Want to update the technology? Phased planting of apple orchards with dwarf anvils is the key!
Xue Jundong
Yishui, Shandong Province is a large apple producing county, with 120,000 acres of apple orchards, including 20,000 acres of dwarf rootstock dense plantations (10,000 acres of dwarf intermediate rootstock seedlings and 10,000 acres of dwarf self-rooted rootstock seedlings). Dwarf seedlings have the advantages of simple shaping, early fruiting, good ventilation and light transmission, excellent fruit quality, and convenient intensive management, but in production, due to the limitations of site conditions and management level, some orchards using dwarf mode have problems such as tree weakness and serious diseases, resulting in low yield and low efficiency. In order to achieve a smooth transformation on the basis of ensuring the continuity of orchard benefits, we have adopted a phased update technical scheme for the actual situation of some orchards, and achieved the ideal effect.
1 Basic Information
The garden to be renovated is located in Hongqishan Fruit Industry Park, Yishui County, and the soil is yellow clay with poor air permeability. The garden was established in 2011, using dwarf intermediate rootstock seedlings, with a row spacing of 4 m × 1.5 m, the variety is Yanfu No. 3, and the pollinated variety is Pacific Gala. The current situation is that the orchard is closed, the trunk ring disease is more serious, the tree body is weakened, the yield is reduced, the commercial fruit rate is low, and the loss is continuous year after year.
2 Modernization methods
Transformation ideas: the original orchard is reasonably thinned, a certain amount of temporary plants are retained to maintain yield and income, and at the same time, new trees and seedlings are planted between the rows, and the whole orchard is renewed in 3 years.
2.1 Winter thinning The method of thinning was adopted to remove two plants and leave one plant, and the row spacing was changed from the original 4 m×1.5 m to 4 m×4.5 m, and about 37 temporary plants were retained per mu.
2.2 Temporary strain management
1) Plastic surgery. The remaining trees were reshaped with high light efficiency, and all the fruit branches within 1 m above the ground were removed, and the thick branches were thinned out in the upper part, leaving the branches with medium thickness and moderate growth. The layer spacing reached more than 0.5 m, and the weeping willow shape was adopted, and 5~8 main branches were retained in the whole tree, and the 1-year-old branches that were too vigorous and too dense were thinned, and all the branches were pulled to droop in spring.
2) Fertilizer and water management. After the transformation, the tree is easy to grow, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is reasonably controlled throughout the year, enough organic fertilizer is applied after autumn, high phosphorus compound fertilizer is applied in the flower bud differentiation stage in June, and enough high potassium compound fertilizer is applied according to the amount of fruit hanging in early September.
3) Production target. 37 trees are retained per mu, each tree bears about 200 fruits, the plant yield is 40~50 kg, and the yield per mu is about 1 800 kg.
Figure 1 shows the fruiting of the temporary plant.
2.3 Preparation before planting young trees In winter, excavate strips with a width of 0.8 m and a depth of 0.6 m between the rows of the original fruit trees, first backfill the upper cooked soil with a thickness of 0.2 m, and then apply 0.3 m thick decomposed manure, 40 m 3 of manure is needed per mu, and the upper part is covered with 0.2 m thick topsoil, which is stirred evenly with an excavator, and the remaining soil is covered with the surface layer of the strip, and the ridge height is 0.2~0.3 m (see Figure 2). One-time application of sufficient basal fertilizer can exempt the labor of fertilization every year in the future, and the labor cost can be saved by 400 yuan per mu per year.
Figure 2 Dig deep into the strip and apply enough organic fertilizer at one time
After the strip is finished, the whole strip is irrigated with water before the heavy snow season to fully sink the soil. After the soil thaws in the spring of the second year, the ridges are rearranged and ready for planting.
2.4 Use arborvitae seedlings to build a garden According to the site conditions and management level of the garden, arborvitae seedlings are selected, and the varieties are New 2001, Venus Gold, and Mingyue, according to the ratio of 2:2:1, and the plant row spacing is 3 m × 4.5 m (see Fig. 3).
Figure 3 Planting tree seedlings
2.5 Management of young trees in the first 3 years Trunk shaping and shaping techniques, which are treated with techniques such as angle opening, branch pulling, branching, and flowering sap, can quickly form and bear fruit.
2.5.1 Year 1 Management
1) Colonization. At the end of March, strong seedlings with a thickness of 1.5 cm and a height of more than 1.5 m were used, and the spacing between rows was 4 m ×3 m. Plant according to the original depth of the seedling. Immediately after planting, water thoroughly, 7 days later, and then water once permeable, when the surface humidity is suitable, backfill the tree hole, and arrange the tree tray into a bowl shape with high and low middle around the tree, so as to facilitate the collection of spring rainwater and ensure that there is no shortage of water during the seedling period. After the tree coils are aligned, each tree is covered with a black mulch film larger than 1 m 2, and the edges of the mulch film are tightly sealed with soil.
2) Set drying. Adopt the high fixed drying mode, the fixed drying height should retain the top full bud, knock off the top 5~10 cm, erase the 2nd and 3rd buds in the lower part of the cut bud, and apply healing agent at the cut in time.
3) Promote branches. When the apical bud begins to germinate, apply the hair element from the top 20 cm below to the ground 70 cm in time to ensure that the number of branches reaches more than 15 in the year, and there is no lack of branches in the shaping zone.
4) Shaping . In summer, when the branches on the main trunk grow to 30 cm, the base of the branch is opened with a toothpick so that the base angle of the branch reaches more than 90°. Pull all the shoots to droop in the fall. In winter, the central leader stem continued to retain the apical full bud lightly stubbed, erasing the 2nd and 3rd buds under the cut bud. Combined with the orientation and distance of the branches, remove the overly dense branches and overly thick branches.
5) Fertilizer water. In May, when the shoots grew to more than 20 cm, nitrogen fertilizer was applied at about 100 g per plant each time, and the interval was 20 days for 3 consecutive times. At the end of September, compound fertilizer was applied to the holes, 500 g per plant.
2.5.2 Year 2 Management
1) Plastic surgery. During winter pruning, remove overly thick and dense branches (Fig. 4) and select branches at different intervals of about 30 cm as the main fruiting branches. The extension head of the central stem is lightly stubbed 20~30 cm below the apex, and the 2nd and 3rd buds are removed to promote the development of the top main branch.
At the beginning of April, when the top buds of the main branch are white and germinate, apply PT 2011 branching and flowering promotion solution on the selected main branch, dilute it according to the ratio of flowering promotion solution and water 1:4, and slowly apply the medicine solution from the top of the main branch to the base with a soft brush to ensure that the bud eye is fully in contact with the solution.
2) Fertilizer water. Before and after the vernal equinox, nitrogen fertilizer was applied 1 time, 200 g per plant. At the end of September, compound fertilizer was applied to the holes, 1 000 g per plant.
Figure 4 2-year-old young trees
2.5.3 Year 3 Management
1) Plastic surgery. The management method of the main branch newly selected at the top was the same as that of the second year, and for the lower main branch, the long branches and overly long flower branches were removed, and the short and medium fruit branches were retained, and the fruiting branches were reasonably selected and retained. At the beginning of the 3rd year, the fruit tree plant yields 10 kg.
2) Fertilizer water. In early April, nitrogen fertilizer was applied before flowering, about 200 g per plant; After the end of bagging in late June, the top application of high-phosphorus compound fertilizer was applied once to promote flower bud differentiation. In early September, high potassium compound fertilizer was applied at about 500 g per plant, and in late October, 1 500 g per plant was applied in the hole after fruit picking.
2.6 Other management In the winter of the third year, remove the temporary plants, level the plots, and grow grass between the rows in the next year, increase the soil organic matter year by year, and improve the ecological environment of the orchard. Adhere to the principle of prevention first (no insects and insects, no disease and disease prevention), the principle of combining prevention and control, and pay attention to the prevention and control of aphids, green blind bugs, red spiders, and whiteflies.