Amazing! Grape shaping technology has the effect of "peacock flying southeast"?
Liu Jien et al
Fund Projects: Demonstration and promotion of new varieties of excellent fruits and vegetables and standardized cultivation technology in Tacheng.
Facility cultivation of grapes in mainland China began at the end of the 50s of the 20th century, and facility grapes are distributed in most provinces in China, and some provinces have even developed a two-harvest planting model, such as Ningxia, Guangxi and other places. Tacheng City, Xinjiang, is located in the Ta'e Basin, which belongs to the temperate continental arid climate, with an annual sunshine hours of 2 997.07 h, an annual effective accumulated temperature of ≥ 10 °C of 3 347.96 °C, an annual total radiation of 571.8 kcal/cm 2, an annual precipitation of 209.2 mm, and a large temperature difference between day and night, so the climatic conditions are more suitable for grape cultivation. Although the sunshine hours are long and the total annual radiation is large, it is still difficult to achieve two harvests a year in the Tacheng area. There is still about 4 months of growth time before the grapes are completely dormant after harvesting, and the vegetative growth time is too long, which is easy to consume the nutrients of differentiated flower buds, which is not conducive to fruit set, and a lot of pruning work is increased. The Tacheng Regional Institute of Agricultural Sciences and the Tacheng Branch of the Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences have successfully developed the "peacock flying southeast" type grape shaping method through cultivation experiments. This shaping method saves time and effort, has a high fruit setting rate, neat fruit set, and simple management.
1 Grape colonization
Viticulture has higher requirements for water and fertilizer, Tacheng soil salinization is heavier, more sand and gravel, the soil needs to be properly improved before planting, and a sufficient amount of mixed farmhouse fertilizer is applied in combination with high temperature stewing shed in summer before planting. Seedling planting was selected in autumn and winter, and the dormant period was used to promote root growth to improve the survival rate. The planting was carried out in a single row of ditching, with the rows facing north and south, the width of the ditch was 1 m, and the spacing between the rows was 2.5 m ×2 m.
2 Grape trellis laying
2.1 Horizontal wire laying
After the grapes are planted, pull one No. 6 steel wire along the front, middle and back wall positions in the east-west direction of the greenhouse, and the height of the wire is 2 m from the ground, so as not to hinder human operation and walking.
2.2 Barbed wire laying
As shown in Figure 1, use 12 gauge galvanized iron wire to connect and fasten the steel wire near the front of the greenhouse and near the back wall along both sides of the planting ditch, and the iron wire passes above the middle steel wire, and the middle steel wire is used to share part of the gravity. The upper layer of iron wire, that is, the third layer of longitudinal iron wire in the figure, is laid and the vertical iron wire is laid. The wire is laid vertically to the ground through the junction point of the third layer of steel wire and iron wire, and the model still uses No. 12 iron wire, and the vertical iron wire is fixed with buried iron brazing. After the vertical wire is fixed, the lower layer of longitudinal wire is laid from high to low, and a total of 3 layers are laid. The height of the second layer of longitudinal wire is 1.2 m from the ground, and the height of the first layer of longitudinal wire is 50 cm from the ground. If there are 3 fruiting branches at each end of the grape plant, 1 longitudinal wire should be laid in the center of the planting ditch for each layer. After all the longitudinal wires were laid, the horizontal wires were laid layer by layer on both sides of the north and south sides of the plant to facilitate the shelf and fruit setting of the grapes.
Figure 1 Barbed wire layout
3 Grape pruning
3.1 Pruning
Intensify flower bud culture 1 year before entering the fruiting period. Plants are cultivated in an upright manner before July, with proper pruning and other daily management, and reserved branch culture is strengthened. At the beginning of July, the main trunk of the grapes was about 45 cm above the ground, and three main branches with similar positions were selected on the north and south sides, leaving one of the current year's branches for upright cultivation in each main branch, and the rest of the branches were removed (Fig. 2), relying on the late growth of the one-year branches to re-cultivate the strong flower buds.
Figure 2 Pruning method after fruit set
3.2 Shaping
In early spring, when the temperature rises, the newly cultivated fruiting shoots are flattened to an angle of 20° to the ground to remove small miscellaneous shoots (Figure 3). Grape bud extraction will appear after the panicle will appear one after another, individual plant fruit ears can reach more than 300 ears, most of the flower buds will extract 2 fruit ears, each grape plant generally leaves 24 ears of fruit, the distance between the ears is about 30 cm, and the fruiting branch no longer leaves the fruit ears after 1.2 m. Early-maturing and small-fruited varieties can thin the fruit according to the actual situation, leaving up to 40 spikes of fruit. When leaving branches, pay attention to the two sides and middle branches do not block each other's sunlight. In the later stage of growth, the tree type is very similar to the peacock opening, so it was named the "peacock flying southeast" shaped shaping method.
Fig. 3 Grape "peacock flying southeast" shaped shaping method
4 Growth period management
The traditional shaping method of grape deliberately maintains the top advantage of the plant, thinning some vigorous branches, but it cannot ensure the uniformity of flower buds, and the number of flower buds cultivated is limited due to the limitation of longitudinal space. The "peacock flying southeast" type of grape is actually to use the top advantage of each fruit spike to develop into a multi-trunk tree type. The competition for nutrients in multi-trunk trees is extremely fierce and the dependence on water and fertilizer is greater. In autumn every year, each grape plant should be supplemented with 3 kg of fully decomposed mixed organic fertilizer, 20 g of ferrous sulfate, 30 g of Canadian Gluck high-yield water-soluble fertilizer, and 20 g of biological fertilizer. Water thoroughly 1 time per month and 1 time every 20 days in summer. After the ears flowered, 2 boxes of bees were introduced in the shed to assist pollination. 1 week before fruit swelling, 0.067 mg/L brassinolide was sprayed once. In terms of production, the required fertilizer can be flexibly supplemented according to the growth of grape plants and fruit set, so as to ensure the quality of fruit setting and flower bud differentiation.
5 Summary
The facility cultivation of grapes in the Tacheng area is between two harvests a year and one harvest a year. The "peacock flying southeast" type of grape is simple, which will not cause the plant to grow at will, save labor and effort, the fruit is neat, the amount of flowers and fruits is large, which is conducive to the selection of the best, and the yield is relatively high. In addition, the "peacock flying southeast" type of grape mainly uses the horizontal growth space, and the longitudinal space is large, which is conducive to dense planting.