The following article is reprinted from Chinese Classics, and I would like to thank you.
Title: "Illustrating Rites with Pictures: A Study of Ritual Diagrams Contained in Song Dynasty Ritual Diagrams"
Author: Li Qingwei
Publisher: China Social Sciences Press
Publication time: 2024.2
Word count: 418 thousand words
About the Author
Li Qingwei, female, Ph.D., graduated from the Department of Chinese Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, majoring in Chinese classical philology, and is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the Center for Research and Protection of Unearthed Documents, Tsinghua University. He has published <樂風>many academic papers in core journals, such as "Research on the Related Issues of Tsinghua Jian", "Re-discussion of the Connotation of Ritual Vessels and Their Classification System", "The Research Value of Song Dynasty Ritual Diagram Literature and the Core Purpose of "Interpreting Ritual with Pictures".
Introduction
This book takes Nie Chongyi's "Xinding Three Ritual Diagrams" as the main research object, supplemented by other Song Dynasty ritual maps, combined with the existing research results of archaeology, paleographies and paleophilology, and examines and interprets some of the ritual drawings recorded in the ritual maps. At the same time, some suspicious artifacts in the current naming system are discussed, and new insights are put forward on the naming and shape of "Jue", "Yao", "Ji", "斝", "Zun" and "Yi". From the perspective of "interpreting rituals with pictures", this paper evaluates the research value and significance of Nie's "Three Rites Diagram", discusses the significance of the ritual diagram literature to the study of the three rites literature and etiquette thought, and proves that the Song Dynasty ritual diagram plays an important role in the development of etiquette and artifacts.
Inventory
summary
ABSTRACT
Preface / Liu Yucai
Chapter 1 Introduction / 1
Chapter 2 Interpretation of the Diagram of the Lord/53
Chapter 3 Interpretation of Zun Yi Diagrams/180
Chapter 4 Illustration of the Vessel Diagram / 316
Chapter 5: Interpretation of the Jade Atlas/333
Chapter 6 The Research Value of Song Dynasty Ritual Pictorial Literature and the Core Purpose of "Illustrating Ritual Texts"/393
Conclusion/438
References/440
Index/458
Postscript/461
Instructor's preface
In ancient China, there has been a tradition of writing on the left and on the right. Although it is a mystical legend, the ancient record of the development process from pictures to words should be a logical necessity. Therefore, Song Yangjia's "Six Classics Map" is orderly: "The ancient scholars, the left picture and the right book, the image is in the picture, and the reason is in the book, so its meaning can be displayed, and its number can be disciplined, and it can be exemplified, such as in accordance with the contract." Etiquette is an important representation of Chinese culture, known as "three hundred rites, three thousand prestige". With such a wide range of content, it is natural to need written records and memorization, but it is more dependent on the memory of the elderly who are familiar with the history and specific operating procedures, and the meaning of the word "literature" is derived from this. The practice of etiquette is mainly reflected in the degree of famous objects, and it is difficult to explain the details of simple written records, compared to the diagrams, which can be seen at a glance. Therefore, since Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty and below, there is a record of the compilation of the "Three Rites Map". At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Nie Chongyi collected the old drawings of the three rites of the Confucian ancestors, referred to six books, and compiled the "Notes on the Three Rites Atlas" (the biography is also known as the "New Three Rites Map").
The Song Dynasty was the prosperous period of ritual documents, and in addition to Nie Shu, there were still Chen Xiangdao's Book of Rites, Yang Jia's Six Classics, Yang Fu's Ritual Map, and various books of rites with drawings. Among them, Nie Shu was written by order, and the source of the material is self-contained, and it is also examined and determined, which has the greatest impact. However, the graphic content of the Nie book, since the Song Confucianism, has been criticized every time, and the ritual drawings are ridiculed as meaningful, which are inconsistent with the actual utensils, and have no origin; To this day, based on the scientific concept of archaeology, the academic community still follows similar criticisms of traditional ritual maps such as Nie Shu, and few people have conducted in-depth research.
In this book, Dr. Qing Wei attempts to restore the historical context, placing the ritual literature of the Song Dynasty under the dual background of the retro ritual system and the development of gold and stone studies, and examining the Song people's concept of etiquette and the genealogy of ritual knowledge by examining the path of thinking and reasoning in Nie Chongyi's "Xinding Three Rites Map". In the book, the most representative ritual diagrams such as Kuangjue, Zunyi, Zhan and Ruiyu are selected as the research objects, and their ceremonial functions, shapes, and naming issues are examined respectively. Etiquette must be held with the help of ritual vessels, and what kind of ritual utensils are used to perform the ceremony, and how to combine the ritual utensils, all have the connotation of etiquette, so the ancients had the saying of "hiding the ritual in the instrument". Nie Shu originated from the Chengzhi to copy the standard sacrificial vessels of the suburban temple, mainly through the survey of the old map, figuring out the meaning of the three rites of the scriptures and the meaning of the text, the ritual map is actually in the form of a picture, to build a bridge between the ritual text and the ritual utensils, so that the people can cross the obscure words and intuitively understand the etiquette. Therefore, the basis of Nie Shu is the traditional interpretation of etiquette, which belongs to the "Zun Wen Interpretation Apparatus", so the title of this book is "Interpreting Rites with Pictures".
After the rise of the Song Dynasty's gold and stone science, there are many ancient artifacts, written in Nie Shu after the "archaeological map", "Bogu map" and other gold and stone catalogues, according to the unearthed artifacts description, seeing is believing, soon subverted the Song people's perception of ritual maps, "Xinding Three Rites Map" because there is no basis in ancient times, so it was abandoned. Dr. Qing Wei's research believes that "ritual vessels", as the material shell externalized from "rites", cannot be equated with ordinary utensils. There is a fundamental difference between "according to the meaning" or "according to the form", and they have their own academic backgrounds, and the two should not be strong against each other. The specific examination and explanation of the naming and classification of representative ritual vessels in the book shows that Nie Shu basically restores the essential attributes of various ritual vessels, and has the advantages of etiquette and overall observation. In contrast, the gold and stone drawings are mostly seen but not courteous, and the classification is only based on the function of the instrument, and the name is not without errors except for those who have their own names. For example, the names of "Jue" and "斝" are due to the interference of the Song Dynasty's golden and stone diagrams, and they have been mistaken until now. Dr. Qingwei's reflections are very inspiring. We usually visit museums, most of the ritual artifacts are classified according to the era, function, material and other factors, and often see the utensils but do not see the etiquette; if we can lay mines in turn according to the application scenarios recorded in the ritual books, it may be more conducive to the audience to understand the ancient etiquette culture. Therefore, with the development of archaeological science today, the traditional ritual map is not without its significance.
Dr. Qing Wei has received systematic training in paleography and classical philology, and has strong problem awareness and analytical skills. The book focuses on the integration of paleographies, classical texts and archaeology, and puts them into practice, and has a wide range of texts, images, and excavated artifacts, demonstrating the broad academic vision and interdisciplinary research ability of the new generation of scholars. Although it is not without immaturity, I believe that with time, I will be able to learn something, so I will wait for it. is for the preface.
Liu Yucai
In the summer of the year of Guimao, he was written in Yanguilu of Peking University
Postscript
In recent years, I have deeply felt the truth of the four words "time flies", and life seems to start to accelerate from a certain point in time. I always felt that I had just graduated, and it was not until I started to revise my doctoral dissertation again this year that I realized that two years had passed before I knew it.
This dissertation was opened in early 2020 and went through pre-defense, external review, and defense in 2021, and participated in the selection of outstanding doctoral dissertations. The most important two years of study were fleeting in the busyness, but fortunately, the hard work was not in vain, and finally I finally reaped the results that I was satisfied with. Later, I joined the Center for Unearthed Literature Research and Conservation at Tsinghua University as a postdoctoral fellow, and in the process of communicating with the teachers of the center, I came up with the idea of publishing a doctoral dissertation.
Every time I look back on the process of writing my dissertation, I am always sincerely grateful to my doctoral supervisor, Professor Liu Yucai. I don't think I'm a smart person, and although I have a passion for academic research, my ability is limited. During the conception of my doctoral dissertation, my teacher supported me to adopt a non-traditional "interdisciplinary" approach to research, and encouraged me to broaden my thinking, try to explore the difficult problems existing in various disciplines from different perspectives, and integrate artifacts, documents, and words. In the process of subsequent research, I gradually found that the two points emphasized by the teacher, "broadening my thinking" and "integrating knowledge", supported me to solve most of the problems in my thesis. In this process, I also deeply realized the importance of multi-angle logical thinking to academic research. A few days ago, I learned that my dissertation was about to be published, and Mr. Liu gave the preface to the book in his busy schedule.
In the process of thesis opening, pre-defense and formal defense, many teachers provided important reference opinions on the content or structure of the book. Sometimes it's just a few words, but it can effectively adjust my chaotic thinking. We would like to thank Zhang Jian, Chang Sen, Cheng Sudong, Wang Liping, Zhang Lijuan, Yang Zhong, An Pingqiu, Liao Kebin, Gu Yongxin, and Yang Haizheng from Peking University, as well as Xu Jianwei from Renmin University and Zhao Chao from the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. In addition, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my master's supervisor, Mr. Xu Gang, for his master's studies laid the foundation for my research on paleographies and antiquities. At that time, I was still ignorant and ignorant and had no discipline in my research ideas, but Mr. Xu's patient guidance allowed me to gradually explore the way of academics.
From a master's degree to a postdoctoral degree, I crossed over from paleography to paleographies, and then rediscovered the joy of doing paleographic research. In the process of going back and forth, my research ideas and perspectives have changed a lot. Although I go through a period of adjustment of thinking every time, I feel like I have a sense of detaching from my original thinking mode and examining my past research from a distant corner. But as long as you get through this period smoothly, you will be reborn and benefit a lot. I would like to thank my postdoctoral supervisor, Professor Huang Dekuan, for his teaching and strong support, since I entered the station, Professor Huang not only encouraged me to apply for projects and publish papers, but also often guided me on the issues that need to be paid attention to in the study of paleographies, so that I can make up for many shortcomings in my previous studies. Mr. Ma Nan from the Excavation Documentation Center also provided me with a lot of suggestions when I was planning to apply for the project, and communicated with me many times on some etiquette issues involved in the clumsy work, correcting some inappropriate views in the text, and sincerely thanking Mr. Ma for his help.
When I applied for this program in June 2022, all schools were closed, and it was difficult to submit materials. In the end, with the help of many teachers and classmates from Peking University and Tsinghua University, I finally successfully completed the application. After a long time, I am still very grateful to Zhao Bingbing, a fellow doctor, and the three teachers of the Unearthed Literature Center, Sun Li, Xin Jihong, Yuan Jing, and Li Jieqiong for their help.
I would like to thank the National Social Science Foundation of China for funding the publication of this book, and the editor Guo Peng of China Social Sciences Press for his hard work.
Thanks to my parents for their unconditional support and trust in me, since I was a child, they never asked me to be rich and rich, and they didn't care if I could get rich, they just wanted me to do what I really liked. Now that I'm about to publish my first book, this book is not just about my research, it's about what I love to do.
Li Qingwei
October 2023
![Li Qing | Mo Xuanqing Yuan[fig]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)