Recently, I saw a "" trivia - in the early 60s of the last century, people mixed caffeine into the feed of livestock in order to improve productivity, and the cultivated cattle became more energetic after eating the caffeinated feed, and they worked harder on the land.
Therefore, some netizens commented, "Niu and Ma know to rest when they are tired, and Niu Ma will order a cup of coffee for himself when he is tired." "Donkeys don't buy themselves a whip when they go to work, and you order a cup of ice American when you are afraid of being sleepy at work." "That's why you call us social animals?" I don't know how many people broke the defense as soon as the news came out (such as the editor who was drinking coffee and writing articles)......
(Source: Internet)
In order to "cultivate two miles of land", coffee has become an indispensable part of the lives of many migrant workers - statistics in the top journal Science show that the world consumes an average of 2.25 billion cups of coffee every day, and the cups can circle the earth 7.5 times together.
Although the per capita coffee consumption in mainland China is only 9 cups per year, the annual consumption of coffee in first- and second-tier cities has reached 300 cups, and the main purpose of most consumers drinking coffee is to refresh their minds (83%) and relieve stress (68%).
Of course, in addition to refreshing the mind, regular coffee consumption is also beneficial to reduce the risk of cancer, type 2 diabetes, weight control, improve depression, prevent Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and so on.
Recently, a new study published in the IJC described the new health benefits of coffee – reducing the risk of colorectal cancer recurrence and all-cause mortality. Specifically, drinking >4 cups of coffee per day reduced the risk of colorectal cancer recurrence by 32%. Coffee consumption also reduced the risk of all-cause mortality in colorectal cancer patients, consistent with previous studies, with 3-5 cups of coffee per day being optimal, and when 4 cups of coffee per day were consumed, the risk of all-cause mortality was minimized in colorectal cancer patients.
Haha, it seems that the excellent "cow horse" still has to buy himself a super large cup of coffee at his own expense, which is simply a double comfort for physical and psychological.
Hatps://doi.org/10.1002/IJC.34879
The investigators collected 1708 and 1719 patients from a cohort of prospective colorectal cancer (CRC) patients for analysis of CRC recurrence and all-cause death, respectively.
At diagnosis, during treatment, and after treatment, participants were assessed for coffee consumption, including the frequency, quantity, and cup size of coffee consumption, using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). After the statistics, the population was divided into three categories - <2 cups/day, 2-4 cups/day, and >4 cups/day.
A total of 257 CRC recurrences were recorded in 1708 participants at a median follow-up of 6.2 years, compared with 309 deaths in the all-cause death analysis cohort after 6.6 years of follow-up of 1719 participants.
Research process and results
The multivariate adjusted model showed a 32% reduction in the risk of CRC recurrence ><4 cups/day compared to those who consumed 2 cups of coffee per day. In fact, there is a linear association between coffee consumption and CRC recurrence, i.e., the more coffee consumed, the lower the risk of CRC recurrence.
In terms of all-cause mortality risk, drinking > 4 cups/day was associated with a 29% lower risk of all-cause mortality compared to 2 cups of coffee <per day, while drinking 2-4 cups of coffee per day was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality, about 38%.
This result is consistent with the Limiting Cubic Spline (RCS) analysis, where there is a U-shaped association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality, with 3-5 cups/day being the best and the lowest risk when 4 cups per day consumed.
Association between coffee consumption and risk of cancer recurrence and all-cause mortality
Why does drinking coffee improve CRC?
According to the researchers, coffee consumption can activate a variety of pathways, such as the regulation of nuclear factor red blood cell line 2 (Nrf2), thereby reducing the occurrence of oxidative stress and playing a certain protective role in cancer. In addition, coffee consumption is also able to regulate the composition of the gut microbiome, thus resisting the occurrence of CRC.
Taken together, this prospective study showed that coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk of CRC recurrence and all-cause mortality, with 3-5 cups per day being optimal.
The benefits of coffee go without saying, in addition to the benefits of improving the risk of cancer recurrence and death in CRC patients, it also has the benefits of reducing the risk of death and prolonging life in the general population!
According to a study published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, drinking 0.5-3 cups of coffee per day was associated with a 12% reduction in all-cause mortality and a 17% reduction in cardiovascular mortality. Compared with non-coffee drinkers, coffee star people have better cardiovascular health, but the benefits are both decaf coffee and ground coffee, and have nothing to do with instant coffee half a dime......
doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwac008
The study recruited 468629 volunteers from the UK Biobank with no prior history of cardiovascular disease, with a mean age of 56.2±8.1 years, 44.2% male, and a mean follow-up of 11 (10-12) years.
Of the nearly 470,000 volunteers, 22.1% did not drink coffee, 58.4% drank an average of 0.5-3 cups of coffee per day, and 19.5% drank an average of more than 3 cups of coffee per day.
Analysis of the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that those who drank 0.5-3 cups of coffee per day had a 12% lower risk of all-cause mortality, a 17% lower risk of cardiovascular mortality, and a 21% lower risk of stroke attack compared to non-coffee drinkers.
However, people who drank more than 3 cups of coffee a day did not see significant improvement in these aspects compared to those who did not have a coffee habit. In other words, although regular coffee consumption is healthy, more is not better, and 0.5-3 cups a day is the best dose of coffee to last life.
The relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of death
Next, here comes the highlight of the study – the researchers deliberately distinguished the health effects of different kinds of coffee.
Of all the volunteers who drank coffee, 19.5% were used to decaf coffee, 23.3% were used to ground coffee, and 55.1% were used to instant coffee. After adjusting for possible confounders, the researchers found that compared to non-coffee drinkers:
- People who drank 0.5-3 cups of decaffeinated coffee per day had a 16% lower risk of all-cause mortality (P=0.001);
- More than 3 cups of decaffeinated coffee per day reduced the risk of all-cause mortality by 17% (P=0.022).
- 0.5-3 cups of ground coffee per day reduced the risk of all-cause mortality by 25% and cardiovascular mortality by 25% (P<0.001);
- What is even more shocking is that more than 3 cups of ground coffee per day is associated with a 49% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular mortality (P=0.008)!
Volunteers who drank decaffeinated coffee and ground coffee experienced improvements in many cardiac function parameters compared to non-coffee drinkers. Unfortunately, researchers have found no evidence that long-term consumption of instant coffee improves cardiovascular health.
The health effects of different types of coffee may vary due to the fact that they have undergone different processes and contain different chemical compositions. For example, although decaffeine-free coffee does not contain caffeine, drinking decaffeine-free coffee can also help improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of death, suggesting that other coffee components other than caffeine can also have health benefits.
In summary, this study confirmed that 0.5-3 cups of coffee per day can help improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease death and all-cause mortality. If you can, you can choose between decaf coffee and ground coffee!
Okay, worker, have you drunk coffee (as a cow or horse) today?
Resources:
[1] Simon J, Fung K, Raisi-Estabragh Z, et al. Light to moderate coffee consumption is associated with lower risk of death: a UK Biobank study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022; 29(6):982-991. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwac008
[2] Oyelere AM, Kok DE, Bos D, Gunter MJ, Ferrari P, Keski-Rahkonen P, de Wilt JHW, van Halteren HK, Kouwenhoven EA, van Duijnhoven FJB, Kampman E. Coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer recurrence and all-cause mortality. Int J Cancer. 2024 Jun 15; 154(12):2054-2063. doi: 10.1002/ijc.34879. Epub 2024 Feb 12. PMID: 38346920.
撰文 | Swagpp
According to Metz Medicine O10