Xunzi believes that in order to achieve human efforts and good deeds, people can use people's hearts. And the heart is the master of the heavenly officials, so Xunzi wants to teach people to understand and practice the Tao with their hearts.
This must first remove the problems of people's hearts, that is, the so-called "unmasking". The "Unmasking Chapter" is to explain how people use their hearts and explain the relationship between the heart and the Tao.
Xunzi said that the heart is different from Mencius, and it is also different from Mozi and Zhuangzi, and he prescribes another set of theories of the human heart.
Most people think that the center of Xunzi's thought is sexual evil, and Mencius is sexual good, but if the center of Xunzi's thought is to say sexual evil, it only proves that Xunzi believes that human nature is changing, but it cannot explain what the reason for change is and where the power of change comes from.
And Xunzi's entire political and cultural thinking cannot be derived from the concept of sexual evil. Therefore, it is wrong to say that the center of Xunzi's thought is sexual evil.
The center of Xunzi's thought should be the heart. Although Xunzi did not deduce all the theories from the concept of the heart, looking at Xunzi's words about the heart, which is different from Mencius, Mozi, and Zhuangzi, we can know why Xunzi's entire ideological system is different from other schools, so as to clearly see the characteristics of Xunzi. It depends on how the "Unmasking Chapter" says the heart.
Mozi's heart attaches importance to rationally distinguishing categories, and Xunzi also attaches importance to classification, as can be seen from the "Correct Name Chapter". But Xunzi's heart is not only the heart that knows the classification, but also the heart that understands and commands all kinds of things, not only the heart of reason, but also the heart that can be the master of itself. Zhuangzi said that the heart attaches importance to humility and quietness, Xunzi said the heart, and also said that "the void is quiet and quiet", but Xunzi's heart not only achieves humility and quietness, but also can establish and maintain all kinds of order, establish all kinds of social culture, and become a cultured and organized heart. Mencius said that the heart pays attention to the direct cultivation of the heart, so that the heart performance is constantly popular, but Xunzi's heart pays attention to the theory of nourishing the heart led by the problems of the human heart, and pays attention to the work of self-clarification, so as to know and keep the Tao.
Therefore, Xunzi said that the heart can be said to be similar to Mozi, Zhuangzi, and Mencius, and has gained more than the three schools. However, Xunzi separated the heart from the temperament and underestimated the temperament, so he could not understand Mencius's temperament and human nature, which became Xunzi's shortcoming.
21.1 The troubles of mortals are hidden in a song and darkened in Dali. The rule is to repeat the scriptures, and the two doubts are confused: there are no two ways in the world, and the saints have no two hearts. Now the princes have different policies, and a hundred schools of thought have different opinions, and they will either be or not, or rule or chaos.
The king of the troubled country, the people of the troubled family, this sincerity does not seek righteousness and self-righteousness, jealousy of the Tao and people tempt it, private accumulation is afraid of hearing its evil, relying on its private observation of strange arts, lest it smell its beauty. It is to go with the rule, but not to give up. If the heart is not obscured, then the white and black are in front of the eyes and cannot be seen, and the thunder drum is on the side and the ears are not heard, and the messenger is not the messenger!
The fault of mortals is that they are blinded by a certain part of things and do not understand the great truth of the whole picture. If you rectify your thinking, you will be able to return to the right path, and if you can't make up your mind between prejudice and great truth, you will be confused. There will be no two opposing correct principles in the world, and there will be no two opposing ideas for the saints. Now that the political measures of the princes and countries are different, and the doctrines of each school of thought are different, then there must be some right and some wrong, some can lead to stability, and some can cause chaos.
The sovereigns who mess with the country, the scholars who mess with the schools, these people do not really want to find a right way to serve themselves, but because they are jealous and prejudiced against the right principles, they can be seduced by others according to their preferences.
They prefer the knowledge they have accumulated in their daily lives, and they are afraid of hearing criticism of their knowledge. They observe doctrines that are different from their own according to their preferred knowledge, and they are afraid to hear praise for doctrines other than their own.
As a result, they are contrary to the right principles of governance, but they are still self-righteous and cannot be reined in. If the mind is not on the right path, then the white and black ones are placed in front of them and the eyes will not be able to see, and the thunder drum will beat beside them and the ears will not be able to hear it, let alone those who they regard as heretics and who are devoted to the right path. Isn't it sad that a person who has mastered the correct political principles will criticize the monarch of the country from above, and a scholar of the school of thought will criticize him below?
2-4
Therefore, it is hidden: desire is hidden, evil is hidden, the beginning is hidden, the end is hidden, far is hidden, near is hidden, Bo is hidden, shallow is hidden, ancient is hidden, and today is hidden. Where all things are different, they are all incompatible, and this mental trick is also a public disaster.
Translations:
What causes blindness? Hobbies blind you, hatred blinds, seeing only the beginning blinds, seeing only the end blinds, seeing only the distance blinds, seeing only the near places blinds, and knowledge fairs cause blinding
Blindness, shallow knowledge will also cause blindness, and only knowing the ancient times will cause blindness, and only knowing the present will also cause blindness. Everything has different opposites, and all of them will not interact to cause blindness, which is a common scourge in the method of thinking.
The former ruler of the veil, Xia Wei Yin is also. Concealed in the view of the end of the Xisi, and do not know Guan Longfeng, in order to confuse his heart, and mess with his actions. Concealed by Daji and Feilian, and ignorant of Weizi Qi, in order to confuse his heart and mess up his actions.
Therefore, the ministers went to be loyal and private, the people complained and did not use, the virtuous retreated and fled, so they lost the land of nine pastures, and the country of the temple of Xuzong. He died in the mountain, and the county was in Chiyang.
If you don't have a prophet, you can't advise people, and this calamity is also a calamity. Cheng Tang was imprisoned in Xia Wei, so the Lord was careful to govern it, so that he could use Yi Yin for a long time, and his body did not lose his way, so he received nine on behalf of the Xia King. King Wen is in charge of Yin, so the lord of his heart and prudent governance, is to be able to use Lu Wang for a long time, and the body does not lose the way, so it is on behalf of King Yin and received nine herds. The distance is not to be precious, so the eyes are prepared for color, the ears are prepared for the sound, the mouth is prepared for the taste, the form is prepared for the palace, the name is prepared for the number, the world sings when you are born, and the four seas cry when you die. The husband is the most prosperous.
The poem says: "The phoenix is in autumn, its wings are several, and its voice is like a flute." There is a phoenix and a phoenix, the heart of the emperor. "This is a blessing.
Translations:
In the past, there were those who were deceived by the monarchs, Xia Wei and Shang Xuan. Xia Wei was deceived by Mo Xi and Si Guan and did not appreciate Guan Longfeng, so he confused his thoughts and behaved absurdly; Shang Wei was deceived by Daji and Fei Lian and did not appreciate Wei Ziqi, so he confused his thoughts and behaved absurdly.
Therefore, the ministers abandoned their loyalty to them for personal gain, the people resented and blamed them instead of serving them, and the virtuous and talented people resigned from their offices and lived in seclusion, which is why they lost the land of Kyushu and left the capital of the temple in ruins.
Xia Wei died in the mountain, and the head of the merchant was hung on the red flag streamer, they themselves could not know their fault in advance, and no one else dissuaded them, this is the scourge of blindness. Shang Tang took Xia Wei as a lesson from the past, so he made up his mind and governed the country carefully, so he was able to appoint Yi Yin for a long time without deviating from the correct principles of governance, which is why he replaced Xia Wei and got Kyushu.
King Wen of Zhou learned the lesson of the Shang king, so he made up his mind and governed the country carefully, so he was able to appoint Lü Wang for a long time without deviating from the correct principles of governance, which is why he replaced the Shang king and obtained Kyushu. Distant nations have given their precious goods, so that their eyes can see all the beautiful colors, their ears can hear all kinds of beautiful music, their mouths can eat all the delicacies of the mountains and seas, they live in all kinds of luxurious palaces, and their names are given all kinds of beautiful titles.
"Poem" cloud: "The phoenix dances and flies, its wings are like shields, and its chirping is like a hole flute." There were phoenixes and phoenixes, which made the king's heart beam. "This is the happiness of not being blinded. In the past, there were some courtiers who were deceived, Tang Yang and Xi Qi were. Tang Ying was blinded by the pursuit of power and expelled Dai Yu, and Xi Qi was blinded by the struggle for power and blamed Shen Sheng.
As a result, Tang Ying was killed in the Song State, and Xi Qi was killed in the Jin State. Tang Ying expelled the virtuous minister and Xi Qi blamed his filial brother, and he was killed, but he still didn't understand why, this is the scourge of blinding. Therefore, because of greed and ugliness, there has never been a person who violates the right path and fights for power and profit, but does not suffer danger and humiliation.
The former ministers, Tang Yingxi Qi is also. Tang Dynasty was killed in the Song Dynasty and Xi Qi was killed in the Jin Dynasty. Chasing the virtuous and sin filial piety, as a torture, but I don't know that this calamity is also. Therefore, those who are greedy, betrayal, and fighting for power without endangering the perish have never been seen since ancient times and today. Uncle Bao, Ning Qi, and Xi Peng are known and uncovered, so they can hold Guan Zhong, and fame, fortune, and fortune are Qi with Guan Zhong. Zhao Gong and Lu Wangren know and are not hidden, so they can hold the Fame and fortune of Zhou Gong and Zhou Gongqi. It is said: "Knowing the virtuous is clear, assisting the virtuous is capable, and the strong is strong, and its blessing will be long." That's right. This is also a blessing.
Translations:
In the past, there were some courtiers who were deceived, Tang Yang and Xi Qi were. Tang Ying was blinded by the pursuit of power and expelled Dai Yu, and Xi Qi was blinded by the struggle for power and blamed Shen Sheng. As a result, Tang Ying was killed in the Song State, and Xi Qi was killed in the Jin State.
Tang Ying expelled the virtuous minister and Xi Qi blamed his filial brother, and he was killed, but he still didn't understand why, this is the scourge of blinding. Therefore, because of greed and ugliness, there has never been a person who violates the right path and fights for power and profit, but does not suffer danger and humiliation.
Uncle Bao, Ning Qi, and Xi Peng were wise and undeceived, so they were able to help Guan Zhong, and the fame, wealth, and happiness they enjoyed were also equal to Guan Zhong. Zhao Gong and Lu Wangren were wise and not deceived, so they were able to help Zhou Gong, and the fame, wealth, happiness and happiness they enjoyed were also equal to Zhou Gong. It is said in an ancient book: "To be able to identify a wise man is called wise, and to be able to assist a wise man is called virtuous." If you try to identify the sages and do your best to assist them, his happiness will last for a long time. "That's what I'm talking about. This is the happiness of not being blinded.
21.5 Those who are covered by Xibin Meng are also troublemakers. Mozi is hidden in use but does not know the text, Song Zi is hidden in desire but does not know the gain, Shenzi is hidden in the law but does not know the virtuous, Shenzi is hidden in the power but does not know the truth, Huizi is hidden in the words but does not know the truth, and Zhuangzi is hidden in the sky but does not know the people. Therefore, from the way of the word, make the most of it, from the way of the common word, do the best, from the way of the law, exhaust the number, from the way of the potential, as convenient, from the way of the word, as far as possible, from the way of the word, as much as possible, from the way of the heavens, all the causes. These few bodies are all in a corner of the road. The husband is always changing, and one corner is not enough to lift it. People who know the Tao are not able to know it when they look at a corner of the road, so they think it is enough to decorate it, the inside is chaotic, the outside is confused, the upper is to cover the bottom, the lower is to cover the top, and the disaster of this blockage is also. Confucius was benevolent and unobscured, so learning chaos was enough to be the first king. A family is thoughtful, and it is used for example, not in the accumulation. Therefore, virtue and Zhou Gongqi, the name and the three kings, this unconcealed blessing also.
Translations:
In the past, there were those who were deceived by the wanderers, and the scholars who messed up the school were those who were confused.
Mozi was blinded by only emphasizing practicality and not knowing the ornamentation, Song Zi was blinded by only seeing the side of people with few desires but not knowing that people have the side of greed, Shenzi was blinded by only seeking the rule of law and did not know the role of appointing sages, Shenzi was blinded by only knowing the role of power and not knowing the role of intelligence, Huizi was blinded by only arguing about the name but not knowing reality, and Zhuangzi was blinded by only knowing the role of nature but not knowing the power of man.
Therefore, if we talk about the Tao from the perspective of practicality, we will talk about utilitarianism, if we talk about the Tao from the perspective of desire, we will talk about satisfaction, if we talk about the Tao from the perspective of the rule of law, we will talk about the provisions of the law, if we talk about the Tao from the perspective of power, we will talk about the convenience of power, if we talk about the Tao from the perspective of name debate, we will talk about all the unrealistic theories, and if we talk about the Tao from the perspective of nature, we will talk all about following the rules. These statements are all aspects of the Tao. The Tao is an ontology that is immutable and can exhaust all changes, and one perspective cannot be used to summarize it. People who know only half of the Tao see one aspect of the Tao but do not really know it, so they study this aspect as a complete Tao, so they disturb the thinking of their own school internally, confuse others externally, and are deceived by their subjects and the monarch below, and this is the scourge of deception.
Confucius's benevolence was wise and undeceived, so he studied it in many ways, and the sum of it was enough to supplement the political principles of the ancient sages. Only the Confucian school has mastered the comprehensive Tao, admired and applied it, and is not blinded by stereotypes and old habits. Therefore, his virtue is equal to that of the Duke of Zhou, and his reputation is on a par with the three generations of founding kings, which is the happiness of not being blinded.
21.6 The sage knows the troubles of the mind and sees the scourge of congestion, so there is no desire, no evil, no beginning, no end, no near, no far, no knowledge, no shallowness, no past, no present, and all things are balanced. Therefore, all differences must not be concealed from each other, so as to be disorderly.
Translations:
The saint knows the faults of his mind and method, sees the scourge of being blinded, so he does not let his hobbies or hate them, he does not see only the beginning nor the end, he does not only see the near and he does not only see the distance, he is not only broad and he is not satisfied with the shallow, he does not only know the ancient and he does not know only the present, but he puts out various things at the same time and weighs them according to certain criteria. Therefore, the many differences and opposites cannot be concealed by each other, so that they are confused.
What is Heng? Therefore, the mind cannot be ignorant, and if the mind does not know, it cannot be the way, but it is not the way. If a person wants to be unrestrained, but he does not keep what he can, and forbids what he can? If he takes people with his unrighteous heart, he will be in line with the unTaoist and not in accordance with the Taoist. With its unTaoist heart and unTaoist people, the foundation of chaos is also. How can the husband know? He said: If the heart knows, then the Tao can be done, and then the Tao can be guarded to forbid the non-Tao. If you take people with their Taoist hearts, they will be in line with the Taoists, but not the unenlightened. With its Taoist heart and Taoist people to discuss non-Taoism, it is important to govern it. Therefore, the cure lies in knowing.
Translations:
What is the standard by which things are weighed? Answer: It is the Word. Therefore it is not permissible not to understand the Tao in your heart.
If you don't understand the Tao in your heart, you will deny the Tao and approve what goes against the Tao. Who wants to be free and yet obey what he denies and use it to stop what he approves of? If he chooses people with his idea of denying the Tao, he will certainly agree with those who do not practice the Tao, and will not be like-minded with those who practice the way. To talk about those who follow the Tao with his kind of thinking that denies the Tao and those who do not follow the Tao is the bane of social chaos. In this case, how can we know about those who practice the Word?
Again: If you know the Word in your heart, then you will approve of it. Approve of the Word, and then you can obey the Word to stop things that go against the Word. If he chooses people with his kind of thinking that supports the Tao, he will be in harmony with those who follow the Tao, and will not be in the same league with those who do not follow the Tao. Talking about those who oppose the Tao with his kind of thinking that supports the Tao and those who follow the Tao is the key to the governance of society. In this case, why worry about not being able to understand those who practice the Word?
Therefore, the key to good social governance lies in understanding the Tao.
How do people know? How does the heart know? The heart is not unmoving, but there is the so-called emptiness, the heart is not not two, but there is the so-called one, the heart is not moving, but there is the so-called quiet. People are born with knowledge, and those who know and have ambitions are also ambitious, but there is a so-called emptiness, and it is not called emptiness if it is harmed.
The heart is born and knows, and there are differences, and those who are different know at the same time, and they know both at the same time, and they are two, but there is the so-called one, and the husband does not harm this one. The heart lies in a dream, steals by itself, and makes it a plan; so the heart does not move; however, there is a so-called quiet; not to dream drama chaos to know the quiet. Those who seek the Tao without attaining the Tao are said to be empty and quiet. Doing: then the person who must be the Tao is empty, the person who is doing the Tao will be exhausted, and the person who thinks about the Tao will be quietly observed. Those who know how to observe, know how to do, and those who are considerate are also.
Void and quiet, called the great Qingming. All things are invisible and invisible, invisible and invisible, and displaced. Sitting in the room and seeing the four seas, in the present and the long term. Observe all things and know their feelings, participate in the chaos and pass through its degree, warp and weft heaven and earth and material officials all things, and cut Dali and the universe. Magnificent and wide, who knows its extremes? Testicles are wide, who knows its virtues? Ripples, who knows its shape? Bright and bright sun and moon, full of eight poles, the husband is called an adult. The husband is evil!
Translations:
By what means does a man come to know the Word?
By what means does the mind understand the Tao? Answer: By humility, concentration and meditation. There is never a time when the mind is not storing information, but there is a so-called emptiness, there is never a time when the mind is not taking care of each other, but there is a so-called concentration, and there is never a time when the mind is inactive, but there is a so-called stillness.
People are born with intelligence, and with intelligence they have memories, and memory is the storage of information, but there is a so-called emptiness, and it is called humility if we do not allow the knowledge that has been stored in our hearts to interfere with the knowledge that we will receive.
The mind is born with intelligence, and with intelligence it can distinguish different things, and to distinguish different things is to understand them at the same time, and to understand them at the same time, that is, to take care of each other, but there is a so-called concentration, and not allowing that kind of thing to interfere with the understanding of this kind of thing is called concentration.
The mind dreams when it sleeps, when it is slack, when it is slack, it thinks and plans without permission, so the mind never has a time when it is inactive, but there is a so-called stillness, and it is called meditation when it does not let dreams and troublesome thoughts disturb the wisdom. For those who have not yet mastered the Tao and are pursuing the Tao, we should teach them the principles of humility, concentration, and meditation as their guideline of action. Those who want to attain the Tao will be able to attain the Tao when they reach the point of humility, those who want to follow the Tao will be able to exhaust all of the Tao when they reach the point of concentration, and those who want to explore the Tao will be able to perceive the Tao when they have reached the point of meditation. Those who understand the Tao are very discerning and know that the Tao can be practiced, and this is the person who practices the Tao. Attaining the state of humility, concentration, and meditation is called the greatest clarity.
He has nothing to show his form and cannot see, nothing to see and cannot judge, and nothing to judge but not to be in place. He sits in the room and can see the whole world, in the modern era and can judge the ancients, he can see the truth of all things, he can understand the law of the society by examining and evaluating the chaos of society, he can control and use all things, he has mastered the great principle of the whole situation and the whole universe is in the palm of his hand.
O vastness and vastness, who can know the end of his wisdom? O vastness and vastness, who can know the depth of his virtues? Ever-changing and complex, who can know the contours of his thoughts?
The brilliance is equal to that of the sun and the moon, and the vast and vast fills the far places in all directions, and such a person is called a great person. Where can such a person be deceived?
21.9 He who is the heart is the king of form, and the lord of the gods, who gives orders and does not receive them, who forbids himself, who makes himself, who takes himself, who takes what he takes, who takes what he takes, who gives what he does. Therefore, the mouth can be robbed and the ink cloud can be robbed, the form can be robbed and the heart can not be robbed and the mind can be changed.
Therefore, it is said: The heart is not forbidden, and its choice must be seen by itself; "Poetry" cloud: "Picking and picking curly ears, not full of baskets." I am pregnant with people, and I will travel around. "It's easy to fill the basket, it's easy to get the ears, but you can't go around twice. Therefore, it is said: the heart branch is ignorant, the tilt is not refined, and the second is doubtful; to praise it, all things can be known; There are no two classes, so those who know choose one and the other.
Translations:
The mind is the master of the body, the head of the spirit, it gives orders and does not receive orders from anywhere, it limits itself and drives itself, it decides what to abandon and what to accept, it acts and stops itself. So, the mouth can force it to be silent or speak, the body can force it to bend or straighten, the heart cannot force it to change its will, it accepts what it thinks is right, and rejects what it thinks is wrong.
Therefore, when the mind accepts external things, its choice is not limited by anything, but must be based on its own opinions, and although the things it perceives are complex and extensive, it will not be half-hearted when its sincerity comes.
"Poetry" cloud: "Picking, picking, picking curly ears, the old clothes are not satisfied with the oblique basket." Alas, I miss my sweetheart and put the basket on the road. "The diagonal basket is easy to fill, and the curly ear is easy to pick, but you can't stay on the road half-heartedly. Therefore, if the mind is scattered, there will be no knowledge, the deviation of the mind will not be precise, and the mind will not be single-minded, and the mind will be confused.
If we use a consistent attitude to assist the investigation, then everything can be fully understood. It would be perfect to know for yourself how everything is. There can be no two opposing principles of knowing things, so a wise person chooses one and concentrates on it.
21.10 Farmers are good at the field but not as a field teacher, Jia is good at the city but not as a city teacher, and workers are good at tools but not as a tool master. Some people can't use these three skills to govern the three officials. Said: Those who are good at the Tao are also good at things, and those who are good at things are also good at things, and those who are good at things are good at things. Therefore, the gentleman is in the way and praises the things. If you are on the right path, you will be right on the way, and if you are on the right track, you will be on the right track.
Translations:
Peasants are good at farming, but they cannot be officials who manage agriculture, merchants are good at buying and selling, but they cannot be officials who manage the market, and workers are good at making utensils, but they cannot be officials who make management tools. Some people don't know these three techniques, but they can manage these three professions.
Therefore, there are people who are good at the Tao, and there are people who are good at concrete things. Those who are good at concrete things can only control such concrete things, while those who are good at the Tao can control all kinds of things. Therefore, the gentleman concentrates on the Tao and uses it to help himself to investigate all things. If you concentrate on the Tao, you will be correct, if you use it to help you examine all things, you will be able to see everything very clearly, and if you use the right mind to deal with the very clear conclusions of the investigation, then all things will be used.
21.11 In the past, Shun ruled the world, and everything was accomplished without edicts: when one is in danger, its glory is full; Therefore, the "Tao Sutra" says: "The danger of the human heart is the slightest of the Taoist heart." ”
There are a few dangers, but only a wise gentleman can know them. Therefore, people's hearts are like water, right and wrong and do not move, then the turbidity is below, and the clarity is above, it is enough to see the eyebrows and see the reason.
The breeze is over, the turbidity is moving, and the clarity is chaotic above, so you can't get the big shape. The same is true of the heart. Therefore, it is enough to determine right and wrong and resolve suspicions. If a small thing is introduced, it is easy to be outside, and its heart is introverted, which is not enough to make a decision.
Therefore, there are many good books, and Cangjie is the only one, one is also, there are many good crops, and then the only one is one, one is also, there are many good people, and the only one is one, and the good and righteous are all the same, and Shun is the only one, one also.
Xi Zhong is a chariot, Du is a horse, and the father is good at royalty. From ancient times to the present, there are no two capable people. Zeng Zi said: "Is it that the court can fight rats, and the evil can sing with me?"
Translations:
In the past, Shun ruled the world, and all kinds of things were done without admonishing everything. If he attains the state of abstinence from fear by sticking to the principle of concentrating on the Tao, he will be filled with glory, and if he has reached the subtle state of concentrating on the Tao, he will be unconsciously glorified.
Therefore, the Tao Sutra says: "The thoughts of ordinary people can only reach the realm of abstinence from fear, and the thoughts of those who have attained the Tao can reach the subtle realm." "This is the sign of fear and subtlety that only a wise gentleman can understand. The human mind is like water in a dish, if it is left upright and not stirred, then the sedimented filthy dregs are below, and the clear and transparent water is above, which can be used to shine on the beard and eyebrows and see the texture of the skin. But if the breeze blows over it, the sedimented filthy dregs will rise below, and the clear and transparent water will be stirred up above, and it will not be possible to obtain a correct image of the human body.
That's how people think. If we guide it with correct principles and cultivate it with noble virtues, then external objects will not be able to tilt it into an improper position, and then it can be used to judge right and wrong and decide suspicion. If a little thing restrains him, then his upright demeanor changes in appearance, and his mind tilts in his chest, and it cannot be used to decide all kinds of things.
In ancient times, there were many people who liked to write, but only Cangjie's reputation was handed down, this is because he was single-minded; there were many people who liked to grow crops, but only Houji's reputation was handed down, this was because he was single-minded; there were many people who loved music, but only Kui's reputation was handed down, this was because he was single-minded; there were many people who loved morality, but only Shun's reputation was handed down, this was because he was single-minded.
Qi made a bow, Fu created an arrow, and Yi was good at archery, Xi Zhong made a chariot, Cheng Du invented a four-horse horse-drawn chariot, and the father was proficient in driving. From ancient times to the present, there has never been a person who can specialize in two things. Zeng Tzu said, "When you sing, you look at the beating stick and think that you can use it to beat mice, how can you sing with me?"
21.12 There is a man in the empty stone ("empty stone": a stone cave), and his name is called "觙" ("觙").
He is also a human being, good at shooting and thinking ("shooting": guessing; "to": and). The desire of the ears and eyes ("the desire of the ears and eyes" refers to beautiful sounds and colors; "connection": contact) defeats their thoughts ("defeat": interference, destruction), and the sound of mosquitoes and flies frustrates their essence ("frustration": hindrance; "jing": refers to the state of concentrating on meditation). It is the desire to dispel the ears and eyes ("pi": avoid), and the sound of gnats and flies is far away;
Mencius was defeated and gave out of his wife ("evil defeat": afraid of ruining his reputation; "out of wife": divorced from his wife), which can be said to be able to improve himself ("self-improvement": very strong), but not as good as thinking (not necessarily able to think carefully); The desire to dispel the ears and eyes, and the sound of the gnats and flies ("and": again), can be said to be self-endangered ("self-danger": self-vigilance), which can not be described as small. The husband is the most human. To the people, how strong, how forbearing, what danger, so turbidity bright exterior scene, clear interior scene.
The sage indulges his desires and combines his feelings ("concurrently": to exhaust), while the one who controls it is rational ("concurrent": to deal with problems). Therefore, the way of the benevolent is also inaction ("non-action": not deliberate action), and the way of the saint is also strong ("strong": reluctant). The thoughts of the benevolent are also respectful, and the thoughts of the saints are also happy. This is also the way to cure the mind.
Translations:
There was a man in the city of empty stone, and his name was Que. He is a guesser by nature and likes to think. But the music and beauty that his ears and eyes yearn for will spoil his thinking as soon as they come into contact with him, and the sound of mosquitoes and flies will hinder his concentration as soon as it reaches his ears. Therefore, he avoided the music and beauty that his ears and eyes yearned for, and kept away from the sound of mosquitoes and flies, and lived alone and thought quietly, so that his thoughts were clear.
If we think about benevolence like this, can we say that we have reached the state of subtlety? Mencius divorced his wife from the house for fear of ruining his benevolence, which can be said to be able to make efforts to improve on his own, but he has not yet reached the point of thinking about benevolence.
Youzi is afraid of dozing off and burns his palms with fire, which can be said to be able to restrain himself, but he has not yet reached the point of loving benevolence. Avoiding the music and beauty that the ears and eyes yearn for, and staying away from the sounds of mosquitoes and flies, it can be said that we have reached the realm of fear, but it cannot be said that we have reached the realm of subtlety.
Those who have attained the subtle realm are those who have attained the highest level of ideological cultivation. Since we are people who have attained the highest level of ideological cultivation, what kind of exertion do we need? What restraint do we need? What kind of abstinence do we need? Therefore, those who understand the Tao in a chaotic way can only show brilliance on the outside, and those who clearly understand the Tao can shine in the depths of their hearts.
Even if the saint indulges his desires and tries to satisfy his emotions, he can still manage the things he manages. So what kind of exertion do you need? What restraint do you need? What kind of fear do you need? Therefore, the benevolent person pursues the Tao and does nothing, and the saint pursues the Tao without any reluctance. The benevolent thinks respectfully and prudently, while the saint's thinking is light and pleasant. This is the way to cultivate the mind.
21·13 If there is doubt about the object: if the center is uncertain ("center": the heart), then the external object is not clear, and if I am not clear, then it is not possible to determine whether it is or not ("yet": right or wrong, as the object of "definite"). Those who walk in the dark ("Dark") think that they are in the dark ("Sleepstone": a big stone lying horizontally), see the plantation and think that they are descendants ("Plantation": trees; "descendants" refer to people behind): they are blind ("Dark"); those who are drunk cross the ditch of a hundred steps, thinking that they are stepping on the mud ("澮": the ditch in the field), and they bow out of the city gate ("leaning": leaning over, bowing their heads), thinking that they are small ("boudoir": the small door below the circle): they are drunk and chaotic, and those who are disgusted with their eyes ("disgusted") : press with your fingers), see one as two, cover your ears and listen, listen to indifference and think that you are indifferent ("indifference": silent; "哅哅": noisy), and chaotic officials ("situation": external situation; "official": organ).
Therefore, those who look at the cattle from the mountain are like sheep (the word "者" is used to express hypothesis), and those who seek sheep do not pull down ("seek": want to find): they are far away; those who look at the wood from the bottom of the mountain are like a chopstick; the wood of ten feet is like a chopstick; "chopsticks": chopsticks), and the one who asks for a chopsticks does not fold it: it is high and covers its length.
The water moves and the scenery shakes ("Jing": shadow), and people do not determine beauty and evil ("to" pass "can";"); "Evil": ugly): the water potential Xuanye ("Xuan" through "dazzling", dazzling); the blind look up and do not see the stars ("blind": blind), people do not determine whether there is or not: use the essence to confuse also ("use": cause; "essence" through the "eye"). If someone determines things at this time ("to": if; "if": to judge the nature of things), then the fools of the world are also.
The determination of the fool will not be appropriate to judge doubts with doubts. If the husband is not right, can An Neng be careless?
The main thrust of this section also falls at the end of the sentence, but every sentence of the whole text is about "masking".
Where the observation is suspicious and the center is uncertain, the external object is not clear. I can't think about it, and I can't say for sure. Those who walk in the underworld, see the sleeping stone and think that the tiger is also, and see the forest planting and think that the descendants are also: the dark hides its light. The drunken person crosses the ditch of a hundred steps, thinking that he is also stepping forward, and he leans out of the city gate, thinking that the small boudoir is also: the wine is chaotic and his god is also. Those who are tired of looking at one will regard one as two, and those who cover their ears and listen will listen indifferently and think that they are indifferent: they will mess with their officials. Therefore, those who look at the ox from the mountain are like sheep, and those who seek the sheep do not lead it: far away from it. Those who look at the wood from the bottom of the mountain, the wood of ten thousand is like a chopstick, and the one who asks for the chopsticks does not fold it: it is high and covers its length. The water moves and the scenery shakes, and people do not determine beauty and evil: the water is also mysterious. The blind look up and do not see the stars, and people do not determine whether there is or not: they use their spirits to confuse them. If someone determines things at this time, so are the fools of the world. The determination of the fool is doubtful, and it will never be appropriate. If the husband is not right, can An Neng be careless?
Translations:
If you have doubts when you observe things: if your mind is not at peace, then you will not be able to see things in the outside world clearly, and if your mind is confused, you will not be able to judge right and wrong. A man who walks in the darkness thinks it is a lying tiger when he sees a lying stone, and when he sees a standing tree, he thinks it is a man who follows him, and it is the darkness that blinds his vision.
The drunken man walked out of the city gate with his head bowed, thinking that he had walked out of the narrow gate of the palace, and the wine disturbed his mind. He who sees with his eyes sees one thing and thinks it is two, and he who covers his ears to listen to it thinks it is a buzzing sound when he hears the silence, because external forces disturb his faculties. From the top of the mountain, the cow looks like a sheep, but the person who asks for the sheep will not go down the mountain to lead it, because the distance hides the height of the ox.
Looking at the trees on the mountain from the bottom of the mountain, the trees are seven feet high like chopsticks, but the person who asks for the chopsticks will not go up the mountain to fold them, which is the height that covers the length of the trees. When the water shakes and the shadows shake, people don't judge the beauty or ugliness of their faces, it's the shape of the water that dazzles people. The blind man looks up and cannot see the stars, and people do not judge the presence or absence of stars by this, because the eyes cannot see clearly. If anyone judges things at such a time, they are stupid people in the world. Those foolish people judge things with a confused mind, and the judgment must not be appropriate. If the judgment is not right, how can there be no mistakes?
There are people in the south of the summer head; He is also a man, foolish and fearful. The bright moon and the night walk, looking down at its shadow, thinking that the ghost is also, looking up at its hair, thinking that it is charming. walked away, compared to his home, lost his anger and died. Isn't it sad! Mortals who have ghosts will be determined by their feelings and doubts when they are suspicious. The reason why this person has nothing and there is no time, and he has determined the matter. Therefore, if you are injured by dampness and paralysis, and paralysis and drumming and cooking porpoises, there will be the cost of losing the dolphin, and there will be no blessing of Yu disease. Therefore, although it is not in the south of the summer head, it is no different.
Translations:
To the south of Xia Shou was a man named Juan Shuliang, who was stupid by nature and easily afraid. When he walked on a moonlit night, when he looked down and saw his figure, he thought it was a ghost lying on the ground, and when he looked up and saw his hair, he thought it was a standing youkai, so he turned around and ran, and when he ran to his house, he died. Isn't this sad? Mortals think that there is a ghost, and they must judge it when they are in a trance, when they are confused and confused. This is the time when people take something as if they have nothing and nothing as if they have it, but it is at this time that they themselves judge things. If someone has rheumatism and wants to beat the drum to drive away the disease and cook the pig to pray to God, then there will definitely be a break in the drum and the loss of the pig, and there will be no happiness in curing the disease. So even if this kind of person doesn't live in the south of Xia Shou, he is no different from Juan Shuliang.
Whoever knows is human nature, and can know, the reason of things. To be able to know the nature of people, to seek the reason of things, and to stop without doubt, there is no life and no poor years. Therefore, although it is a billion, it is not enough to change all things, and it is the same as a fool. Learning, the eldest son of the old body, and if he is one with the fool, he still does not know the mistake, and the husband is a fool. Therefore, those who learn also stop learning. Stop the evil? He said: Holy King. Those who are holy are also those who do their best, those who are kings, those who are all in control, and those who are both exhausted are enough to be the best in the world. Therefore, scholars take the holy king as their teacher, and the case is based on the system of the holy king, and the law is used to seek its unification, and the practice is to imitate its people. To be a scholar, a gentleman, a gentleman, and a saint. Therefore, if there is knowledge and not to worry about it, it is called fear, if there is courage and not to hold it, it is called a thief, if it is not to divide it, it is called usurpation, if it is not to cultivate it, it is called to know, and if it is not to say what it is, it is called to be false. It is said: "There are two in the world: non-cha is, yes cha non." "It is said that the monarchy is not in accordance with the monarchy. The world doesn't think it's righteous, but there are still those who can distinguish right from wrong and govern the wrong?
Translations:
Generally speaking, it is human nature to be able to know things, and it is the law of things to be known. If there is no certain restriction on the nature of a person who can know things, then he will not be able to cover the things that can be known after a lifetime and a lifetime of enjoyment.
Even if there are hundreds of millions of ways for people to learn through things, if they can't use them to understand the changes in everything, they are the same as stupid people. To study like this, when you are old and your children have grown up, you are still the same as a stupid person, but you don't know how to give up this unhelpful practice, this is called ignorance.
Studying, there must be a scope of learning. Where do you limit the scope of your study? Answer: Limit it to the most complete state. What is the most complete state? He replied, "It is to know the way of the holy king."
A saint is a person who is completely proficient in affairs, and a king is a person who is thoroughly proficient in the system, and a person who is proficient in both aspects can become the highest teacher in the world. Therefore, to study, we must regard the Holy King as our teacher, and we must take the system of the Holy King as our own law, and follow the Law of the Holy King and explore their program, and strive to imitate their behavior. Those who aspire to this way of the holy king and strive for it are scholars, those who imitate the way of the holy king and approach it are gentlemen, and those who know the way of the holy king are saints.
Therefore, if you have wisdom but you don't use it to consider the way of the holy king, then you are called cowardice, if you have courage but not to defend the way of the holy king, then you are called thief, if you observe problems carefully but not to analyze the way of the holy king, then it is called usurpation, if you are very talented but not to study, study and carry forward the way of the holy king, then it is called cunning, and if you can speak eloquently but not use it to propagate the way of the holy king, then it is called nonsense. It is said in an ancient book: "There are two aspects of the world: one is to examine the right according to the wrong, and the other is to examine the wrong according to the right." This is what is right and wrong when it means what is in accordance with the law of the Holy King and what is not in accordance with the law of the Holy King.
If the husband does not distinguish between right and wrong, does not govern the wrong, does not distinguish the chaos, does not govern the humanity, although it can not benefit the people, it cannot be harmless to the people; the case will be the right to deal with the blame, play strange words, and scratch and slip with each other; the case is strong and sharp-mouthed, cheeky and enduring, unrighteous and unscrupulous, vain and discerning, and a few benefits; it is not good to resign, not to respect etiquette, but to push each other: the theory of traitors in this troubled world is also the rule of the world, and there are many people who say that the world is the same. It is said: "Analyze words and observe, words and things are distinguished, and gentlemen are cheap." Erudite and ambitious, not in line with the royal system, a gentleman is cheap. That's right.
Translations:
If the law of the Holy King is not regarded as the highest standard in the world, then is there anything that can distinguish between right and wrong and rectify right and wrong? Even if they are proficient in the doctrine of moral norms in human society, they will not be of any benefit to man, and even if they cannot master it, they will not do any harm to man; this is nothing but the study of strange theories and the use of strange words and phrases to disturb each other; they forcibly suppress others and be able to speak well, be cheeky and endure insults, disobey the right path and wanton debauchery, sophistry and mercenary, dislike modesty, disrespect etiquette, and like to exclude each other; this is the doctrine of treacherous people in a chaotic society. However, this is the case with most of the people who study ideology and doctrine in the world.
It is said in an ancient book: "A gentleman despises such a person when he analyzes words and thinks he is discerning, and he thinks he is good at discerning when he talks about famous things." He has a wide range of knowledge and a strong memory, but does not conform to the laws of the Holy King, and the gentleman despises such people. "That's exactly what happened.
It is not beneficial to achieve it, it is not beneficial to ask for it, and it is useless to worry about it. Don't admire, don't come, don't have mercy, at that time, it moved, things should respond, things should be distinguished, and whether the chaos can be controlled is obvious.
Translations:
If you do it but don't help you succeed, if you pursue it but don't help you get it, if you worry about it but you don't want to realize your wishes, then you can abandon them all, don't let those things get in your way, don't let them have a moment in your mind to interfere with you. Don't envy the past, don't worry about the future, don't have a feeling of sorrow and pity, act when the situation is right, respond to foreign things when they come, and deal with things when they happen, so that whether it is governance or chaos, whether it is appropriate or inappropriate, is clearly clear.
Zhou Cheng, leaked and defeated, Ming Jun has nothing. Xuancheng, hidden and defeated, Yan Jun has nothing. The old man is the king, Zhou Ze slandered to the extreme, and bluntly said the opposite; the villain is far away and the gentleman is far away! Shiyun: "The ink is bright, and the fox is blue." This is a quiet and dangerous one. The gentleman is straightforward, but the slander is the opposite; the gentleman is far away and the villain is far away! This statement is clear from the top to the bottom.
Translations:
Keeping secrets and succeeding, divulging secrets and failing, there is no such thing as a wise monarch. Succeed by revealing the truth, and fail by concealing the truth, there is no such thing as a dim monarch. If the ruler of the people is secretive and meticulous, then the slanderous words come, the righteous words are retracted, and the villain approaches and the gentleman is far away. "Poem" cloud: "You take darkness as light, he said that the fox is dark blue." This means that if the monarch is ignorant and ignorant, then the subjects will be sinister. If the monarch who rules the people is open and honest, then the righteous words come, and the slanderous words are retracted, and the gentleman approaches and the villain is far away. "Poetry" cloud: "The brightness is below, and the brilliance is above." This means that if the monarch is above board, then the subjects will be reformed.