Uncover the secrets of blueberry 'Lanfeng' high-yield cultivation technology
Lin Xiandong
Lanfeng blueberry grows robustly, the tree is strong, the 10-year-old tree is 1.8 meters high, the branches are hard, the fruiting ability is very strong, the cross-pollination ability of the matching variety is strong, the fruit setting rate is high, and it is not easy to drop fruits. The fruit ripening period is generally 52~59 days. The tree shape is erect, the posture is relatively open, the average length of the branches is 34.2 cm, the leaves are medium and large, dark green, the mature leaves are 7.8 cm long, the leaf width is 4.5 cm, the leaf shape index is 0.58, the average fruit set of each inflorescence is 20, and the fruit spikes are compact. The fruit is extra-large, the average weight of a single fruit is 3.8 grams, the fruit is oblate, the longitudinal diameter is 1.4 cm, the transverse diameter is 2.1 cm, the fruit shape index is 0.67, the fruit surface is beautiful blue, covered with thick fruit frost, the reduced pedicle marks, the calyx is medium, the shelf life is long, it is suitable for fresh fruit to be listed, the fruit is sweet, the soluble solid content is 11.2%, and the quality is good. After the fruit is ripe, it does not drop the fruit and does not crack the fruit, and it is resistant to storage and transportation. The comprehensive quality of the fruit meets the requirements of high-grade fresh blueberries. Strong resistance to cold and disease.
1. Site selection and shed-building
Winter is the focus and difficulty of blueberry cultivation, and the gentle slope with leeward and sunny direction is the ideal location, and at the same time, convenient transportation, water intake and reliable power supply should be considered. In order to control the cost and difficulty of soil modification, acidic sandy loam soil with thick soil layer and moderate groundwater level was selected. The construction of a greenhouse, the spacing of the shed should be determined according to the height of the shed, and the direction of the shed is 5~10 ° to the north and west of the south to obtain sufficient sunshine. The Liaoshen IV. greenhouse structure developed by Shenyang Agricultural University is the best choice. The construction shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the national agricultural industry standard NY/T610, the national agricultural industry standard NY/T1553 and the national industry standard general technical conditions for construction machinery assembly JB/T10594. After the gradual intelligent upgrade of solar greenhouse, the stability of power supply is required, and there must be a backup power supply.
2. Blueberry orchard land preparation and soil modification technology
The standard of land preparation and planting is: 1.2 meters wide ridge, 0.6 meters wide ditch, seedling planting adopts variable density (plant row spacing): 0.75 meters × 2.0 meters for young trees, and 2.0 meters × 2.0 meters for fruiting trees. Soil improvement method: longitudinal ditch in the center of the ridge, ditch depth 40 cm, ditch width 40 cm, mix with half of the ditch original soil and peaty soil 1:1, and add 40 kg of sulfur powder (depending on soil pH), mix evenly, backfill into the ditch, and water thoroughly.
The physical and chemical properties of the soil to be modified should be monitored before soil modification, including soil crops, pH value, organic matter content, soil structure, tillage layer thickness, pH value and EC value of future water intake sources, groundwater depth, soil macroelements and medium elements magnesium and manganese and other element content. If the pH value of the original soil is higher than 5.5, it is best to use sulfur powder with a fineness of 400 mesh for acid adjustment in the whole garden. Acidic fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate should be used in the later stage to meet the soil pH value required for blueberry growth and development. For every 0.1 unit increase in pH value, 5.34~8.01 kg/mu of lime powder is required.
Field supplemental application of organic matter: At present, the organic matter content of most farmland in Fengcheng area is mostly 2%~2.5%, and the organic matter that can be increased in order to create 10% of the ideal growth state of blueberries are: low-level peats in Northeast China 10~20 cubic meters/mu, broken pine bark, fallen leaves and pine towers, herbivorous animal manure such as horses, cattle and sheep, pine trees and hard wood sawdust.
Use of bacterial fertilizer: At present, there are many types of newly developed bacterial fertilizers in China, and the promotion of bacteria is unknown, and its special effect on blueberry production is not clear, and most of them are still in the stage of trial observation. At present, the efficacy of the Chinese Academy of Forestry's product - Pt mycorrhizal agent (Zhijianbao) is relatively good.
3 Blueberry Variety Optimization and Orientation Technology
In order to achieve high efficiency and high yield, and at the same time meet the needs of the target market and the comprehensive production traits of varieties, after years of multi-regional experiments, the improved varieties (combinations) of fresh blueberry for early cultivation are selected:
蓝丰(Bluecrop)+公爵(Duke)蓝丰(Bluecrop)+早蓝(Earliblue)
蓝丰(Bluecrop)+斯巴坦(Spartan)蓝丰(Bluecrop)+春蓝(Collins)
4. Orchard ploughing and seedling planting techniques
After sprinkling organic matter, sulfur powder and bacterial fertilizer on the surface, compound fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium should be added in an appropriate amount according to the soil fertilizer test results, and then machine turned over several times to fully mix the original soil and additives. Blueberry is a shallow-rooted tree species, there should be 35~40 cm tillage layer after mixing, and the ridge height of the planting bed should be determined according to the height of the groundwater level, generally 20 cm. In order to obtain benefits early, 3~4-year-old robust seedlings are selected in practice, and the roots are dipped in IBA (indole butyric acid) before seedling planting to promote the germination of new roots. The characteristics of blueberry tree species determined that the plant shape of different varieties was quite different, and the pruning and stereotype of producers were different, and the pruning amount of greenhouse, cold shed and open field was different, and the recommended plant row spacing was (1.5~1.8) m × (1.8~2.0) m. In order to prevent weeds, increase soil temperature and reduce the humidity in the shed, after the seedlings are planted, the whole garden is covered with black film.
5. Soil testing formula, balanced fertilization, water and fertilizer integrated supply technology
Balanced fertilization is of great benefit to blueberry growth. The nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of 28-14-14 proved to be the best combination. Ammonium nitrogen is better for blueberry fertilization, and the application rate is 30~45 g/plant (pure nitrogen). On the basis of an appropriate amount of basal fertilizer in the soil preparation stage, blueberries should be supplemented with water fertilizer in different growing seasons. At present, it has been observed that the production of blueberry in eastern Liaoning is more likely to show the following deficiencies: magnesium, manganese, boron and iron (mostly caused by high soil pH). In addition, foliar topdressing is more effective in the blueberry growing season.
Top dressing should be carried out before germination, after flowering and during the ripening and veraison period of fruits. Autumn basal fertilization is carried out in mid-September. Ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, diammonium phosphate and other compound fertilizers should be used for top dressing. It is forbidden to use fertilizers containing chlorine and nitrates. The integrated application of water and fertilizer was used to apply water-soluble fertilizer, and the conductivity value (EC) of water-soluble fertilizer was 1.0~1.5 msec/cm, and the pH value was 4.5~4.8. Base fertilizer is applied with 1~2 kg of organic fertilizer per plant. Fertilizers are implemented in accordance with the guidelines for the rational use of fertilizers NY/T 496.
6. Buckle shed heating and fruiting season production management technology
6.1 Greenhouse buckle time
In late autumn and early winter, the flower bud differentiation is over, and the blueberry enters the dormant stage. Blueberry leaves in the field turn yellow-brown and fall off leaves, is the time point of buckle shed insulation, at this time Liaodong is generally in early December, buckle the shed and cover the insulation quilt, so that the plant is in a state of protection from light and heat preservation, and the greenhouse is maintained below 7 °C is the threshold of blueberry dormant accumulated temperature.
6.2 Blueberry pruning
Limit the height of trees, improve light conditions, and focus on thinning branches. Thinning of overly dense branches, oblique cross branches, weak branches, diseased branches, and tillers produced by the root system. The more open-growing varieties left strong branches on sparse branches, and the more upright varieties went to the center trunk, opened the skylight, and left the middle branches. Shoots over 3 years old can be thinned from the base according to the principle of 6 thinning and 1. Fruiting branches that are more than 6 years old should be retracted and renewed. After the solar greenhouse and plastic greenhouse buckle the greenhouse, the growth of Lanfeng plants is still in a stagnant state, and pruning can be started according to the production target and the state of the tree, and the pruning methods such as thinning and retracting can achieve the goal of balancing the growth of the weak and retaining the strong, opening the inner hall, cultivating the preparatory branches and selecting the flower buds.
6.3 Solar greenhouse heating time
The low temperature (7.0 °C) accumulation value required for physiological dormancy of Lanfeng varieties is 1100 hours, and it is estimated that the normal year of Lanfeng and its matching varieties in Fengcheng area should be warmed before December 4.
6.4 Temperature and humidity control
Blueberry plants are released from dormancy and enter the fruiting stage, during which the appropriate temperature of different growth periods is different, showing the shape of low in the front, high in the middle and low in the back, that is, 9~29 °C in the early stage of light heating, 12~28 °C in the blueberry flowering stage, 11~29 °C in the blueberry expansion and harvest period, and the temperature difference between day and night should be increased in the later stage to improve the fruit quality, increase the sugar content and prolong the shelf life.
In the blueberry fruiting stage, the indoor humidity (RH value) should be controlled at 55%~70%, which is in line with the air environment demand of blueberries, especially in the fruiting period, and the harm of fruit gray mold caused by low temperature and high humidity should be strictly prevented.
6.5 Utilization and replenishment of light sources
In order to make full use of sunlight to warm the greenhouse and meet the light conditions of plants, the greenhouse insulation is determined according to the sunrise and sunset time, and the rain and snow weather is determined according to whether the greenhouse can be insulated.
6.6 Flower and fruit thinning and bumblebee-assisted pollination
On the basis of winter pruning, the excess flowers and young fruits should be removed in stages from blueberry flowering to fruit maturity, so as to minimize the nutrient loss of the tree, meet the concentrated supply of nutrients and well-developed fruits, promote the early maturity and consistent ripening of blueberries, uniform fruits, and improve the significant effect of blueberry fruit quality. Blueberry is a cross-pollinated tree species, and beekeeping during the flowering period of blueberry production is an important measure to improve blueberry yield, and this technology has obvious effects on improving fruit set, yield and quality of blueberry.
7 Harvesting and Packing
Generally, Lanfeng varieties need to be picked in batches for 3~5 times, and timely harvesting should consider the storage and transportation time, the distance to the supply market and the weather conditions a few days before harvesting, avoid picking in dew days and rainy days, avoid picking in high temperature periods at noon, and harvest is best selected in the morning every day. It is best to blow the stem of blueberry berries with a fan to slow down the dehydration and bacterial infection of the wound, form a callus, and reduce the loss of blueberries during storage and transportation. It is best to be in an environment of 4~12 °C after harvest. The commercial marketing standards of blueberry fruits should be consistent, grading according to the size of the fruit is a must, and the packaging ration is 125 grams per box currently accepted in the market.
8 Pest control technology
Implement the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control", and select biological pesticides. The main diseases of blueberries are iron deficiency, gray mold, anthracnose, zombie fruit disease, branch canker, leaf spot, virus disease, and the main insect pests are grubs, white moths, weevils, fruit flies, scale insects and underground nematodes, among which the most difficult to control are beetles and fruit flies. The prevention and control methods are mainly comprehensive prevention and control. The agricultural control method is to clear the garden during the dormant period. The physical control method is to use sweet and sour cans (bottles) and sticky insect boards to trap and kill insects during the harm period of adult worms. Chemical control methods should determine the type, dosage and appropriate period of pesticide according to the occurrence of pests and diseases during the occurrence of pests and diseases.