Deng Jiaxian (June 25, 1924 – July 29, 1986) was a famous Chinese nuclear physicist, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and one of the pioneers and founders of China's nuclear weapons development. He was born in a scholarly family in Huaining County, Anhui Province, and his sixth ancestor was Deng Shiru, a great calligrapher of the Qing Dynasty, and his father, Deng Yiyu, was a famous aesthete and art theorist.
Deng Jiaxian began his academic career in Beijing, then entered the physics department of Southwest Associated University, and after graduating in 1945, he taught at a middle school in Kunming. In 1946, he became a teaching assistant in the Department of Physics at Peking University. In 1948, Deng Jia went to Purdue University in the United States for further study, and received a doctorate in physics in 1950. In the same year, he resolutely returned to China and joined the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, engaged in the research of nuclear theory.
Since 1958, Deng Jiaxian has held a number of positions related to nuclear weapons research, including the director of the Theoretical Department of the Ninth Research Institute of the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry, the deputy director and director of the 901 Institute of the Ninth Academy, and the vice president and president of the Ninth Academy of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry. He organized and led the theoretical design and development of China's first atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, and made great contributions to China's nuclear weapons research and development.
Deng Jiaxian's scientific achievements include basic theoretical research in the fields of detonation physics, fluid mechanics, equations of state, and neutron transport, as well as a large number of simulations and analyses of the physical processes of China's nuclear weapons. He participated in a number of nuclear tests and made important contributions to China's new nuclear weapons work since the early 70s of the 20th century.
Deng Jiaxian has also made achievements in academic publications, and has published many papers, such as "Angular Correlation of β Decay" and "Effect of Radiation Loss on Free Vibration in Accelerator". He has received a number of scientific research awards, including the first prize of the National Natural Science Award of China and the special prize of several national science and technology progress awards.
On July 29, 1986, Deng Jiaxian died of advanced rectal cancer in Beijing at the age of 62. In 1999, he was posthumously awarded the "Two Bombs and One Star Meritorious Service Medal" in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the country. Deng Jiaxian's life is a model of infinite loyalty and dedication to the cause of science, and his story and spirit have always inspired future generations.
Deng Jiaxian studied in the United States. In October 1948, he went to the Department of Physics at Purdue University in the United States for further study, and completed his studies in less than two years, earning a doctorate in physics. Immediately after completing his studies, he returned to China to devote himself to the country's scientific research and education. His study abroad experience laid a solid foundation for his later work in the field of nuclear physics.
"Two bombs and one satellite" refers to the atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb (also known as two bombs) and artificial satellite (i.e., one satellite) independently developed by China in the mid-to-late 20th century. This achievement is a major breakthrough in the science and technology of national defense in New China, and has significantly enhanced the country's national defense strength and international status.
1. **Atomic Bomb**: China's first atomic bomb was successfully exploded in Lop Nur in Xinjiang on October 16, 1964, marking China as the fifth country in the world to possess nuclear weapons.
2. **Hydrogen bomb**: China's first hydrogen bomb was successfully exploded on June 17, 1967, marking China as the fourth country in the world to possess thermonuclear weapons.
3. **Artificial satellite**: On April 24, 1970, China successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong 1", becoming the fifth country in the world to launch a satellite independently.
The star in "One Star" refers to this artificial satellite. These achievements demonstrate China's important progress in missile and space technology, and have a far-reaching impact on the country's scientific and technological progress and national defense security.
The spirit of "two bombs and one satellite" also represents the patriotic feelings, independent innovation, unity and cooperation, and the spirit of climbing new heights of Chinese scientific and technological workers. In 1999, the Chinese Government awarded 23 scientific and technological experts the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Service Medal" in recognition of their outstanding contributions to the "Two Bombs and One Satellite" project.
The Ninth Research Institute of the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry, often referred to simply as the "Ninth Academy", is an important institution for China's nuclear weapons development, and its predecessor was the Beijing Ninth Research Institute, which was established in 1958. The Ninth Academy occupies an extremely important position in the history of China's national defense science and technology and the development of nuclear weapons, and it was responsible for the theoretical design and development of China's first atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb.
The following is a detailed introduction to the history and development of the Ninth Research Institute of the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry:
1. **Background**: In 1958, in order to promote the country's nuclear weapons development program, the Chinese government established the Ninth Research Institute, which was subordinate to the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry (later changed to the Ministry of Nuclear Industry), mainly responsible for the theoretical research and design of nuclear weapons.
2. **Key Figures**: The Ninth Academy has brought together a group of China's top scientists, including Deng Jiaxian, Zhu Guangya, Yu Min, etc., who have played a key role in the theoretical design and development of nuclear weapons.
3. **Organizational Structure**: The Ninth Academy has a number of research institutes and research laboratories, covering theoretical physics, detonation physics, neutron physics, radiochemistry, metal physics, automatic control and other fields.
4. **Major Achievement**: The Ninth Academy successfully completed the theoretical design of China's first atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, making a decisive contribution to China's nuclear weapons development.
5. **Change**: The Ninth Academy has undergone several changes in its organizational structure and name, including the transformation from the Ninth Research Institute to the Ninth Research and Design Institute, and later became the China Academy of Engineering Physics.
6. **Geographical location**: The Ninth Institute was originally located in Beijing, and later moved to Jinyintan (221 Factory) in Qinghai, and then moved to Zitong County in Mianyang, Sichuan, forming the so-called "902 Project".
7. **Status**: With the development of time, the Ninth Academy has gradually evolved into the China Academy of Engineering Physics, which continues to play an important role in the field of defense science and technology in China.
8. **Spiritual Culture**: The scientific researchers of the Ninth Academy of Sciences have made great contributions to China's scientific and technological progress and national defense security by adhering to the "two bombs spirit" of "patriotic dedication, hard work, collaborative research, truth-seeking and innovation, and forever climbing the peak".
9. International Cooperation: The Institute also actively carries out international academic exchanges and cooperates with scientific research institutions in many countries and regions to promote the exchange and development of science and technology.
The history and achievements of the Ninth Academy of Sciences reflect China's determination and ability to rely on its own strength to develop national defense science and technology in the face of external pressure and challenges. Its development history is also a microcosm of the Chinese people's self-reliance and courage to climb the peak of science and technology.