Songyang Academy, Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, Bailudong Academy, Shigu Academy, Xiangshan Academy, etc.
4] Private school. Private school. Muragaku, 乡学, 义塾.
2. Educational materials.
1] Enlightenment textbooks such as "Thousand Character Text", "Hundred Family Names", and "Three Character Classics".
2] Pentateuch to Thirteen. Wang Anshi changed the law and compiled the "Three Classics and New Meanings", which is a must-learn textbook.
3] Zhu Xi extracted the two texts "University" and "The Mean" from the "Book of Rites", plus the two books "Analects" and "Mencius", and compiled them into the "Four Books", which were annotated as the basic readings of Confucianism before the "Five Classics". In 1313, the Yuan Dynasty reopened the imperial examination, and ordered that the Jingyi test questions must come from Zhu Xi's "Notes on the Collection of Four Books and Chapters and Sentences".
3. Grassroots education.
Confucian scholars devoted themselves to grassroots education, and used the township covenant to educate the township. The Lu Dajun brothers of the Northern Song Dynasty were the creators of the Township Covenant, and the "Lü Township Covenant" was a model for Confucian scholars to educate the township. In the later period of the Southern Song Dynasty, Cheng Zhu Lixue's dominance was established, controlling education and imperial examinations, and widely disseminated in society through apprenticeship and academy lectures, and penetrated into the clan rules and family mottos. Zhu Xi's "Family Rites" and "Primary School" have become the norms of behavior for families and young children. The socialization of Neo-Confucianism was promoted.
7. Historiography, etc
1. Compilation of reference books.
Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty ordered the compilation of "Taiping Yulan" (book of history), "Taiping Guangji" (book of novels), "Wenyuan Yinghua" (book of poetry and literature), and Song Zhenzong had "Book of Yuan Turtle" (book of monarchs and ministers).
2. Compile the history books of the previous generations.
1] Set up a special historical institution such as the Living House, the Calendar Office, the Record Office, the National History Institute, and the Club.
2] Revision of prehistory. "History of the Old Five Dynasties", Ouyang Xiu's "New Tang Dynasty Book", "History of the New Five Dynasties", etc., summarize the lessons of rule.
3] Sima Guang, "Zizhi Tongjian", Warring States - Five Dynasties, Chronicle General History. Zhu Xi adapted it into "Tongjian Compendium", and Yuan Shu adapted it into "Tongjian Chronicle", and created the Compendium and Chronicle History Book.
3. Epigraphy.
Ouyang Xiu's "Collection of Ancient Records" studied stone inscriptions, and Zhao Mingcheng's "Golden Stone Records", etc., creating an archaeological precedent.