Our reporter Suo Hanxue reports from Beijing
"When we are developing new quality productive forces, we are actually developing the most advanced productive forces of our time. On April 2, 2024, Shi Dan, director of the Institute of Industrial Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, delivered a keynote speech at the "Beijing Economic Forum" hosted by the Capital Institute of Development and Strategy of Chinese University and co-organized by the Beijing Economic Association. She said, "The qualitative leap is the basic connotation of the new qualitative productive forces, which are formed by the progress of laborers, labor materials, and labor objects." ”
She discussed how workers, the means of labor, and the objects of labor can improve and form productivity.
New quality workers are original talents in science and technology
The development of new quality productive forces is to lead innovation and innovation, and to strengthen talents, science and technology, promote industry, and economy, so that the mainland will have a broad space for development. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed the need to accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces.
In the process of forming new quality productivity, how the three elements of productivity will jump is a problem of concern in the research field, and the answer to this question also provides a path for the formation of productivity.
From the perspective of the three elements of Marxist political economy and productivity, Stan expounded on the new qualitative productive forces.
According to Marxist political economy, the productive forces are the ability of human beings to understand and transform society, and the productive forces are organically composed of laborers, labor materials, and labor objects, and the productive forces are always changing.
From the perspective of labor materials, it is the upgrading of traditional industries, new industries, new formats, and new economies are the main forms of existence, and the improvement of total factor productivity is the fundamental symbol, and the scope of labor objects is constantly expanding, and high-quality economic development is promoted through a series of progress and evolution. She summed it up.
In the course of his research, Stan placed particular emphasis on the labor in the factors of production. Because laborers are the most dynamic and important key factor in the new quality of productivity, it is very important to improve the quality of workers in the development of new quality productivity.
Generally speaking, the longer the period of education, the richer the knowledge, the more skills mastered, the higher the quality, and the quality of the labor group, the structure of the group type is closely related to the industrial structure and the employment supply structure.
"The new quality productivity we are talking about now, in addition to the general structure, is also about the improvement of quality, which is actually the proportion of people engaged in knowledge creation and technological innovation, that is, engineers, how many engineers, scientists, and educators are there per 100 people, so as to measure the number of workers. ”
In China, the quality of people is constantly improving, all of them have realized nine-year compulsory education, and the number of years of education is also increasing, and among the working groups, there are more and more talents engaged in scientific research and innovation.
The new quality of productivity has higher requirements for workers.
"The new quality of productivity requires the quality of the laborer, which can be called the new quality of the labor, under the condition of the new quality of the productivity, the new quality of the worker will shift from ordinary labor to the creation of knowledge, which is becoming more and more important in our social activities, we not only contribute physical strength and time, but also create knowledge. Stan said.
In the era of industrial economy, China has trained engineers, and now in the era of artificial intelligence digital economy, "what we need to cultivate is more engaged in original and basic research talents, such as mathematicians, attaching importance to computing power and algorithms, and developing new quality labor productivity The requirements for human quality are further improved, in fact, the requirements for human knowledge structure and creativity are also getting higher and higher." She said.
Stan gave an example, "Ren Zhengfei said in an interview that the mainland's artificial intelligence is still far away, the reporter does not understand why, he said that now colleges and universities are training engineers, not scientists, and doing artificial intelligence requires a large number of mathematicians, engaged in technical originality of talents, I think it makes sense, because the development of society needs different talents, and the cultivation of talents is presented from the education system." ”
She believes that we want to form a gap across talent training, we need innovation, and the actual education system also needs innovation, and now we see that the cultivation of innovative talents is also very important today, in addition to talent is more personality and human spiritual strength, which is very important.
The resilience of the industry is more composed of the resilience of each individual, and the state of young people lying flat needs to be changed urgently.
Shi Dan was a new third class of college students, she recalled: "At that time, everyone was still full of hope, enthusiasm, and running for ideals, and our current students, the passion in this area is decreasing, people without passion there is no spirit of innovation, people must have the pursuit, so as to have the spirit of innovation, this is the school currently needs to encourage students, cultivate students." ”
The means of production are shifting from mechanization to digitalization
The means of production is the material carrier of the productive forces, and its change and upgrading directly promote the development of the productive forces, from the traditional productive forces to the new quality of productivity, the evolution of the means of labor is mainly reflected in the reform, promotion and change of the means of production, the original is a hand tool, and then to the industrial age, the era of mechanization, the era of automation, and now to the era of artificial intelligence and digitalization, the production tools are intelligent manufacturing, intelligent design, intelligent tools, etc., that is to say, the production tools have undergone such changes.
"Our last stage was the era of industrial economy, and now in the era of digital economy, then the means of production will shift from mechanization to digitalization and greening, which reflects the innovation of science and technology and the progress of technology. Stan said.
At present, developed countries are proposing re-industrialization, Germany is proposing Industry 4.0, and the United States is doing re-industrialization, the main reason for proposing such a strategy is that technological progress and the development of science and technology, that is, the development of artificial intelligence and digitalization, have surpassed the contribution of labor in the entire production and manufacturing industry to a certain extent.
Stan has been to many enterprises to investigate, in the modern factory, you can see that the factory is a "black light factory" and "unmanned factory", which shows that general labor, including physical and mental power, has been basically replaced by artificial intelligence, "Therefore, in some developed countries, such as the comparative advantage of labor, the comparative disadvantage of labor is not very existent, and there are scientists, The dividends of engineers can reconstruct the competitive advantage of the industry, and digitalization and intelligence will improve the efficiency of resource utilization, reduce the consumption of resources, and reduce pollution emissions. ”
A new round of scientific and technological revolution has brought about changes in the means of production, and the industry should use new production tools and new production technologies to transform and upgrade the traditional industries and develop emerging industries, which is to cultivate future industries.
"The actual situation of the mainland, it should be said that the digital transformation of traditional industries has made some achievements, and the degree of digital transformation of primary, secondary and tertiary industries or the penetration rate of digitalization has increased year by year, but there is still a gap compared with developed countries. Stan said.
Traditional industries will also regain their competitiveness through technological transformation and digitalization. For example, a garment company in Guangzhou has been able to serve the world and form a strong competitiveness through the development of digitalization and cross-border e-commerce, which means that traditional industries have been revitalized through digital transformation.
"Therefore, we emphasize that the development of new quality productivity is not to eliminate and abandon traditional industries, but to carry out digital transformation of traditional industries. Stan said, "When we investigate, we will see that some of the so-called traditional industries, which are the most technologically advanced industries, such as textiles have long become unmanned factories, clothing customization, manual customization, with a mobile phone scan, what kind of special body type can be made there immediately, therefore, some traditional industries, using more advanced technology." ”
Among the means of production, the most important of these most advanced technologies is the equipment manufacturing industry, which is particularly important for the transformation of production tools, the country's equipment manufacturing has been a stable force driving economic growth in recent years, and has always maintained a growth rate higher than the industrial average, and the transformation of digitalization and greening is also very significant.
The development of integrated circuits is rapid, from 2014 to 2022, the growth of production is more than three times, because China is undergoing digital transformation, the demand for integrated circuits is very high, in addition to some industrial Internet, digital transformation is also developing relatively fast. China's new energy vehicles have reached more than half of the market share in the international market, and the brand has a certain influence, realizing the premium of the brand.
The mainland is basically the route of developing electric vehicles, and the entire industrial structure is traditional industries, emerging industries and future industries, and budding industries, but the four stages are uncertain.
Uncertainty means that there are risks and challenges.
Stan analyzed: "Some of our country's science and technology have certain advantages in the future industry, such as image recognition, voice recognition, 6G, digital infrastructure, etc., are at the forefront of the world, but we must also admit that some of the key links and core technologies in these industries have not yet broken through, such as photoresist, lithography machine, There are still problems with chips, so the development of new quality productivity, the current emerging industry is the leading industry to drive economic growth, the development of new quality productivity is to develop these industries, and at the same time to solve the "neck" technology and production links in these industries. ”
The objects of labor are constantly expanding
The objects of labor in the new qualitative productive forces are also being "upgraded".
Stan summed up the diversity of the current objects of labor. With the development of industrialization, in addition to farming, mineral resources can also be used to process natural resources into industrial products, and now in the era of digital economy, in addition to land and mineral resources, non-renewable resources, renewable resources (new energy, photovoltaic and wind power) can be used, in addition to natural growth, resources can be formed through artificial synthesis.
"With the development of the digital economy, the number itself is both a tool of production and an object of production, and its expansion can also be reused, which reflects the expansion of labor objects and the expansion of scale to promote economic development. She said.
In the past, human activities were mining on the surface of the earth, or hundreds of meters underground, but now in the deep sea, low-altitude and aerospace, the scope of labor has become more and more widespread. "For example, the development of low-altitude economy, deep-sea economy in many places, and so on, as well as the exploration of rare metals and mineral metals on the moon, may be of great help to mankind in the future, and all changes require the quality of workers to be improved to adapt to the development and change of social productive forces. Stan said.
After taking the three elements of productivity as the starting point to elaborate on the new quality productivity, Stan summarized the relationship between the various elements of the new quality productivity and put forward the problems that need to be solved urgently.
"First, we should promote the development of productive forces with talents as the core. The most important of the three elements is people, especially now when economic development emphasizes original innovation and independent innovation, talent is more important, for example, you can learn from others in the past, and the problem of no innovation ability is not very big, but now it is not possible. Stan said. "The country's talent work has also made certain achievements, but the gap is still very large, we also need to cultivate some innovative talents, to be problem-oriented, industrial development-oriented, and science and technology investment must be given to young people, allow fault tolerance for the failure of innovation, and at the same time to encourage young scholars and entrepreneurs to be brave in innovation, and so that they can achieve reasonable returns. ”
Second, Stan suggested that new industrialization should be used as a starting point to promote the high-quality development of the industry. "In fact, the means of production and production tools, such as the equipment manufacturing industry, are provided by the production tools industry, and now the state has put forward a new policy, called large-scale upgrading of equipment, through transformation is not to say that the original level of upgrading, but through upgrading to enhance the level of industrial digitalization and greening, so as to promote industrial upgrading. ”
Third, for the in-depth development of digital assets, the state has also issued relevant policies, and at the same time, it is necessary to develop emerging industries and future industries according to local conditions. General Secretary Xi Jinping has also seen such problems during the discussion of the Jiangsu delegation during the two sessions, and proposed that all localities should adapt measures to local conditions and develop their own comparative advantages. Stan said.
For the labor object, Stan believes that it is necessary to improve the industrial layout and the development and utilization of land space. "The first is to accelerate the development of low-altitude, aerospace and deep-sea economy, which is a huge blue ocean, and the world has also launched a layout; The third is to optimize the industrial organization and industrial layout, and form a synergy of factors, because the industry is a combination of three elements, and the organization, optimization and layout determine the production efficiency. Fourth, it is necessary to make good use of both domestic and international markets and resources, and to open up more to the outside world. ”
(Editor: Hao Cheng Proofreader: Zhai Jun)
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